{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch37\stshfloch37\stshfhich37\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang5129\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f1\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial;}
{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New;}{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol;}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings;}
{\f11\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset128\fprq1{\*\panose 02020609040205080304}MS Mincho{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}{\f11\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset128\fprq1{\*\panose 02020609040205080304}MS Mincho{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}
{\f35\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset128\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial Unicode MS;}{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\f38\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Segoe UI;}
{\f40\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\f98\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset128\fprq1{\*\panose 02020609040205080304}@MS Mincho;}{\f285\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset128\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}@Arial Unicode MS;}
{\f306\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Univers{\*\falt Arial};}{\f307\fbidi \froman\fcharset128\fprq0{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}TimesNRMTCo-Italic{\*\falt MS Mincho};}{\f308\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq0{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}TimesNRMTCo;}
{\f309\fbidi \froman\fcharset128\fprq0{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}@TimesNRMTCo-Italic;}{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}
{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f310\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f311\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\f313\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f314\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f315\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f316\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\f317\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f318\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f320\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE;}{\f321\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr;}
{\f323\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek;}{\f324\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur;}{\f325\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew);}{\f326\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic);}
{\f327\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic;}{\f328\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese);}{\f330\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}{\f331\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}
{\f333\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f334\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f335\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}{\f336\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}
{\f337\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f338\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f422\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 MS Mincho Western{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}
{\f420\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 MS Mincho CE{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}{\f421\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 MS Mincho Cyr{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}
{\f423\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 MS Mincho Greek{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}{\f424\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 MS Mincho Tur{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}
{\f427\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 MS Mincho Baltic{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}{\f422\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 MS Mincho Western{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}
{\f420\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 MS Mincho CE{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}{\f421\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 MS Mincho Cyr{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}
{\f423\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 MS Mincho Greek{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}{\f424\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 MS Mincho Tur{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}
{\f427\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 MS Mincho Baltic{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}{\f662\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Western;}{\f660\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS CE;}
{\f661\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Cyr;}{\f663\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Greek;}{\f664\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Tur;}{\f665\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Hebrew);}
{\f666\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Arabic);}{\f667\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Baltic;}{\f668\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Vietnamese);}
{\f669\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Thai);}{\f680\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\f681\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\f683\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}
{\f684\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\f687\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\f688\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\f690\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Segoe UI CE;}
{\f691\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Segoe UI Cyr;}{\f693\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Segoe UI Greek;}{\f694\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Segoe UI Tur;}{\f696\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Segoe UI (Arabic);}
{\f697\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Segoe UI Baltic;}{\f698\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Segoe UI (Vietnamese);}{\f710\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\f711\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}
{\f713\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\f714\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\f717\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\f718\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}
{\f1292\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 @MS Mincho Western;}{\f1290\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 @MS Mincho CE;}{\f1291\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 @MS Mincho Cyr;}{\f1293\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 @MS Mincho Greek;}
{\f1294\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 @MS Mincho Tur;}{\f1297\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 @MS Mincho Baltic;}{\f3162\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Western;}{\f3160\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS CE;}
{\f3161\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Cyr;}{\f3163\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Greek;}{\f3164\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Tur;}
{\f3165\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Hebrew);}{\f3166\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Arabic);}{\f3167\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Baltic;}
{\f3168\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Vietnamese);}{\f3169\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Thai);}{\f3370\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Univers CE{\*\falt Arial};}
{\f3374\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Univers Tur{\*\falt Arial};}{\f3377\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Univers Baltic{\*\falt Arial};}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;
\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;\red90\green90\blue90;\red79\green129\blue189;
\red33\green88\blue104;}{\*\defchp \lang5129\langfe5129\loch\af37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\langnp5129\langfenp5129 }{\*\defpap \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{
\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \snext0 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid3742035 
Normal;}{\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\kerning32\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink15 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid1130165 heading 1;}{\s2\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1
\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink16 \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid16088200 heading 2;}{\s3\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink17 \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid2457242 heading 3;}{\s4\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1
\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink18 \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid1194938 heading 4;}{\s5\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel4\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs26\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f306\fs26\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink19 \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid862997 heading 5;}{\s6\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel5\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink20 \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid862997 heading 6;}{\s7\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink21 \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid862997 heading 7;}{\s8\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel7\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink22 \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid862997 heading 8;}{\s9\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel8\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f40\fs22\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink23 \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid862997 heading 9;}{\*\cs10 \additive \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority1 Default Paragraph Font;}{\*
\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\loch\f37\hich\af37\dbch\af37\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused 
Normal Table;}{\*\cs15 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs32\lang2057\langfe0\kerning32\langnp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink1 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid1130165 Heading 1 Char;}{\*\cs16 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f0\fs28\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink2 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid16088200 Heading 2 Char;}{\*\cs17 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\f0\fs26\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057 
\sbasedon10 \slink3 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid2457242 Heading 3 Char;}{\*\cs18 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs28\ul\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink4 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid1194938 Heading 4 Char;}{\*\cs19 
\additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af0\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs26 \sbasedon10 \slink5 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid862997 Heading 5 Char;}{\*\cs20 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b 
\sbasedon10 \slink6 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid862997 Heading 6 Char;}{\*\cs21 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24 \sbasedon10 \slink7 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid862997 Heading 7 Char;}{\*\cs22 \additive 
\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24 \sbasedon10 \slink8 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid862997 Heading 8 Char;}{\*\cs23 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40 \sbasedon10 \slink9 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid862997 
Heading 9 Char;}{\s24\qc \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f40\fs32\lang2057\langfe5129\kerning28\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink25 \sqformat \spriority10 \styrsid862997 Title;}{\*\cs25 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f40\fs32\kerning28 
\sbasedon10 \slink24 \slocked \spriority10 \styrsid862997 Title Char;}{\s26\qc \li0\ri0\sa60\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f40\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink27 \sqformat \spriority11 \styrsid862997 Subtitle;}{\*\cs27 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f40\fs24 
\sbasedon10 \slink26 \slocked \spriority11 \styrsid862997 Subtitle Char;}{\*\cs28 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority22 \styrsid862997 Strong;}{\*\cs29 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f37 
\sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority20 \styrsid862997 Emphasis;}{\s30\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext30 \sqformat \spriority1 \styrsid862997 No Spacing;}{\s31\qj \li720\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\contextualspace 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext31 \sqformat \spriority34 \styrsid862997 List Paragraph;}{\s32\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink33 \sqformat \spriority29 \styrsid862997 Quote;}
{\*\cs33 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24 \sbasedon10 \slink32 \slocked \spriority29 \styrsid862997 Quote Char;}{\s34\qj \li720\ri720\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin720\lin720\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink35 \sqformat \spriority30 \styrsid862997 Intense Quote;}{\*\cs35 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24 
\sbasedon10 \slink34 \slocked \spriority30 \styrsid862997 Intense Quote Char;}{\*\cs36 \additive \i\cf17 \sqformat \spriority19 \styrsid862997 Subtle Emphasis;}{\*\cs37 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\ul 
\sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority21 \styrsid862997 Intense Emphasis;}{\*\cs38 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority31 \styrsid862997 Subtle Reference;}{\*\cs39 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\ul \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority32 \styrsid862997 Intense Reference;}{\*\cs40 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f40\fs24 \sbasedon10 \sqformat \spriority33 \styrsid862997 Book Title;}{\s41\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1
\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\kerning32\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon1 \snext0 \sqformat \spriority39 \styrsid862997 
TOC Heading;}{\s42\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f306\fs18\cf18\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \sqformat \spriority35 \styrsid862997 caption;}{\s43\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext43 \sautoupd \spriority0 \styrsid3742035 Title Case;}{\s44\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp240 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp240 
\tx5103\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext44 \sautoupd \spriority0 \styrsid3742035 Waistband;}{
\s45\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext0 \spriority0 \styrsid3742035 AlignRight;}{
\s46\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext46 \spriority0 \styrsid3742035 
Appearances1;}{\s47\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext47 \spriority0 \styrsid3742035 
Party Name Criminal;}{\s48\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext48 \spriority0 \styrsid3742035 
Versus;}{\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext49 \spriority0 \styrsid3742035 Number;}{\*\cs50 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2 \sbasedon10 \sunhideused \styrsid3742035 Hyperlink;}{
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext51 \slink60 \sqformat \styrsid3345597 footnote text,footnote;}{\*\cs52 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \styrsid7737947 footnote reference;}{\s53\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext53 \slink54 \styrsid5444065 header;}{\*\cs54 
\additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs24 \sbasedon10 \slink53 \slocked \styrsid5444065 Header Char;}{\s55\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4513\tqr\tx9026\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext55 \slink56 \sunhideused \styrsid13518945 footer;}{\*\cs56 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057 
\sbasedon10 \slink55 \slocked \styrsid13518945 Footer Char;}{\s57\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f38\fs18\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext57 \slink58 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid1311486 Balloon Text;}{\*\cs58 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af38\afs18 \ltrch\fcs0 \f38\fs18\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057 
\sbasedon10 \slink57 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid1311486 Balloon Text Char;}{\s59\ql \fi-2552\li3970\ri0\widctlpar\tx3969\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3970\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext59 \spriority0 \styrsid15032289 Matter1;}{\*\cs60 \additive \f0\lang2057\langfe0\langnp2057 \slink51 \slocked \styrsid3345597 Footnote Text Char,footnote Char;}{
\s61\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa140\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext61 \slink62 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid6693598 Lettered Paragraph;}{\*\cs62 \additive \f0\fs22 \slink61 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid6693598 Lettered Paragraph Char;}{
\s63\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa140\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f2\fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext63 \slink64 \ssemihidden \spriority0 \styrsid6693598 Plain Text;}{\*\cs64 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f2\fs22 \sbasedon10 \slink63 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority0 \styrsid6693598 Plain Text Char;}{\*\cs65 \additive 
\b\caps\fs20 \spriority0 \styrsid6693598 Message Header Label;}{\s66\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext66 \slink67 \ssemihidden \spriority0 \styrsid6693598 Body Text;}{\*\cs67 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon10 \slink66 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority0 \styrsid6693598 Body Text Char;}{\*\cs68 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid6693598 label;}{\*\cs69 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid6693598 spc;}{\s70\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext70 \spriority0 \styrsid6693598 labelled;}{\s71\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext71 \spriority0 \styrsid6693598 text;}{\*\cs72 \additive \i \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid6693598 HTML Definition;}{
\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 \snext73 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid12021016 JDI Quotations;}{\s74\qj \li142\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx851\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin142\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\snext74 \slocked \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid4603712 JDI Number;}{\s75\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\f0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext75 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid6693598 JDS Number;}{
\s76\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext76 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid6693598 Normal (Web);}{\s77\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa140\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext77 \slink78 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid6693598 endnote text;}{\*\cs78 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0 \sbasedon10 \slink77 \slocked \ssemihidden \styrsid6693598 
