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{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
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{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31573\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri (Hebrew);}{\fhiminor\f31574\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri (Arabic);}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}
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\s46\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext46 \spriority0 \styrsid3742035 
Appearances1;}{\s47\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext47 \spriority0 \styrsid3742035 
Party Name Criminal;}{\s48\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext48 \spriority0 \styrsid3742035 
Versus;}{\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext49 \spriority0 \styrsid3742035 Number;}{\*\cs50 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2 \sbasedon10 \sunhideused \styrsid3742035 Hyperlink;}{\s51\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1
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\cs52 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink51 \ssemihidden Footnote Text Char;}{\*\cs53 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \styrsid7737947 footnote reference;}{
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\sbasedon0 \snext54 \slink55 \sunhideused \styrsid5446590 header;}{\*\cs55 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs24\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink54 \styrsid5446590 Header Char;}{\s56\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar
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footer;}{\*\cs57 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs24\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink56 \styrsid5446590 Footer Char;}{\s58\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
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\f45\fs18\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink58 \ssemihidden \styrsid12129177 Balloon Text Char;}{\*\ts60\tsrowd\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 
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\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f37\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon11 \snext60 \spriority59 \styrsid10109523 Table Grid;}}
{\*\ud\uc0{\stylesheet{\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 
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\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
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\additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f44\fs32\kerning32 \sbasedon10 \slink1 \spriority9 \styrsid862997 Heading 1 Char;}{\*\cs16 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f44\fs28 
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Heading 5 Char;}{\*\cs20 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b \sbasedon10 \slink6 \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid862997 Heading 6 Char;}{\*\cs21 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24 
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\ltrch\fcs0 \f44 \sbasedon10 \slink9 \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid862997 Heading 9 Char;}{\s24\qc \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
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\f44\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink27 \sqformat \spriority11 \styrsid862997 Subtitle;}{\*\cs27 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f44\fs24 \sbasedon10 \slink26 \spriority11 \styrsid862997 
Subtitle Char;}{\*\cs28 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority22 \styrsid862997 Strong;}{\*\cs29 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f37 \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority20 \styrsid862997 Emphasis;}{
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\sbasedon0 \snext30 \sqformat \spriority1 \styrsid862997 No Spacing;}{\s31\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f43\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext31 \sqformat \spriority34 \styrsid862997 List Paragraph;}{\s32\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
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\sbasedon10 \slink32 \spriority29 \styrsid862997 Quote Char;}{\s34\qj \li720\ri720\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\i\f43\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink35 \sqformat \spriority30 \styrsid862997 Intense Quote;}{\*\cs35 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24 \sbasedon10 \slink34 \spriority30 \styrsid862997 
Intense Quote Char;}{\*\cs36 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf19 \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority19 \styrsid862997 Subtle Emphasis;}{\*\cs37 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\ul 
\sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority21 \styrsid862997 Intense Emphasis;}{\*\cs38 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority31 \styrsid862997 Subtle Reference;}{\*\cs39 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\ul \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority32 \styrsid862997 Intense Reference;}{\*\cs40 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f44\fs24 \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority33 \styrsid862997 Book Title;}{\s41\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1
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Party Name Criminal;}{\s48\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext48 \spriority0 \styrsid3742035 
Versus;}{\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext49 \spriority0 \styrsid3742035 Number;}{\*\cs50 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2 \sbasedon10 \sunhideused \styrsid3742035 Hyperlink;}{\s51\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1
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\cs52 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink51 \ssemihidden Footnote Text Char;}{\*\cs53 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \styrsid7737947 footnote reference;}{
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\sbasedon0 \snext54 \slink55 \sunhideused \styrsid5446590 header;}{\*\cs55 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs24\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057\langfenp0 \sbasedon10 \slink54 \styrsid5446590 Header Char;}{\s56\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar
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\ts60\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10109523\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5778\clshdrawnil \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3464\clshdrawnil \cellx9134\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s43\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid10109523 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10109523\charrsid10109523 HELD AT RAROTONGA\cell }\pard \ltrpar\s43\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid10109523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10109523\charrsid10109523 \cell 
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10109523\charrsid10109523 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\ltrrow
\ts60\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10109523\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5778\clshdrawnil \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3464\clshdrawnil \cellx9134\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s43\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid10109523 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10109523\charrsid10109523 (CRIMINAL DIVISION)\cell }\pard \ltrpar\s43\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid10109523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10109523\charrsid10109523 
crS 1/18, 266/18\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10109523\charrsid10109523 \trowd \irow2\irowband2\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts60\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10109523\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5778\clshdrawnil \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3464\clshdrawnil \cellx9134\row }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s45\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13315956 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3742035\charrsid1912580 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s45\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3742035 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3742035\charrsid1912580 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s47\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3742035 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16280735 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3742035\charrsid1912580 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s48\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3742035 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3742035\charrsid1912580 v
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s48\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13315956 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3742035\charrsid1912580 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s48\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3742035 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3742035\charrsid1912580 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s47\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3742035 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16675163 PERA PERA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3742035 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s47\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11931218 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3742035\charrsid1912580 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s47\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3742035 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3742035\charrsid1912580 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\ql \fi-2098\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx2098\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3742035 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3742035\charrsid1912580 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s46\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid750107 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5007818\charrsid1912580 Date}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1867036\charrsid1912580 :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14639148 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11409979  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14639148 Dec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16280735 ember }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11409979 2018}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11409979 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid750107 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s46\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid5007818 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5007818\charrsid1912580 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15616644 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid5007818\charrsid1912580 Counsel:\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6758344 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12532408 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11409979 K}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6758344  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11409979 Bell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid6758344  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12532408 for the Crown}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12736018 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \fi720\li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16280735 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11409979 Mr D McNair for Defendant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid2498276 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3742035 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9115729 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10109523 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10109523\charrsid10109523 JUDGMENT OF THE HONOURABLE JUSTICE COLIN DOHERTY}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid10109523\charrsid10109523 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2045354 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2045354\charrsid2045354 The Application
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [1]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2045354 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 Pursuant to Section 3 of the Evidence Act 1968}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029  (the Evidence Act)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 , the Crown seeks the admission of evidence obtained from a post mortem }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14639148 examination }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 including:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \fi-708\li1417\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\jclisttab\tx1417\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1417\itap0\pararsid2045354 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 the results of a post mortem report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11424957 ;}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}the results of a toxicology report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11424957 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}the evi
dence of an expert commentator (Professor John Duflou) relating to the results from the above reports}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11424957 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [2]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2045354 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 The defendant seeks the exclusion of this evidence.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2045354 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2045354\charrsid2045354 The Facts
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [3]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2045354 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 The defendant is charged with murder and in the alternative, manslaughter.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [4]\tab}The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14317897 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 
rown alleges that on 30 December 2017}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029 , the defendant assaulted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 a Mr Taru at an address in Rarotonga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029 
 by administering}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  punches and kicks to Mr Taru's head}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11424957 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11424957 kicks
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029  while wearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  steel-capped boot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14317897  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 A short time after the alleged assault, Mr Taru was found to be in physical difficulty. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14317897  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2045354 An ambulance and police were called and when they arrived Mr Taru was unresponsive. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14317897  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 
He was subsequently pronounced dead at the Rarotonga Hospital.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [5]\tab}The defendant admit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11424957 ted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2045354  punching Mr Taru but denie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11424957 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  kicking him. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14317897  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 
The Crown }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029 will }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14639148 ad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 duce evidence from two witnesses who claim to have seen the defendant kicking Mr Taru. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14317897  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid808489 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [6]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12782642 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid808489  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 A post mortem }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14639148 examination }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 was authorised by the Coroner pursuant to the Coroners Act 1979-80 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12782642\charrsid13787888 (the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14094029 Coroners }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12782642\charrsid13787888 Act).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12782642  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11424957 