Endnote Text Char;}{\*\cs79 \additive \super \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid6693598 endnote reference;}{\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon2 \snext80 \sautoupd \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid4603712 Subheading 1;}{\*\cs81 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid6693598 co_searchterm;}{\s82\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext82 \spriority0 \styrsid6693598 loose;}{\*\cs83 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid6693598 bold;}{\*\cs84 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid6693598 blue;}{\*\cs85 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid6693598 verdana;}{\*\cs86 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid6693598 italic;}{\*\cs87 
\additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid6693598 ss_l4;}{\s88\ql \li240\ri0\sa100\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9016\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd \sunhideused \spriority39 \styrsid11153494 toc 2;}{\s89\qj \li0\ri0\sa100\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd \sunhideused \spriority39 \styrsid16088200 
toc 1;}{\s90\ql \li480\ri0\sa100\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9016\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin480\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \sautoupd \sunhideused \spriority39 \styrsid11153494 toc 3;}{\*\cs91 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid4603712 ss_l3;}{\*\cs92 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid4603712 tightinline;}{\s93\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 
\snext93 \shidden \ssemihidden \styrsid14431304 Revision;}{\*\cs94 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid2833542 hit;}{\*\ts95\tsrowd\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f31506\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 \sbasedon11 \snext95 \spriority39 \styrsid10643844 
Table Grid;}}{\*\listtable{\list\listtemplateid1385610368{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03[\'00];}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0 \s74\fi0\li142
\jclisttab\tx851\lin142 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'01);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-708\li1417\jclisttab\tx1417\lin1417 }{\listlevel
\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'02);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-709\li2126\jclisttab\tx2126\lin2126 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'03);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-363\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'04);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-357\li1797\jclisttab\tx1797\lin1797 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'03(\'05);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-363\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-357\li2517\jclisttab\tx2517\lin2517 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-363\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-357\li3237\jclisttab\tx3237\lin3237 
}{\listname WW8Num2;}\listid2}{\list\listtemplateid-1327726534\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\cf1 \fi-360\li720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid1367649264\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1 
\fi-360\li1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-981449766\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1 
\fi-180\li2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid620816958\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1 
\fi-360\li2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-1932638820\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1 
\fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid725809494\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1 
\fi-180\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid634149116\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1 
\fi-360\li5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid320636006\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1 
\fi-360\li5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid605863104\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf1 
\fi-180\li6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid219680308}{\list\listtemplateid-1745089034\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134167
\'02\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-720\li1287\lin1287 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-1230051982\'03(\'01);}{\levelnumbers
\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1647\lin1647 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li3600
\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li4320
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\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid267858164}{\list\listtemplateid-1640172184{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fs20\fbias0 
\fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel
\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li3600\jclisttab\tx3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li4320\jclisttab\tx4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li5040\jclisttab\tx5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}
\f10\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li5760\jclisttab\tx5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fs20\fbias0 \fi-360\li6480
\jclisttab\tx6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid427238684}{\list\listtemplateid-240464584\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-2031702508
\'03[\'00];}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i0\fbias0 \s61\fi-360\li360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169
\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-360\li1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fi-180\li1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
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\fi-360\li3240\lin3240 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-180\li3960\lin3960 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-360\li4680\lin4680 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-360\li5400\lin5400 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fi-180\li6120\lin6120 }{\listname ;}\listid524831477}{\list\listtemplateid978740372\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134145
\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li2145\lin2145 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134147\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 
\fi-360\li2865\lin2865 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134149\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li3585\lin3585 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134145\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li4305\lin4305 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23
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\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134149\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li5745\lin5745 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134145\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0 \fi-360\li6465\lin6465 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134147\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0 \fi-360\li7185\lin7185 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134149
\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0 \fi-360\li7905\lin7905 }{\listname ;}\listid788160175}{\list\listtemplateid958699182\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat62\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
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\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-1237446384\'01\'01;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b0\i0\strike0\fs24\ulnone\cf1\nosupersub\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af0\striked0\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat0\ulc1 \li1082\lin1082 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid-346533438\'01\'02;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\strike0\fs24\ulnone\cf1\nosupersub\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af0\striked0\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat0\ulc1 \li1802\lin1802 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-622295418\'01\'03;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b0\i0\strike0\fs24\ulnone\cf1\nosupersub\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af0\striked0\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat0\ulc1 \li2522\lin2522 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid882140014\'01\'04;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\strike0\fs24\ulnone\cf1\nosupersub\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af0\striked0\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat0\ulc1 \li3242\lin3242 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid-525938532\'01\'05;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b0\i0\strike0\fs24\ulnone\cf1\nosupersub\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af0\striked0\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat0\ulc1 \li3962\lin3962 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
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\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid643871456\'01\'07;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b0\i0\strike0\fs24\ulnone\cf1\nosupersub\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af0\striked0\chshdng0\chcfpat0\chcbpat0\ulc1 \li5402\lin5402 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
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{\list\listtemplateid268833758{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03[\'00];}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \s49\fi0\li0\jclisttab\tx360\lin0 }{\listlevel
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\row }\pard \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\noline\tqr\tx8306\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12677003 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs22\cgrid0\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 PLT}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs22\cgrid0\insrsid12677003  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs22\cgrid0\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 N{\*\bkmkstart cri}{\*\bkmkend cri}O.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f0\fs22\cgrid0\insrsid12677003  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs22\cgrid0\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 18/2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs22\cf19\cgrid0\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s59\ql \fi-2127\li4962\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin4962\itap0\pararsid12677003 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 IN THE MATTER\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 of Section 66A(3) of the Constitution, \line the Marine Resources Act 2005, and\line Part
 1A of the Judicature Act 1980-81
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 AND 
\par IN THE MATTER\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 of an Application for judicial review }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 
\par 
\par BETWEEN\tab WILLIAM FRAMHEIN }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 as Apai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12677003  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 
Mataiapo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12677003  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 Komono for the Aronga Mana of Te Au O Tonga
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s59\qr \fi-2127\li4962\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin4962\itap0\pararsid12677003 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 First Applicant
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s59\ql \fi-2126\li4961\ri-188\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-188\lin4961\itap0\pararsid12677003 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 AND\tab 
TE IPUKAREA SOCIETY INCORPORATED }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 an incorporated society}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s59\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12677003 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 Second Applicant
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s59\ql \fi-2127\li4962\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin4962\itap0\pararsid12677003 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 AND\tab ATTORNEY-GENERAL }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 sued on behalf of the Crown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s59\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12677003 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 First Respondent
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s59\ql \fi-2126\li4961\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin4961\itap0\pararsid12677003 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 AND\tab MINISTER OF MARINE RESOURCES 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s59\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12677003 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 Second Respondent
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s59\ql \fi-2126\li4961\ri-45\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-45\lin4961\itap0\pararsid12677003 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 AND\tab 
SECRETARY OF MARINE RESOURCES 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s59\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12677003 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\ul\insrsid12677003\charrsid12723558 Third Respondent
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\qc \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12677003 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\fs22\insrsid12677003 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s46\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12677003 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs22\insrsid12677003 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s47\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12677003 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12677003 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s46\ql \fi-2098\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx2098\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12677003 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12677003 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s46\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12677003 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12677003 Hearing Date:\tab 3 to 6 July 2017
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12677003 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs22\insrsid12677003 Counsel:\tab Mr I Hikaka and Mr J Cundy for Applicants
\par \tab \tab Mr D James, Solicitor-General, and Ms A Herman for Respondents
\par 
\par Judgment:\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs22\insrsid14746473 15}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs22\insrsid12677003  December 2017
\par 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid12677003\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt
\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth9039\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx8931\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp240 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp240 
\tx5103\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12677003 
JUDGMENT OF THE HONOURABLE JUSTICE DAME JUDITH POTTER\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12677003 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid12677003\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl 
\clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth9039\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx8931\row }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12677003 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\fs16\cf6\insrsid12677003 [0:0]
\par 
\par \page 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs16\cf6\insrsid4271126 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16516907 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\fs16\cf6\insrsid11153494\charrsid3414008 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qc \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12677003 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\kerning32\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \ab0\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\f306\kerning0\insrsid13050657 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11153494\charrsid8999257 Table of Contents
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li0\ri0\sa100\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9016\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 
{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11153494\charrsid8999257  TOC \\o "1-3" \\h \\z \\u }}{\fldrslt {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950047" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Introduction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950047 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000340037000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 4}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950048" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 General background}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950048 \\h }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000340038000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 4}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950049" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Narrative}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950049 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000340039000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 6}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s88\ql \li240\ri0\sa100\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9016\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950050" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Exploring the possibility of an expanded purse seine fishery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950050 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
{\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000350030000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 6}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950051" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
The decisions expanding purse seine fishing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950051 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000350031000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 9}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li0\ri0\sa100\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9016\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950052" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 An overview of the claim}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950052 \\
h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000350032000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 11}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950053" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 The key enactments}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950053 \\h }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000350033000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 12}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s88\ql \li240\ri0\sa100\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9016\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950054" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 The Marine Resources Act 2005}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950054 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000350034000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 12}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950055" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
Marine Resources (Purse Seine Fishery) Regulations 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950055 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000350035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 14}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950056" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Purse Seine Fishery Plan (2013)}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950056 