 Under the Coroners Act, the Coroner can authorise a post mortem examination for two reasons.  First, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10711967 to determine whether a post mortem }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14639148 examination }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10711967 may prove an inquest to be unnecessary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11424957 .  In that case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10711967 , a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12782642 
 Coroner may \'93authorise any registered medical practitioner or Crown pathologist to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid12782642\charrsid6365051 hold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12782642 
 a post mortem examination of the body and to report the result thereof to him in writing\'94 under section 6(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11424957 .  The second reason is to assist the Coroner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12782642  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10711967 at any time before the termination of an inquest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11424957 .  In that case the Coroner may}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10711967  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12782642 \'93authorise any}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13787888\charrsid13787888  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12782642\charrsid12782642 registered medical practitioner or Crown pathologist}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12782642 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12782642\charrsid12782642 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid12782642\charrsid6365051 perform}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12782642\charrsid12782642 
 a post mortem examination of the body}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12782642  of the deceased person\'94 under section 10(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6365051  (emphasis added}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11424957 
 in both cases}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6365051 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12782642 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13787888 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid808489 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [7]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid808489      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12782642 
It is not clear which of these sections was utilised by the Coroner.  The authorisation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6365051 of the Coroner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12782642 dated 12 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6365051 J
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12782642 anuary 2018 is headed \'93Authority to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6365051 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12782642 ake Post }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6365051 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12782642 ortem }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6365051 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12782642 xamination\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10711967  and refers in its intituling to \'93
an inquest into the death\'94 of Mr Taru}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029 .  Therefore,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10711967  it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10711967 
s likely that section 10(1) was the statutory genesis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6365051 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12782642 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid808489 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [8]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13787888 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid808489      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10711967 In any event, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14639148 the Coroner \'93authorised and requested\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10711967 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  New Zealand registered medical practitioner and qualified forensic pathologist Doctor Kesha }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6365051 \'93to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid6365051\charrsid6365051 make}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6365051  a post-mortem examination of the body [of Mr Taru]\'85
and to send [the Coroner] a report in writing of the result of the examination\'94 (emphasis added)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14639148 
In doing so, the Coroner followed a practice that has been ongoing since 1994.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6365051 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid808489 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [9]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid808489      }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6365051 
The authorisation is signed by the Coroner and the seal of the High Court of the Cook Islands is affixed to it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14639148 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10711967  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14639148  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10711967 he intituling }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14639148 of the authorisation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10711967 refer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14639148 s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10711967  to the \'93Coroner\rquote s Court of the Cook Islands\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6365051 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [10]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10241648 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 On 12 January 2018, Dr Kesha performed a post mortem examination on Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6365051  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 Taru's remains and produced the reports referred to above. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10241648 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10241648 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [11]\tab}Section 3(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7233642 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10241648 the Coroners Act provides:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10241648 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10241648\charrsid14639148 \'93
The Minister of Justice may from time to time appoint any medical practitioner (being a medical practitioner registered to practice in either the Cook Islands or in New Zealand) to be a Crown Pathologist}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\insrsid10241648\charrsid14639148 .\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid10241648 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid11100916 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [12]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11100916 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11100916 
While Dr Kesha is a medical practitioner registered in New Zealand and appropriately qualified there to conduct post mortem examinations, he was neither a medical practitioner registered to practice in the Cook Islands under the Medical and Dental Practic
es Act 1976 no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4816601 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11100916  had he been appointed a Crown Pathologist by the Minister of Justice.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid14094029 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [13]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2045354 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 he issue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029 