\\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000350036000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 15}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950057" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement and Implementation Protocol 2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950057 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000350037000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 18}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950058" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 International instruments}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950058 \\
h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000350038000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 19}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li0\ri0\sa100\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9016\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950059" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
First cause of action: error of law \endash  failure to act in a manner consistent with international obligations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950059 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000350039000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 20}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s88\ql \li240\ri0\sa100\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9016\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950060" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 What were the respondents\rquote  international law obligations in relation to an EIA?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950060 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000360030000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 21}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950061" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Did the responde
nts comply with their obligations in relation to EIA?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950061 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000360031000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 27}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950062" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Conclusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950062 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000360032000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 29}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li0\ri0\sa100\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9016\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950063" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Second cause of action \endash 
 failure to comply with section 4 of the Act, including the precautionary principle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950063 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000360033000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 29}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s88\ql \li240\ri0\sa100\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9016\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950064" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Fishing effort limits}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950064 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000360034000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 32}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950065" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Non-target species}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950065 \\h }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000360035000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 34}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950066" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 FAD restrictions}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950066 \\h }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000360036000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 35}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950067" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Harm occurring elsewhere}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950067 \\
h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000360037000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 36}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950068" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Artisanal fishers}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950068 \\h }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000360038000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 36}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950069" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
Partnership Agreement and Implementation Protocol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950069 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000360039000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 37}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950070" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Conclusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950070 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000370030000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 39}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li0\ri0\sa100\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9016\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950071" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Third cause of action\endash 
 failure to consult with the Aronga Mana}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950071 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000370031000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 39}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s88\ql \li240\ri0\sa100\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9016\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950072" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Preliminary issues}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950072 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000370032000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 40}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950073" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 The parties\rquote  submissions}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950073 
\\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000370033000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 45}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950074" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Discussion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950074 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000370034000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 47}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950075" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Conclusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950075 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000370035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 51}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li0\ri0\sa100\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9016\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950076" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
Fourth cause of action (alternative) \endash  failure to comply with the Fishery Plan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950076 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000370036000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 51}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s88\ql \li240\ri0\sa100\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9016\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin240\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950077" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Discussion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950077 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000370037000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 52}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 
\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950078" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Conclusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950078 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000370038000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 52}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s89\qj \li0\ri0\sa100\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tqr\tldot\tx9016\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 
{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950079" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Result}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950079 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000370039000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 53}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950080" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Observations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950080 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000380030000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 53}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950081" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Costs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950081 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000380031000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 53}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }{\field\fldedit{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13050657  HYPERLINK \\l "_Toc500950082" }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs50\f0\ul\cf2\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 Glossary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 \tab }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257  PAGEREF _Toc500950082 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f0054006f0063003500300030003900350030003000380032000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\webhidden\insrsid10252956 54}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj }}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang1024\langfe1024\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af31505\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid8999257\charrsid8999257 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 }}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 \sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13050657 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11153494 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12220318 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\lang2057\langfe1033\langfenp1033\insrsid12220318 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1130165 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\kerning32\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6693598\charrsid11172946 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950047}Introduction{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950047}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [1]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Fishing has long held an \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 important place in Cook Islands\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 culture.  Not only is fish a staple food for many Islanders, but fish and fishing have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13111484 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  long}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 been a rich centre of custom and spirituality.  Even today, artisanal fishing plays an important role in many Cook Islanders\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  food \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 security, family income, and general social }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 wellbeing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681\charrsid9582956 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681\charrsid9582956  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681\charrsid6761770 Oceanic }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681\charrsid4681190 Fisheries}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681\charrsid6761770  Programme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10361681\charrsid9582956  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10361681\charrsid9582956 The potential for interactions between commercial tuna fisheries and Cook Islands artisanal fisheries\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 (Issue-Specific }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681\charrsid4681190 National}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681\charrsid3345597 Report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 
 5.2, December 2012) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681\charrsid9582956 at 30.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
  In recent years, commercial fishing by foreign vessels has also become an important source of revenue for the Cook Islands Government. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [2]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
In the Western and Central Pacific Ocean, one of the most impor\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 tant methods of commercial fishing is the purse seine method.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Across the region, purse seine vessels uplift around 67 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10361681\charrsid810319 per cent}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  of the total tuna catch.   }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   This uses a large wall of netting to surround }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid8589006 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 and uplift a school of fish.  Purse seine vessels in the region largely target the skipjack species of tuna.  But as will be discussed below, cert\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
ain forms of purse seining can result in increased by-catch of non-target species, including tuna species that are threatened or endangered.  This factor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7802769 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid8589006 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and the potential to harvest large quantities of tuna}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7802769 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid8589006 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 means purse seine fishing can be controversial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [3]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Until recently, purse seine fishing has not regularly occurred in Cook Islands waters.  However, between 2013 and 2016, the Cook Islands Government made a series of decisions increasing the potential volume of purse seine catches within the Cook Island
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0  exclusive economic zone (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 EEZ\'94\loch\f0 ).  The plaintiffs now seek judicial review of those decisions.  In short, they say that the respondents\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0  decision-making processes did not comply with the Marine Resources Act 2005, and did not comply customary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15623758 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  law as said\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to be required by a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 rticle 66A(3) of the Constitution.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1130165 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\kerning32\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950048}General background{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950048}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [4]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1130165 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Cook Islands Government has allowed foreign vessels to engage in large-scale commercial fishing within the country\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s EEZ since the early 1960s.  However, purse seine fishing was not formally permitted until the 1980s, when the Cook Islands entered a m\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 u\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
ltilateral treaty with the United States of America permitting use of the method.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Treaty on Fisheries between the Governments of Certain Pacific Island States and the United States of America 26 ILM 1048 (opened }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681\charrsid4681190 for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  signature 2 April 1987, entered into force 15 June 1988).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
  Even then, it was not until 2012 that the United States uplifted its first significant purse-seine catches in the Cook Islands under that treaty.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [5]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Longline fishing has, th\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
erefore, been the main commercial fishing method used in the Cook Islands.  This method involves the setting of deep baited hooks, and it targets the albacore species of tuna.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Long line fishing makes up around 9 per cent of the total tuna catch across the Western and Central Pacific Ocean region.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   In contrast, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Cook Islands\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  artisanal fishers (meaning small-scale semi or non-\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 commercial fishers) predominantly fish by trolling.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab 
Also known as the pole and line method.  Other artisanal fishing methods used in the Cook Islands include the vertical longline, drop-stone, single-hook drift lines, and harpoons.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   Although artisanal catch levels per species vary across islands, 70 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 per cent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of the total yield is comprised of yellowfin tuna.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [6]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Purse seine fishing is often conducted in conjunction with items called fi\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 sh aggregating devices, or FADs.  These man-made, floating objects are deployed at sea.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Section 2 of the Marine Resources Act defines fish aggregating device: 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s51\qj \li851\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\tx851\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0\pararsid1130165 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 
"Fish aggregating device" means any man-made or partly man-made floating or semi-submerged device, whether anchored or not, intended for the purpose of aggregating fish, and includes any n
atural floating object on which a device has been placed to facilitate its location.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
  They cause tuna and other fish to aggregate around them, facilitating the identification and uplifting of large schools of fish.  They can greatly increase the effici\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ency and yield of purse seine fishing ventures.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10361681\charrsid7297616 Purse seine sets where FADs are used are called \'93FAD sets\'94 or \'93associated sets\'94.  Purse seine sets where FADs are not used are called \'93free school sets\'94 or \'93unassociated sets\'94.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   But the use of FADs can also result in much higher by-catch of other, non-targeted species such as bigeye and yellowfin tuna.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab FADs can also increase the by-catch of endangered shark and turtle species.  }}}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   This makes the use of FADs controversial in some circles. 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref499370198}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [7]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 This by-catch issue
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  is particularly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid8073470 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 important}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 in these proceedings.  Both parties provided affidavits from expert witnesses as to this matter.  Dr David Pauly, a French tuna scientist from the University of British Columbia gave evidence for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid526177 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 applicants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  Dr\~John Hampton,\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  a chief scientist at the Pacific Community\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s Oceanic Fisheries Programme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid526177 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 OFP\'94\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab See }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 
 REF _Ref499368276 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003400390039003300360038003200370036000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10252956 [12]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  gave evidence for the respondents.  Although there was some disagreement between the witnesses as to the by-catch issues, they broadly agreed on the following key matters:{\*\bkmkend _Ref499370198}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \fi-708\li1417\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1417\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1417\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Bigeye tuna is overfished in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean, having fallen to 16 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 per cent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of the levels it would be without commercial fishing.  This level is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 below }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 the Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 WCPF Commission\'94\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid526177 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab See }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681  REF _Ref499368266 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003400390039003300360038003200360036000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10252956 [14]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681  below.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  limit refe\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 rence point of 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 per cent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (b)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Bigeye tuna continues to be overfished at a rate 157 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 per cent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  above the maximum sustainable yield;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (c)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Yellowfin tuna }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  being fished at a rate that is at or close to the maximum sustainable yield.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [8]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 With those matters in mind, I turn\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 to set out the general narrative surrounding the respondents\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  decisions expanding the Cook Islands\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  purse seine fishery.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1130165 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\kerning32\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950049}Narrative{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950049}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950050}Exploring the possibility of an expanded purse seine fishery{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950050}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [9]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 From early 2011 to March 2013, the Ministry of Marine Resources\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 MMR\'94\loch\f0 
) began to explore the possibility of an expanded purse seine fishery in Cook Islands waters.  Over this period the Ministry considered or received four reports relating to this matter.  It is necessary to summarise these reports in some detail as 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 hey are directly relevant to the applicants\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  judicial review claims.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [10]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 First, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724532 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 MMR }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
commissioned Dr Patrick Lehodey, a tuna scientist from the French Space Agency, to assess the abundance of skipjack tuna by using previous catch records and environmental p\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
arameters.  His report was released on 13 April 2012 (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 the Lehodey Report\'94\loch\f0 ).  Its introduction sets out the scope and objectives of the research:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Patrick Lehodey \'93Oceanography and skipjack dynamics in the Cook Islan
ds EEZ: Final Report to the Secretary of Marine Resources, Cook Islands\'94, 13 April 2012.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
Over the past five years, the total catch of the four main species of tuna from Western and Central Pacific }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
cean}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  (WCPO) has increased, with the catch of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid16146791 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ~2,468,000 tonnes in 2009 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 being}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid16146791 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 the highest recorded.  Skipjack dominates the total catch of tuna from the WCPO and almost all the catch of this species is undertaken by purse seining.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0   There is }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 only}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  occasional \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
catch of skipjack by the purse seine fisheries in the Cook Islands\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 Exclusive Economic Zone (EEZ) despite that this species is likely present in abundance.  Its distribution is however likely not constant and varies greatly according to [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid6378028 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 \hich\f0 El Ni\'f1\loch\f0 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  Southern O\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 scillation] events.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 The Ministry of Marine Resources is conducting an exploratory study to assess the potential of development associated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  this resource in a sustainable way.  In particular, MMR is interested to acquire in a very short term an overview o\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
f the oceanography and variability in skipjack population dynamics in the Cook Islands EEZ.  Then MMR would like to explore fishing effort}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab A \'93fishing effort\'94
 is an operation to catch fish on a particular day or occasion (whether or not fish are actually caught).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  scenarios.  This report provides a study of oceanographic conditions in the Cook Islands EEZ and presents the resu\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
lts of simulations conducted for the analysis of skipjack dynamics in the Cook Islands EEZ.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [11]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Dr Lehodey simulated the effect of increasing purse seine fishing within }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid7297616 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid7297616 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Cook}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 Islands EEZ based on 1,000 fishing days per year.  Of these fishing days, 350 woul\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
d involve the use of FADs, and 650 would not.  The calculations were also conducted on the basis that fishing efforts outside the Cook Islands would remain unchanged.  The report tentatively concluded that this scenario could generate an average total yie
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 l\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 d of 27,000 metric tonnes.  In addition, the report commented that the use of FADs could affect the mortality of bigeye tuna:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
A fishing scenario based on a total of 1,000 fishing days per year predicted a catch of 27,000 metric tonnes.  However, this scena\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
rio is based on the fishing effort deployed in the [Western and Central Pacific Ocean] between 2004-08.  The actual catch would be influenced by the most recent level of catch and effort in the region and the natural variability of skipjack stock.  In add
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 tion, there are several sources of uncertainty in these estimates coming from the model and the necessary simplification used.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 But most importantly, the development of skipjack purse seine fishery in the northern part of the Cook Islands EEZ should conside\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
r the use of FAD fishing, since this region is also one of the most favourable spawning habitats known for Pacific bigeye tuna.  The development of skipjack fishing using free school sets rather than FAD sets should be a priority to sustain the [Western a
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 d Central Pacific Fisheries Commission] effort for reducing juvenile bigeye mortality. 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref499368276}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [12]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Second, the MMR commissioned a report by the Oceanic Fisheries Programme }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid526177 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
OFP Report\'94\loch\f0 ) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 on the potential for interactions between commercial tuna fisheries and Cook Isl\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ands artisanal fisheries.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkstart _Ref499375053}\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10361681\charrsid6761770 Oceanic Fisheries Programme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10361681\charrsid9582956  \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681\charrsid9582956 The pote
ntial for interactions between commercial tuna fisheries and Cook Islands artisanal fisheries\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 (Issue-Specific National Report 5.2, December 2012).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
{\*\bkmkend _Ref499375053}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid526177 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 OFP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 is the main provider of scientific advice and services to the WCPF Commission\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Scientific Committee.  It is the region\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s scientific authority on tuna fisheries, and it has access to comprehensive current and historical \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 data.  The main finding of its report was that industrial and artisanal fleets were largely targeting different fish }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 species,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 and that interactions are most likely to emerge over yellowfin tuna and wahoo, the main shared species.{\*\bkmkend _Ref499368276}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [13]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Thirdly, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid10704429 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 December 2012\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  Conservation and Management Measures (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 2012 CMM\'94\loch\f0 ) passed by the WCPF Commission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid10704429 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 are also relevant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab \'93
Conservation and Management Measure for Bigeye, Yellowfin and Skipjack Tuna in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean\'94 2012-01 (Western and Central Pacific Fisheries Commission, ninth regular session, 2-6 December 2012).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid526177 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 e WCPF Commission is the international body responsible for the management of tuna }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 stock}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab The WCPF Commission was established under the WCPO Convention \endash 
 see below at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  REF _Ref499368200 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003400390039003300360038003200300030000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10252956 [45](c)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 
.  It has 32 member countries, including all Pacific Island nations (together with New Zealand and Australia), along with major fishing nations such as the United States of America, the European Union, China and Japan.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   It was established \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
to assess and manage the impact of fishing on stock levels both within and beyond national jurisdictions.  It can impose conservation and management measures (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 CMM\'94\loch\f0 
) to ensure the long-term conservation and sustainability of tuna and other fish stocks.  T\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
e WCPF Commission has various branches, including a Scientific Committee to consider appropriate conservation measures, and a Technical and Compliance Committee which monitors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid16146791 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  countries\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  adherence to CMM.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref499368266}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [14]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The 2012 CMM recognised that bigeye tuna was subjec\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 t to overfishing, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 that yellowfin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  stocks were fished at capacity, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 that interactions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  did occur between the fisheries for these species and skipjack tuna.  As interim measures for 2013, the 2012 CMM, amongst other matters, required coastal states, includi\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
ng the Cook Islands, to establish catch limits for purse seine fisheries within their EEZs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Article 14.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
  The 2012 CMM also prohibited the use of FADs between the months of July and September, and further required parties to adopt one of two other options restricting \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 their use:{\*\bkmkend _Ref499368266}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \fi-708\li1417\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1417\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1417\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 A further }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 month}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  ban on the use of FADs in October; or
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (b)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
An annual limit on FAD sets to 8/12 of the average FAD sets between 2001-2011 for the C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6101254 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6101254 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid6101254 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab No definition of CCM is provided in the 2012 CMM, but I understand it means something to the effect of Co-operating Commission Member.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6101254 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 for a SIDS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid6101254 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab Small island developing states. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6101254 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  CCM, 8/9 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid9524560 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 three}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9524560\charrsid9524560 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid9524560 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9524560\charrsid9524560 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6101254 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 average of 2009-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid9524560 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 2011}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6101254 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of the CCM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid9524560 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [15]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Lastly, the MMR \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
released its own 2012 Annual Report on Cook Islands Tuna Longline Fishery.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Georgia Langdon \'93Cook Islands Longline Fishery: Annual Report 2012\'94 (Ministry of Marine Resources, 2012).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   As noted earlier, the first significant purse seine catches were not landed in the Cook Islands until that year, so the report only discussed the purse seine method in passing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab 
The United States landed its first significant purse seine catches in the Cook Islands in 2012, totalling 12,794 metric tonnes. A record longline catch was also reported that year, totalling 15,500 tonnes.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref499398772}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [16]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Also important to note is that the M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14171110 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 R engaged in some consultation about the proposed }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 expansion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 of purse seine fishing.  Meetings were held with various bodies, including Cabinet, the Cook Islands Party caucus, the Cook Islands Fishing Association executive and members, the House of Ariki and Koutu Nui, the Commerce Commission, and Te Ipukarea Soci