to be determined }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 is whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14639148 because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2696413 Dr Kesha was not appointed a Crown Pathologist}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14639148 , his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  evidence (upon which Professor Duflou opined) is unlawful and therefore inadmissible at the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141446 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 s trial.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [14]\tab}It is common ground that without th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2696413 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  evidence the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10711967 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 rown will be unable to prove }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14639148 both}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2045354  the cause of death of Mr Taru }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8543923 (Dr Kesha) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14639148 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 
 the mechanism of the assault alleged to have been committed upon him}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8543923  (Prof Duflou)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14317897 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2045354\charrsid2045354 The Law
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [15]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14317897 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 Section 3 of the Evidence Act provides:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li709\ri804\sb360\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin709\itap0\pararsid14317897 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2045354\charrsid14317897 
Subject to the provisions of this Act, a Court may in any proceeding admit and receive such evidence as it thinks fit, and accept and act on such evidence as it thinks sufficient, whether such evidence is or is not admissible or sufficient at common law.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [16]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2045354 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 Thus there is a broad discretion to admit evidence regardless of the principles of the common law.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [17]\tab}The defendant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029 submits }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2696413 that because Dr Kesha was not appointed a Crown Pathologist pursuant to section 3(1) of the Coroners Act, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029 the authorisation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2696413 
of the Coroner for the post mortem to be conducted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029 was made without jurisdiction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2696413 .  He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 relies }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029 up}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029 the decision of the Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2781093\charrsid2781093 De}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2781093 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2781093\charrsid2781093 cendants of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2045354\charrsid2781093 Utanga and}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2781093\charrsid2781093  Arereangi Tumu v De}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2781093 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2781093\charrsid2781093 cendants of Iopu Tumu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2781093 
 [2012] UKPC 34 (Privy Council Appeal N0. 0083.2010 (22 October 2012).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid3701524\charrsid2781093 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [18]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3701524\charrsid2781093 Utanga}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524  concerned the effect of orders of the Land Titles Court had made in 1905, later amended by further orders}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518  i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 
n 1912 and subsequently purported to have been validated by this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 ourt in 2008.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4816601 Board}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524  held that the original 1905 orders as amended in 1912}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518  were made without}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 
 jurisdiction, as the Judge exceeded his powers in making the 1912 orders}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524  and therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14639148 the orders were }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 invalid.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2781093 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid3701524 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [19]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 B}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 oard considered whether section 416 of the C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 ook Islands A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 
ct 1915 could be applied to rectify the invalidity.  Section 416 provided that when any question arose as to the validity of an order made by the Cook Islands }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 
and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 itles }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 ourt before section 416 came into effect, then t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 he L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 and Court (as the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9315518 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 itles }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 Court is known post the 1915 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 ct) could apply }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9315518 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 equity and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 goo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 d conscience\'94 test to valid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 ate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524  the order in question.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 oard held that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4816601 Land }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 
ourt did have jurisdiction to validate the 1912 order applying equity and good conscience principles and that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 doing so was not confined to er}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 rors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524  of practice or procedure as had been posited by this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 
ourt in its 2008 decision.  Thus, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 oard held that section 416 allowed validation of orders made outside}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 
 the jurisdiction of the L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 itles }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 ourt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141446  but (unlike the finding of the Court of Appeal) that the equity and good conscience threshold had not been reached}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14639148 Therefore, the orders remained invalid.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid9315518\charrsid2781093 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [20]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9315518\charrsid2781093 Utanga}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3701524\charrsid2781093  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 can be distinguished from th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 is case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2781093 Here t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 oroner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 had jurisdiction to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2781093 authorise}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518  that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524  a post-mortem }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9315518 be conducted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2781093  whereas in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2781093\charrsid2781093 Utanga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2781093  the Judge making the orders in 1912 did not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4816601 In this case t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 he unlawful status of the evidence arises not because of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2781093 authorisation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029 of the post mortem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 , but because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029 it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 
 was carried out by a pathologist who }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2696413 ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 d not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2696413 been appointed a Crown Pathologist}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16649011  pursuant to the C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 oroners }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16649011 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3701524 ct.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid5141446 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [21]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5141446 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141446 The defendant submits}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141446\charrsid5141446 
 that unlike a procedural flaw, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4816601 this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141446\charrsid5141446  jurisdictional flaw cannot be cured}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141446  by s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029 ection }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141446 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029  of the Evidence Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141446\charrsid5141446 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1573567   However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1573567\charrsid1573567 Utanga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1573567  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1573567 supports the proposition that a statutory \'93rectification
\'94 can be applied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141446 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1573567 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [22]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1573567 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1573567 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1573567\charrsid5141446 Utanga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1573567  the jurisdictional flaw could be rectified by the application of s 416 and \'93equity and good conscience\'94.  In this case, can the application of s3 of the Evidence Act effectively do the same?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid3564094 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [23]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2045354 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3564094 Although }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029 section }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1573567 3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029 enables}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3564094  the Court to receive such evidence as it thinks fit notwithstanding its admissibility or sufficiency at common law, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141446 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5141446 rown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3564094 relie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3564094  on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029 common law position as applied in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2045354 judgment of the New Zealand Supreme Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2045354\charrsid14317897 Queen v Shaheed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  (2002) 19CRNZ165.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2045354\charrsid3564094 Shaheed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  canvassed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14094029 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 
development of the common law in several pertinent jurisdictions.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354\charrsid3564094 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [24]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2045354\charrsid3564094 Shaheed}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14639148 explained}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14443621  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  approach }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14443621 adopted by the English courts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 as follows (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14443621 at [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 62]):
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li709\ri804\sb360\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin709\itap0\pararsid14317897 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14317897 [62]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2045354\charrsid14317897 At common law evidence which had been obtained improperly or even unlawfully remained admissible, subject to the power of the trial judge to exclude it as an exercise of discretion\'85
. In England the discretion to refuse to admit evidence applied only: (a) where in the Judge's opinion the prejudicial effect of the evidence outweighed its probative value or (b) in the case of admissions, confessions and like evidence unfair
ly obtained from the accused after commission of the offence. There was no further discretion to refuse to admit relevant admissible (non-confessional) evidence merely because it was obtained by improper or unfair or even illegal means\'85.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1573567 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [25]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2045354 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1573567 Thus, in England there is a prima facie inclusion rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4816601 
 subject to a discretion to exclude}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1573567 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1573567\charrsid1573567 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354\charrsid3564094 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [26]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2045354\charrsid3564094 Shaheed}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  summarised the Australian common law approach (paras [66-67]): 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li709\ri804\sb360\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin709\itap0\pararsid14317897 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2045354\charrsid14317897 [66]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14317897\charrsid14317897 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2045354\charrsid14317897 
In Australia, where the common law continues to be unaffected by a domestic Bill of Rights, the High Court of Australia has recognised a discretion to exclude unlawfully obtained evidence. It involves more than a simple question of ensuring fairness to th
e accused, and requires the weighing against each other of two competing requirements of public policy -'the desirable goal of bringing to conviction the wrong-doer and the undesir
able effect of curial approval, or even encouragement, being given to the unlawful conduct to those whose task it is to enforce the law'\'85
 Factors relevant to the exercise of the discretion include (i) whether the police mistakenly believed that their cond
uct was lawful; (ii) whether the cogency of the evidence is affected by the police misconduct; (iii) the ease with which the law might have been complied with in procuring the evidence; (iv) the seriousness of the offence; (v) whether, if the police have 
breached legislative provisions, those provisions were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3548158 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2045354\charrsid14317897 tended }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14317897 
to circumscribe police powers\'85.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2045354\charrsid14317897 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1573567 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [27]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2045354 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1573567 Thus, in Australia there is a prima facie inclusion rule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4816601 