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ty (the second applicant, an environmental protection NGO).  Four public meetings were also held }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid526177 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 about}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the matter.  In April 2012, public meetings were held in Aitutaki and Rarotonga.  Two further public meetings were held in Rarotonga, in January and Febr\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 uary 2013.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9524560 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkend _Ref499398772}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950051}The decisions expanding purse seine fishing{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950051}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [17]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 On 26 February 2013, the Marine Resources (Purse Seine Fishery) Regulations 2013 (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Regulations\'94\loch\f0 
) were promulgated.  The Regulations concurrently brought into force the Skipjack Tuna Purse Seine Fishe\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ry Plan (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Plan\'94\loch\f0 
).  The decisions to promulgate these two instruments are the subject of the applicants\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  judicial review proceeding.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [18]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Both the Regulations and the Plan will be considered in some detail below.  For the purpose of this overview, however, it is\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 useful to note that these instruments created an annual purse seine effort limit of 1,250 days per year.  No catch limit is specified, however.  The Secretary of Marine Resources, Mr\~
Benjamin Ponia, says the effort limit was based on the information in t\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 e Lehodey Report and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid526177 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 MMR\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 2012 Annual Report.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [19]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
It does not appear that significant purse seine fishing occurred in the years 2013 and 2014.  In 2015, the Cook Islands entered into agreements with two Korean fishing companies and a New Zealand }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid204724 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ompany\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
, for a total of 560 fishing days for the year.  But less than 100 days of fishing actually occurred before these agreements expired. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [20]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
In October 2015, the Cook Islands entered into negotiations with the European Union with a view to signing a Sustainable \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Fisheries Partnership Agreement (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Partnership Agreement\'94\loch\f0 
).  On 21 October 2015, the parties initialled the draft Partnership Agreement, attached to which was an Implementation Protocol }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10890222 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  would permit European Union vessels to catch 7,000 tonnes of tuna \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 annually in return for a financial package of \'80\loch\f0 5.3 million over four years.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [21]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
These proceedings were filed shortly thereafter, in November 2015.
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref499398868}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [22]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
In the meantime, the MMR engaged in public meetings about the draft Partnership Agreement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1139069 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and Implementation Pr\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 otocol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15883192 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9524560 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 In June 2016, Parliament }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 established a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9524560 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  special purse seine Select Committee to consider the genuineness and grievances of the purse seine petitioners and other related matters.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
{\*\bkmkend _Ref499398868}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [23]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The European Union formally adopted the Partnership Agreement and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516431 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Impl\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 etation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Protocol in May 2016, and they were ratified by the Cook Islands government in October 2016.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement between the European Union and the Government of the Cook Islands [2016] OJ L131/3.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1130165 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\kerning32\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950052}An overview of the claim{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950052}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid12724532 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [24]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724532 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 he applicants challenge three decisions made by the Cook Islands\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 government related to purse seine fishing.  These decisions \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 are:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \fi-708\li1417\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1417\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1417\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Crown\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s decision to promulgate the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724532 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  Regulations }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 under s 92 of the Marine Resources Act 2005}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724532 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Act\'94\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (b)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Secretary of Marine Resources\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 decision to promulgate the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724532 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Plan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 under s 6 of the Act; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (c)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Minister of Marine Resources\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 decision to enter th\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 e Partnership Agreement and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10628203 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Implementation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Protocol with the European Union.  This decision was made under s 9 of the Act. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [25]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6096942 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
applicants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  plead four causes of action in relation to these decisions.  The first three causes of action seek that the three\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 decisions be quashed on the following procedural grounds:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \fi-708\li1417\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1417\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1417\itap0\pararsid16084672 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The decisions allegedly are in breach of the Marine Resources Act because they were not made in a manner consistent with international law, in particular, the customary law obligation to carry out \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
an environmental impact assessment.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (b)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The decisions allegedly do not comply with the precautionary approach required by the Marine Resources Act.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\kerning2\dbch\af35\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  decisions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 allegedly are in breach of bot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15623758 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 h the Marine Resources Act and a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 rticle 66A(3) of the Cook Islands
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  C\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 onstitution because the Aronga Mana }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af317 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f317\insrsid4603712 \hich\af317\dbch\af35\loch\f317 \hich\f317  not consulted during the decision-making processes.  Article 66A(3) provides that traditional M\'e2\loch\f317 ori custom is part of Cook Islands\hich\f317 \rquote \loch\f317 
 law until an Act provides otherwise.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (d)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The (alternative) fourth cause of action seeks
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  an order that the Secretary of Marine Resources consult with key stakeholders, including the applicants, and to also review the Plan.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid6694929 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [26]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11037543 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6694929 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The first, second and fourth causes of action are brought together by Mr\~
Framhein and Te\~Ipukarea Society.  The third cau\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 se of action is brought by Mr\~Framhein alone.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14311524\charrsid204724 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Mr\~
Framhein is Apai Mataiapo Komono for the Aronga Mana of Te Au O Tonga, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962281\charrsid204724 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 and so he has the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962281 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 position of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14311524 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 a traditional leader }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 of that vaka }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14311524 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 in accordance with Cook Islands\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  custom.  Te\~Ipukarea Society is a \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 non-government organisation concerned with the promotion and pro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2962281 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 tection of the Cook\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14311524 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Islands\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  environment.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6694929 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Both applicants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14311524 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2962281 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6694929 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14311524 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 represented by Mr\~Hikaka, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6694929 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 who was supported by Mr\~Cundy.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid12724532 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [27]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724532 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Solicitor-General for the respondents denies all four causes of a
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ction.  He says the respondents have complied with their obligations under the Act.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 As to the respondents\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 alleged failure to consult with the Aronga Mana, the respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516431 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s say}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 there is no sufficient prior evidence of the alleged }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 custom,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 and that in any ev\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ent, such consultation did occur on a number of levels, including with Aronga Mana.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1130165 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\kerning32\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15359405 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950053}The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 key enactments{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950053} 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950054}The Marine Resources Act 2005{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950054}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid13516431 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [28]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516431 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  is the parent enactment for the three challenged decisions.  It provides for \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
the conservation, management and development of marine resources and related matters\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Long title. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   Section 3 sets out the Act\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s obje}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15623758 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ctive, function and authority; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 matters which are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15623758 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 releva\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 nt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to the applicants\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  claim:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid12869668 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 3. \tab Objective, Function and Authority 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-705\li2123\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2123\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid15679655 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid15679655 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
The principal objective of this Act and the Ministry of Marine Resources }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid15679655 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 is to provide for the sustainable use of the living and non-living marine resources}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid15679655 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  for the benefit of the peo\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ple of the Cook Islands.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (2) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid15679655 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
The Ministry of Marine Resources has the principal function of, and authority for the conservation, management, development of the living and non-living resources in the fishery waters in accordance with this Act and the Minis\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
try of Marine Resources Act 1984.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (3) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid15679655 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
This Act shall be interpreted, and all persons exercising or performing functions, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 duties,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid15679655 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  or powers conferred or imposed by or under this Act and the Ministry of Marine Resources Act 1984 shall act,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid15679655 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  in a manner consi\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 stent with the Cook Islands international and regional obligations }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid15679655 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
relating to the conservation and management of living and non-living resources in the fishery waters.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid15679655 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid15679655 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (4) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid15679655 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
To ensure that the objectives, functions and authority provided under this Act and\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 the Ministry of Marine Resources Act 1984, and Cook Islands obligations under international and regional law are effectively discharged, the provisions of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid15679655 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
this Act shall prevail in the event of inconsistency or incompatibility with any other Act or instru\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid15679655 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 having the force of law in the Cook Islands from time to time, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid15679655 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 except for the Constitution of the Cook Islands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 [Emphasis added]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid15679655 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref499378109}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [29]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Section 4 sets out principles and measures that are mandatory considerations for certain decisions made under the Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3876657 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  Ag\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ain, these are important to the applicants\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  claim in these proceedings:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkend _Ref499378109}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid6694929 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 4. \tab Principles and Measures 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 The Minister, or Secretary, as appropriate, when performing functions or exercising powers under this Act, shall take into account the following-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-705\li2123\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2123\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