 subject to a discretion to exclude}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1573567 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid3564094 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [28]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3564094 Most pertinent to the Cook Islands position, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2045354\charrsid3564094 Shaheed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  summarised the N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3564094 ew }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 Z}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3564094 ealand c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 ommo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14317897 n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3564094 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14317897 
aw (paragraphs [63] - [65])}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3564094 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li709\ri804\sb360\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin709\itap0\pararsid14317897 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14317897\charrsid14317897 [63]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2045354\charrsid14317897 
Prior to the enactment to the Bill of Rights, the New Zealand courts exercised the common law discretion in a somewhat less constrained manner than the English courts. As summarised ... the principle emerging from the New Zealand cases, \'85
 was that evidence obtained by illegal searches and the like was admissible subject only to a discretion, based on the jurisdiction to prevent an abus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2652212 e of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid2045354\charrsid14317897  process, to rule it out in particular instances on the grounds of unfairness to the accused. \'85
\par [64]\tab \'85 this Court recent
ly remarked that at common law the courts of New Zealand have a discretion to exclude legally admissible evidence on the ground of unfairness. An obvious example, the courts said, is where voluntary admissions or confessions are made in circumstances rend
ering the use of the evidence unfair. In other situations, not involving admissions and confessions as such, the discretion exercisable on policy grounds is concerned about the quality of the conduct of those who obtained the evidence. \'85
that enquiry involve
s weighing the need to bring to conviction those who commit criminal offences and the public interest in the protection of the individual from unlawful and unfair treatment; and that the foundation of the discretion is that it relates to the rejection of 
the evidence where its admission will be calculated to bring the administra}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14317897\charrsid14317897 tion of justice into disrepute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2045354\charrsid14317897 
\par [65] \'85 the Court has noted the consistency of a common law balancing test with international human rights obligations, in particular with art. 9(1) of the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [29]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2045354 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 
Thus, in New Zealand prior to the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, the general common law position was that illegally obtained evidence was admissible.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1573567 
That is, like both England and Australia, a prima facie inclusion rule.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 In the mid-1970s, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14443621 New Zealand }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11932164  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 judges had a jurisdiction to exclude improperly obtained evidence based on either or both a discretion to exclude and the power of the court to address abuse of its process.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2045354\charrsid1573567 "The way in which the principles were applied focused very much on fairness considerations assessed in the context of the particular trial in question."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354   (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2045354\charrsid14317897 Marwood v Commissioner of Police}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  [2016] NZSC 139, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4816601 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2045354  [21]).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [30]\tab}After the New Zealand Bill of Rights }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1573567 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 ct 1990 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3564094 and until }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3564094 Shaheed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3564094 
had }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 developed a prima facie exclusion rule; that is, evidence should be excluded unless there was a good reason to the contrary.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2652212   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid2652212 Shaheed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2652212  redirected the focus to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1573567 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2652212 effect of evidence on the rights of the individual.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2045354\charrsid1573567 "The prima facie exclusion rule was abandoned in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid2045354\charrsid1573567 Shaheed}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2045354\charrsid1573567  in favour of a balancing exercise to be carried out with a view to determining whether exclusion of the evidence in question is necessary to vindicate the right was breached."}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2045354\charrsid14317897 Marwood}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  (paragraph [26]).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [31]\tab}In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2045354\charrsid14317897 Police v Timoti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  [2015] CKHC 25, this Court adopted the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2045354\charrsid3564094 Shaheed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  approach }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2652212 
in the face of a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  procedural flaw in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2652212 process}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2652212 used by}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  a medical practitioner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2652212 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 taking the blood }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2652212 sample }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 of a driver suspected of driving with an excess concentration of alcohol in his blood in contravention of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3564094  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 
s28(1) of the Transport Act 1966.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2652212 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 he blood alcohol regime under the Transport Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2652212 impact}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 ed the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11932164 privacy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 rights }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11932164 and rights against self-incrimination }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 of the individual by providing that citizens must submit to invasive practices to allow evidence to be taken from them and used against them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2652212\charrsid2652212  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2652212  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2652212\charrsid14317897 Timoti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2652212  the Court ruled the evidence admissible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid3564094 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [32]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3564094 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3564094 The defendant submits that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2652212\charrsid2652212 Timoti}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3564094  can be distinguished because in this case the acts which are sought to be admitted by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3564094 