environmental and information principles in relation to achieving }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid1452991 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 the sustainable use of fisheries and the need to adopt measures to ensure the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 long term}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid1452991 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  sustainability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  of the fish stocks - 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-1410\li2828\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2828\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (i) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 decisions should be based on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid1452991 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 best scientific evidence a\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 vailable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  and be designed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid1452991 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 to maintain or restore target stocks }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 at levels capable of producing maximum sustainable yield, as qualified by relevant environmental and economic factors;
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (ii) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid1452991 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  precautionary approach should be applied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ;
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (iii)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid1452991 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 impacts of fish\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ing on non-target species and the marine environment should be minimised}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ;
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (iv) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 biological diversity of the aquatic environment and habitat of particular significance for fisheries management should be protected;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\tab \loch\af0\dbch\af1\hich\f0 \'85
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14493363 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (d)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14493363 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 social, cultural and equity princ\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 iples \hich\f0 \endash 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-1410\li2828\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2828\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 i) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid1452991 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 maintenance of traditional forms of sustainable fisheries }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 management;
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (ii) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid4603712\charrsid1452991 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 protection of the interests of artisanal fishers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
, subsistence fishers and local island communities, including ensuring their participation in the management of f\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 isheries and of aquaculture; and;
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (iii) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid4603712\charrsid1452991 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 broad participation by Cook Islanders}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  in activities related to the sustainable use of marine resources.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 [Emphasis added]
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid3876657 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [30]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13713378 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3876657 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \~\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 6 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1330503 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 sets out the procedure by which}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 designated fisheries\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13713378 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  may be established.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1330503 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Designa\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ted fisheries are particular stocks of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1330503\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 fish,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1330503 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  or fishing operations based on such stocks, which are considered to be in the national interest and which also require \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 management measures\'94
\loch\f0  to ensure sustainable use of that fishing resource. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6828996 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1330503 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Section 6 provide
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s that for each designated fishery, the Secretary is required to prepare a fishery plan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13713378 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , as the Secretary did in this case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1330503 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  Plans must also include the management measures to be applied to the fishery, and these measures have the same force and effect as \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
regulations promulgated under the Act.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [31]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Section 9 permits the Minister to enter into access and fisheries management agreements.  It is this provision which permitted the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9766319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Cook Islands government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to enter into the Partnership Agreement and the Implementation Protocol.  Relevant to this proceeding is subsection (3), which provides:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (3)\tab Fishery allocations under access agreements shall\hich\f0 \emdash 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-705\li2123\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2123\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid5906754 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 not exceed a level consistent with the long-term conservati\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
on and sustainable use of fishery resources and the protection of fishing by Cook Islanders;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-22\li1440\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1440\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (b)\tab be consistent with any applicable fishery management plan; and 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-705\li2123\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2123\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6096942\charrsid6096942 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (c) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6096942 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6096942\charrsid6096942 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
be made taking into account, inter alia, the following considerations as may be appropriat\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 e -
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \li2123\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2123\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6096942\charrsid6096942 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (i) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6096942 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6096942\charrsid6096942 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 past and present fishing patterns and practices;

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-705\li2828\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2828\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6096942\charrsid6096942 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (ii) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6096942 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6096942\charrsid6096942 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
submission of information for the conservation, management and development of fish stocks; 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \li2123\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2123\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6096942\charrsid6096942 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (iii) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6096942 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6096942\charrsid6096942 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
contributions to research in the fishery waters; and
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-705\li2828\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2828\itap0\pararsid1335867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6096942\charrsid6096942 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (iv) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6096942 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6096942\charrsid6096942 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 whether such allocations would adv
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ance development of the fishing industry in the Cook Islands.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950055}Marine Resources (Purse Seine Fishery) Regulations 2013{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950055}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [32]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Regulations came into force on 27 February 2013.  They declare commercial fishing of skipjack tuna, using the purse seine method, to b\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 e a \'93\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 designated fishery\'94\loch\f0  under s\~6 of the Act.  The Regulations apply to all commercial purse seine operations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Except for exploratory fishing, and fishing beyond the Cook Islands\rquote  fishery waters: reg 6.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   They also bring }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6828996 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the Plan into force}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
, and set various key limits on fishing by purse seine vessels:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid2115067 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6757060 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid2115067 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Limits on fishing effort
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-705\li2123\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2123\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (1)\tab Fishing by \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 purse seine vessels is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid14748545 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 limited to 1,250 days per annum}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  in the fishery waters.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (2)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid14748545 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 The Secretary may determine the total levels of purse seine catch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  in the fishery waters.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (3)\tab If the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 secretary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 considers the total level of purse seine catch in the fishery wa\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ters }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid14748545 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 exceeds 30,000 metric tonnes i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid14748545 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 n any four consecutive quarterly year period}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  [sic]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid14748545 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 , he or sh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid13847007 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid14748545 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 must review the impact of this level of catch on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 achievement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid14748545 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  of the objectives}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  in the fishery plan.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (4)\tab As a result of a determination under sub-clause }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid14748545 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 the S\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ecretary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid14748545 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 may reduce the total fishing allowance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  by purse seine fishing, or apply appropriate limits to fishing in the fishery waters, which may include time/are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6096942 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  closures.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (5)\tab The Secretary, with the approval of the Minister, and in consultation with key s\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
takeholders in purse seine fishing, may apply additional limits to purse seine fishing if he or she is of the opinion that it is in the interest of the sustainability or economic viability of the purse seine fishery. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 [Emphasis added]
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [33]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Regulations also \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 govern the licensing and operation of purse seine fishing vessels.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab See regs 8-13.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
  Licensed purse seine vessels are prohibited from fishing within 48 nautical miles of Rarotonga and 24 nautical miles of any other island in the Cook Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6096942 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 (this limit has since been inc\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 reased to 50 nautical miles).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Regs 13(2) and (3).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
  Lastly, the Secretary is given broad powers to issue directives giving effect to the regulations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Reg 14.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950056}Purse Seine Fishery Plan (2013){\*\bkmkend _Toc500950056}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [34]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The Plan came into force on the same day as the Regulations (27 February 2013).  Consistent with the Regulations, it adopts an effort limit of 1,250 fishing days and does not specify a catch limit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Clause 13(a).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   The Secretary, however, is required to carry out a revie\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 w }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the total catch exceeds 30,000 tonnes in any four consecutive quarters.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Clause 13(b).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref499374241}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [35]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The Plan also includes the following observations as to the conservation and management considerations of a purse seine fishery:{\*\bkmkend _Ref499374241}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid12155564 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 9.\tab Appropriate Scale and Extent of the Fishery
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-705\li2123\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2123\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 a)\tab \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
Despite a long period of access for the US fleet, there are only sporadic results and one comprehensive year of catch history to fully understand the likely catch rates and catch values of the domestic purse seine fishery;
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 b)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Stock}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  assessment conducted by
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  the oceanography division of the French Space Agency (CSL) suggest [sic] that biomass of skipjack tuna in the Cook Islands waters is 189,000 tonnes and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid10050712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 fishing effort of 30,000 tonnes will not significant [sic] reduce spawning biomass}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  below the forty perc\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
ent reference point commonly utilized in fisheries management.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid4603712\charrsid12155564 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 10.\tab Impacts and Interactions
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-705\li2123\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2123\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 a)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid10050712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 The impact on tuna stocks}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
.  While there no substantial concerns [sic] about the risk of overfishing of the skipjack stock which is expected to make up the bulk o\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 f the purse seine catch in Cook Islands waters, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid4603712\charrsid10050712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 there are concerns about the status of yellowfin tuna, and particularly bigeye tuna}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
, which will also be caught in the purse seine fishery;
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 b)\tab The relatively high catch rates of juvenile bigeye tuna in waters }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 north east}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  of the Northern Cook Islands.  The bigeye tuna bycatch rates from sets on floating objects/FADs are known to be moderately high in waters adjacent to the Cook Islands EEZ in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 north east}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid10050712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 but there is little information available on bigeye byc\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 atches in Cook Islands waters. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 If these are less than bycatches in the north and east then fishing in Cook Island waters could provide an alternative fishing ground that would reduce impacts on juvenile }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 bugeye}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  [sic] compared with where the fleet now opera\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 tes;