rown follow from a want of jurisdiction rather than the conduct of crown agencies such as the police. In other words the unlawfulness of the acts are paramount and cannot be cured by the exercise of the discretion under section 3.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [33]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2045354 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 Section 3 of the Evidence Act places no fetter on the admission of evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7029103 regardless of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  its genesis.  Nor do the common law cases differentiate between evidence unlawfully obtained by virtue of want of jurisdiction or from breach of statutory procedure. 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15740907 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid3548158 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [34]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3548158 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3548158 
Applying the primary inclusion rule of the common law in England it is difficult to detect any specific unfairness to the defendant that might be marshalled so as to require the evidence to be excluded.  The Australian common law allows an assessment to i
nclude not just unfairness but also consideration of the competing interests of the public policy inherent in the tension between the rights of the individual and the wider interests of the public in bringing wrong-doers to justice.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid7029103\charrsid7023096 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [35]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7029103 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7029103\charrsid7023096 It seems to me }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7029103 
in considering the exercise of the discretion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4816601  under Section 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7029103 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7029103\charrsid7023096 the common law balancing regime of 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7029103\charrsid7023096 Shaheed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7029103 is an appropriate method of balancing the competing interests of justice in this case and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7029103\charrsid7023096  should apply regardless of whether the unlawfulness of the evidence was occasioned by lack of jurisdiction or a procedural deficit in the application of the law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7029103 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2652212 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [36]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2652212 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2652212 
The Crown submits that there are a number of factors which are relevant to the exercise of the discretion.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7023096 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7029103 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7023096\charrsid7023096 Balancing factors
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7023096 Probative value}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7023096\charrsid7023096 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid7023096\charrsid7023096 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [37]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5064469 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7023096\charrsid7023096 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469 post mortem }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7023096\charrsid7023096 evidence was obtained by a person with the appropriate qualifications from a medical point of view}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469 ;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7023096\charrsid7023096 
 Dr Kesha is a registered practitioner and forensic pathologist in New Zealand and has commensurate qualifications with that required under the Cook Islands legislation.  The only deficit was that he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1573567 ha}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7023096\charrsid7023096 d not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1573567 been appointed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4816601 a Crown Pathologist }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1573567 
by the Minister of Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7023096 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 
here is no reason to believe he would not have been appointed by the Minister if the Minister had been asked to do so.  Thus, there is no question of the probative value of the information gained and the evidence available to assist the Coroner in his lat
er decision making.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469 here is no challenge to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1573567 forensic }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469 probity of the evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1573567  itself}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469 
; in the sense that it has been obtained from the remains of Mr Taru in accordance with anything other than accepted pathology practice.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15755906 Similarly, the qualifications 
of Professor Duflou are unchallenged and his opinion on the evidence gleaned from the post mortem }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11542542 examination }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15755906 are probative, particularly when his}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469  expert opinion has been provided in the shadow of the expert witness guidelines }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11932164 that apply to expert evidence given before}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469  the courts in New Zealand.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5064469 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5064469 Good faith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [38]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2045354 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 There has been no suggestion that there was any bad faith on the part of the Coroner.  The }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 ourt was informed from the bar that the practice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4411378 
of using New Zealand qualified pathologists without them being authorised under the Coroners Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 adopted by the Coroner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11542542  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2045354  had been used since 1994}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11932164  but has now been rectified}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11932164 
  There is no impropriety alleged on the part of Police whose role it is to assist the Coroner.  The outcome which resulted from the authorisation of this post mortem examination is unlikely to be replicated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5064469 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5064469 Public interest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [39]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2045354 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 
The defendant is charged with murder, one of the most serious charges on the statute books.  It is in the public interest that such }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469 serious }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 
allegations be brought before the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 ourt and determined in accordance with the law.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1573567 No one has argued otherwise}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid2045354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [40]\tab}The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 