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 c)\tab The impact on non-target species, particularly whale sharks, sharks and sea turtles.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid10050712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
No information is available on the impact of this fishing on non-target species }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 in Cook Islands waters;
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 d)\tab The impact on the longline fishery.  Since the existing\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 longline fishery targets mainly albacore, and the purse seine fishery targets mainly skipjack, the interactions between the two fisheries will be more limited that if they were both targeting the same stock.  However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid4603712\charrsid10050712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 yellowfin is an important secondary t\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 arget stock for both the longline and purse seine fisheries}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 , and a single purse seiner can catch as much yellowfin tuna as the existing fleet of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 around around}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  longliners.  To a lesser degree the same likely [sic] to be true of bigeye tuna.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 [Emphasis added]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid14894244 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [36]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 The Plan expressly refers to \'93\loch\f0 the key principles and obligations in international law relating to offshore fisheries, including the application of the precautionar}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4789623 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 y approach\'94\loch\f0 , as well as the WCPF}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  Commission\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s 2012 CMM.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab 
The plan has two clause 12s; this is at the first clause 12(a) and (b).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [37]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Plan provides for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6828996 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 annual consul\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 tation with \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 key stakeholders\'94\loch\f0 , a term that is not defined:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid12155564 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 12.\tab Stakeholder consultation
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-705\li2160\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2160\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 a)\tab The Secretary shall organise consultations with key stakeholders in the purse seine fishery at least once in each calendar year.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 b) \tab The scope of the consultations \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 shall include matters--
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-1410\li2828\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2828\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (i)\tab relating to the management and regulation of fishing including licensing and conditions of fishing;
\par \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (ii)\tab related to the development of fishing and fish processing including purse seine fishing, marketing or processing;
\par \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (iii)\tab \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 related to socio-economic or environmental impacts of large pelagic fishing, processing and marketing; and
\par \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (iv)\tab such other issues relating to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 large}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  pelagic longline fishery as the Secretary may decide. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid6828996 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [38]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6828996 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Also provided for is a biennial review of the Pl\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 an.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid6828996 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab Clause 21.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10890222 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [39]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10890222 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Plan }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 also includes a condition that no licensed purse seine vessel shall fish within 48 nautical miles of 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Rarotonga,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 and 24 nautical miles of any other island of the Cook Islands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Article 18(b) and (c), consistent with reg 13(2) and (3) of the Regulations. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
  This has now been increased to 50 nautical miles.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid10094235 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950057}Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement and Implementation Protocol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6096942  2016
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkend _Toc500950057}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [40]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Partnership Agreement sets out that its underlying principles and objectives include the promotion of responsible fishing in the Cook Islands\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 waters, and also that the Cook Islands }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ust }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 not give}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 more favourable conditions to other foreign fleets.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement between the European Union and the Government of the Cook Islands [2016] OJ L131/3 at art 3.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   The Partnership Agreement is to apply for eight }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 years,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  and provides for \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 tacit renewal\'94\loch\f0  for an additional eight-year period.  Most of the Partnership Agreement\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s other terms are }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 broad,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and inst\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ead refer to the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516431 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Implementation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Protocol for further details.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab 
Protocol on the implementation of the Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement between the European Union and the Government of the Cook Islands [2016] OJ L131/10.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516431 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 key terms of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516431 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Implementation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Protocol are as follows:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [41]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516431 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Implementation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Protocol is to apply for four years, during which four tuna purse seine vessels may fish for highly migratory 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 species}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12737716 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Article 1(1).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [42]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
For the first two years, the European Union shall pay the Cook Islands \'80\loch\f0 385,000 for access to the Cook Islands\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0  fishery areas.  This reduces to \'80\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
350,000 for the third and fourth years.  These sums are equivalent to a \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 reference tonnage\'94\loch\f0  of 7,000 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 tonnes per year.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Article 2(2)(a).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref499748035}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [43]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
A process is set out in relation to this \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 reference tonnage\'94\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab See art 2(5).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkend _Ref499748035}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \fi-708\li1417\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1417\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1417\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 When the total catches of European Union vessels reach 80 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 per cent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 of the reference tonnage, the Cook Islands shall monitor the catches of European Union vessels on a daily ba\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 sis, and inform European Union authorities immediately when the reference tonnage is reached.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (b)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 When the total catches of European Union vessels reach 80 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 per cent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  of the reference tonnage, the parties \'93
\loch\f0 shall immediately consult each other and analyse the rel\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
ationship between the catches of the Union vessels and the fishing limits specified in the Cook Islands national legislation in view of ensuring that such legislation is respected\'94.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (c)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Once the reference tonnage is reached, the amount paid by ship owners for \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 catches beyond the reference tonnage is to increase by 80 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 per cent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [44]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Apart from the requirement for consultation and the increased cost for catches beyond the reference tonnage, there are no catch limits or effort limits provided for in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516431 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Implementation\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Protocol or Partnership Agreement.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950058}International instruments{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950058}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [45]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Apart from domestic legislation, the Cook Islands fisheries regime is influenced by three international instruments:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712\charrsid942278 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \fi-708\li1417\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1417\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1417\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid942278 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 UNCLOS\'94\loch\f0 ) is the head ag\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 reement governing, amongst other matters, states\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 rights to exploit and manage fishery resources with their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12737716 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 EEZs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681\charrsid6761770 
United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  1833 UNTS 5 (opened for signature 10 December 1982, entered into force 16 November 1994).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   Article 1 of UNCLOS lists skipjack tuna, bigeye tuna and yellowfin tuna as species considered to be highly migratory.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712\charrsid942278 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid942278 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Straddling Fish St\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ocks Agreement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 SFS Agreement\'94\loch\f0 
) formed part of the implementation of UNCLOS.  It is aimed at ensuring the long-term conservation and sustainable use of straddling and highly migratory fish stocks.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Agreement for 
the Implementation of the Provisions of the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea of 10 December 1982 relating to the Conservation and Management of Straddling Fish Stocks and Highly Migratory Fish Stocks 2167 UNTS 3 (opened for signature 4 Dece
mber 1995, entered into force 11 December 2001).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   It provides for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid14574356 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 the establishment of regional fisheries \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 management organisations to manage trans}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid14574356 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
boundary fish stocks}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 :
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref499368200}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712\charrsid942278 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid4603712\charrsid942278 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Convention for the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Stock}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid942278 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  (
\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 WCPO Convention\'94\loch\f0 ) was established to implement the objectives of the\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  SFS Agreement in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean region.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab 
Convention for the Conservation and Management of Highly Migratory Fish Stock in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean 2275 UNTS 43 (opened for signature 5 September 2000, entered into force 19 June 2004). }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
{\*\bkmkend _Ref499368200}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1130165 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\kerning32\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid1130165 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950059}First cause of action: error of law \endash 
 failure to act in a manner consistent with international obligations{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950059}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [46]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The applicants say the respondents erred in law or acted under errors of law becau\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
se they did not conduct an environmental impact assessment (EIA) when issuing the Regulations, Plan and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13516431 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Implementation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Protocol.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [47]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The parties agree that s 3(3) of the Act requires decisions under the Act to be made in a manner consistent with the Cook Islan\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ds\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 international obligations.  The parties also appear to accept the finding of the International Court of Justice in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid9333544 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , to the extent the Court recognised that customary international law requires states to conduct EIAs in c\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ertain circumstances.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10361681\charrsid12737716 
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v Uruguay) (Judgment)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  [2010] ICJ Rep 14.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
  But the parties disagree as to whether the respondents adequately conducted an EIA in the present case.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [48]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The applicants\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 position essentially rests on three points:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \fi-708\li1417\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1417\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1417\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Cook Islands\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 international law obligations require an EIA to be\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  conducted in situations where a project is liable to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid9121007 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 affect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  a shared resource, rather than only where a risk is of a \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 significant\'94\loch\f0  nature.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (b)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The purse seine fishing activities contemplated by the Fishing Plan and the Regulations pose a real and clear risk\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of harm to a shared resource as well as a Cook Islands resource \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0 
 one that should be properly assessed by an EIA.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (c)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The respondents cannot point to anything that would amount to an EIA in this case.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [49]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The respondents deny each of these points.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 They}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  say their\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 decision-making processes complied with their specific obligations to assess environmental impacts.  By the end of the hearing, I understood the Solicitor-General\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s position essentially to be that:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \fi-708\li1417\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1417\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1417\itap0\pararsid1462549 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 It is for the state to determine the scope and content of