rown submits it would be an affront to justice to exclude this evidence in these circumstances.  The interests of the community w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11932164 ere}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  identified in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid2045354\charrsid5064469 Shaheed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354  albeit in the context of the breach of a right enjoyed by a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7095427 n accused person}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2045354 : 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li709\ri804\sb360\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin804\lin709\itap0\pararsid14317897 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2045354\charrsid14317897 "Importantly, a prima facie}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11933441  [exclusion] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2045354\charrsid14317897 
rule does not have the appearance of adequately addressing the interests of the community that those who are guilty of serious crime should not go unpunished.  That societal interest, in which any victim's interest is subsumed, rather
 than being treated as a separate interest, will not normally outweigh an egregious breach of rights - particularly one which is deliberate or reckless on the part of law enforcement officers.  But where the disputed evidence is strongly probative of guil
t of a serious crime, that factor too must be given due weight.  A system of justice will not command the respect of the community if each and every substantial breach of an accused's rights leads almost inevitably to the exclusion of crucial evidence whi
ch is reliable and probative of a serious crime.  The vindication will properly be seen as unbalanced and disproportionate to the circumstances of the breach."
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [41]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5064469 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469 The Cook Islands Constitution provides in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8543923 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469 rticle 65(1)(d) that in the construction of legislation  there must be no abrogation or infringement of the fundamental human rights and freedoms as promulgated by }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8543923 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469 rticle 64 so as to "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5064469\charrsid11542542 
deprive any person of the right to a fair hearing, in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice, for the determination of his rights and obligations before any tribunal or authority having a duty to act judicially}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469 ."  The defendant says that to exercise the discretion would impinge upon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11932164 his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469 
 fundamental right to a fair trial.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4411378 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4411378\charrsid4411378 The defendant\rquote s interest
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid4411378 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [42]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5064469 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4411378 The exclusion of this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2573935 evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4411378  will not prevent a trial.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12602876 If }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11542542 were to be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12602876  excluded, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2573935 I imagine }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11932164 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2573935 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4411378 e }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11932164 defendant would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4411378  face trial on other serious charges alleging an intent to cause serious injury to Mr Taro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11542542 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4411378  but falling short of murder}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11933441  or manslaughter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4411378 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469 The fact that evidence was obtained from the post-mortem }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12602876 examination }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469 carried out upon the Mr Taru's remains does not impinge upon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11542542 the defendant\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4411378  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469 constitutional }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4411378\charrsid5064469 right to a fair trial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469 
.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12602876 He is represented by counsel.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7095427 He has the right to put the Crown to the proof of the charge and can elect to present positive defences.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14185146 He has the ability to obtain his own expert evidence to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8543923 counter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14185146  that of the Crown.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469 No other right }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2573935 available to the defendant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11933441 and preserved by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469 
 the Constitution }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12602876 is in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2573935 jeopar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12602876 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5064469\charrsid5064469 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7095427 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7029103 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7095427 Outcome }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7095427\charrsid7095427 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid14185146 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [43]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7095427 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14185146 The balancing exercise comes done in favour of the admission of the evidence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12602876 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid7095427 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [44]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7095427 
The evidence obtained from a post mortem of the remains of Mt Taru including:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid7095427 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8543923 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7095427 the results of a post mortem report;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid7095427 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}the results of a toxicology report; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s49 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f3\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid7095427 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}the evidence of Professor John Duflou relating to the results from the above reports
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7095427 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7095427 are admissible in the trial of the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7029103  for murder/manslaughter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7095427 .
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s49\qr \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5587338 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid7029103 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid4875089\charrsid6758344 \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid8272858\charrsid6758344 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s49\qr \li0\ri0\sa240\widctlpar\tx7275\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15485411 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid924257 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid7962204\charrsid7962204 Colin Doherty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1245619\charrsid7962204 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3561235\charrsid7962204  J }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid15747990\charrsid4875089 
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