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  an environmental impact assessment, so long as the state undertakes the minimum requirements.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab The Solicitor-General originally submitted that there is no current international practice in the context of fisheries which requires states to undertake an EIA bef
ore developing fisheries within their exclusive economic zones.  This point, however, was not carried into closing submissions.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (b)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Insofar as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 international}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 law required the respondents to conduct an EIA, the respondents have sufficiently and appropriately assessed the potential impacts of p\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 urse seine fishing on the regional tuna stock. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7631828 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 This is indicated by the initiation or consideration of the Lehodey }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1862338 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 eport; the Oceanic Fisheries Programme report; the 2012 CMM arising out of the 2012 WCPO Convention; and the Plan itself.   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [50]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 As a point of \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
law, the Solicitor-General also stressed that in the context of judicial review, courts should take a tolerant look as to whether the respondents acted reasonably in making its decisions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12737716 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0   However, \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 unreasonableness\'94\loch\f0  is not a pleaded cause of action.  The \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 applicants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12716420 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 
\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12737716 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  causes of action allege errors of law arising from the respondents\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  failure to follow due process.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950060}What were the respondents\rquote  international law obligations in relation to an EIA?{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950060}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid1462549 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [51]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1462549 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I first need to ascertain }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the respondents\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 international law obligations in relation to an EIA when making the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9766319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Regulations, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Plan, and in entering }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9766319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 into }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the Partnership Agreement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9766319 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and Implementation Protocol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [52]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The applicants have provided an expert affidavit from Dr Katherine Miles\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
, a lecturer in international law at the University of Cambridge.  I set out her helpful description of how customary international law obligations come into existence:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid9661566 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
Rules of customary international law are binding on all States.  They are not rules tha\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
t have been expressly agreed to by all states in the sense of treaties.  Rather, they emerge over time out of the practice of States and crystallise into binding rules of international law.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Two components of the rule must be present, one objective and one \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 subjective: there must be widespread and consistent state practice, accompanied by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 opinio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid3888843 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 juris}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid3888843 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 sive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid3888843 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 necessitatis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid3888843 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid9661566 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (commonly abbreviated to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 opinio}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid4603712\charrsid3888843 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 juris}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid9661566 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ), being States\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0  belief that the action is required by law. \'85
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 For a practice to attain the status of cust\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
omary international law, there must be a consensus of States accepting that practice as international law.  Once a practice has been established as a rule of customary international law, it is not open to individual States to derogate from it.  There can,
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
however, be a period of contention and uncertainty during the emergence of a new rule of customary international law.  A State is entitled to object to the application of it to a new rule of customary international law at the inception of the rule, but no
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 \hich\f0  once the emerging rule has become firmly established as a rule of customary international law \'85\loch\f0  A lengthy period uniform and consistent practice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid9661566 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 not required for a practice to become legally binding.  The practice can be of a short duration \'85
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 In short,\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  rules of customary international law contain legally binding obligations to which all States must submit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab I note Dr\~Miles\rquote 
 description is consistent with the approach set out by Clifford\~J in the New Zealand High Court decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10361681 Bin Zhang v Police }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 
[2009] NZAR 217 (HC) at [24]-[25].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [53]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Dr\~Miles also refers to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12737716 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid9661566 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Pulp Mills}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  decision of the International Court of Justice which, as noted, recognised that EIAs have become a requiremen\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
t under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 customary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  international law }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid2303915 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 where there is a risk that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid2303915 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  activity may have a significant adverse im}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 pact in a transboundary context.  The Court observed:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10361681\charrsid12737716 
Pulp Mills on the River Uruguay (Argentina v Uruguay) (Judgment)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  [2010] ICJ Rep 14 at 83.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 204.\tab \hich\f0 \'85\loch\f0 
 In this sense, the obligation to protect and preserve, under Article 41 (a) of the Sta\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 tute, has to be interpreted in accordance with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid5336178 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
a practice, which in recent years has gained so much acceptance among States that it may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 now}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid4603712\charrsid5336178 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  be considered a requirement under general international law to undertake an environmental impact assessment where th\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
ere is a risk that the proposed industrial activity may have a significant adverse impact in a transboundary context, in particular, on a shared resource.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 Moreover, due diligence, and the duty of vigilance and prevention which it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 implies,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  would not be cons\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 \hich\f0 idered to have been exercised, if a party planning works liable to affect the r\'e9\loch\f0 
gime of the river or the quality of its waters did not undertake an environmental impact assessment on the potential effects of such works.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 [Emphasis added]
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [54]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Court went on t\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 o say that it is for each state to determine the specific content of an EIA in each particular case, having regard to the project\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0 s magnitude, likely adverse impact, and the need to exercise due diligence:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab At 83.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 205.\tab \hich\f0 \'85\loch\f0  Consequently, it is the view of the Court 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid1120474 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
it is for each State to determine in its domestic legislation or in the authorization process for the project, the specific content of the environmental impact assessment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
required in each case, having regard to the nature and magnitude of the proposed\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 development and its likely adverse impact on the environment as well as to the need to exercise due diligence in conducting such an assessment. The Court also considers that an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid1120474 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 environmental impact assessment must be conducted prior to the implementation \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 of a project}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
. Moreover, once operations have started and, where necessary, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid1120474 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
throughout the life of the project, continuous monitoring of its effects on the environment shall be undertaken.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 [Emphasis added]
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [55]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The International Court of Justice has since elabor\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ated on the required content of EIAs under customary international law.  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid4603712\charrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs81\i\insrsid4603712\charrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Construction}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs81\i\insrsid4603712\charrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid1335867 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs81\i\insrsid4603712\charrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Road}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs81\i\insrsid4603712\charrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs81\i\insrsid4603712\charrsid1335867 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Costa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs81\i\insrsid4603712\charrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Rica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  along the San Juan River}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the Court confirmed the statements from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid4603712\charrsid12737716 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Pulp Mills}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid12794248 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
that customary international law requires states to conduct an EIA where there is a risk that a proposed activity will have a significant adverse impact in a transboundary context, or on a shared resource.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10361681\charrsid12737716 
Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua in the Border Area (Costa Rica v. Nicaragua) and Construction of a Road in Costa Rica along the San Juan River (Nicaragua v. Costa Rica) (Judgment)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 
 [2015] ICJ Rep 665 at 706.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0    The Court went on to set out some broad obligat\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ions surrounding the conduct and content of EIA:  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \fi-708\li1417\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1417\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1417\itap0\pararsid10361681 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Before embarking on a project having the potential to adversely affect the environment of another state, a state must ascertain if there is a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid1122451 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 risk of}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid2428403 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  significant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid1122451 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 transboundary harm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  (or of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 significant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  harm \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
to a shared resource).  If so, this risk triggers the requirement to carry out an EIA.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab At 706-707.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0   In conducting this preliminary inquiry, states should \'93
\loch\f0 \hich\f0 have regard to the nature and magnitude of the project and the context in which it was to be carried out\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab At 720.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref499370053}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (b)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 If\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 the requirement to conduct an EIA is triggered, the state must conduct an EIA in order to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid14370884 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 confirm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the existence of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid543157 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 and assess the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 potential risk}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid543157 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of that harm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  The content of the EIA would depend on an objective evaluation of all the relevant circumstance
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s of the case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab At 707 and 720.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   And as noted in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Pulp Mills, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
it is for the state to determine the content of the EIA, although the state would have to exercise due diligence in conducting it, having regard to the nature and magnitude of the activity and its impact on the \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 environment.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab At 721.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkend _Ref499370053}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (c)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 If the EIA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid14628615 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 confirms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  a risk of significant transboundary harm, the state planning the activity must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid3802715 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 notify and consult with the potentially affected }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 states,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid3802715 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in good faith, to determine the appropriate measures to prevent or mitigate that ris\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 k}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab At 707 and 724.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [56]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Two different projects were at issue in that decision.  Costa\~
Rica had complained that Nicaragua had not conducted an EIA before dredging the San\~Juan River,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid12794248 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 which sits on the border of the two countries and flows into Costa Rica\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Colorado River.  But\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the Court found that Costa\~Rica\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s complaint failed at the preliminary-inquiry stage \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  Nicaragua was not required to carry out an EIA because the dredging programme did not give rise to a risk of significant transboundary harm:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid5001294 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 105. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid5001294 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 The Court notes that t\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 he risk to the wetlands alleged by Costa Rica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid5001294 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 refers to Nicaragua\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s dredging activities as a whole, including the dredging}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid5001294 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 of the 2010 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af307 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af307\insrsid4603712\charrsid5001294 
\hich\af0\dbch\af307\loch\f0 ca}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af307 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af307\insrsid4603712 \loch\af0\dbch\af307\hich\f0 \'f1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af307 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af307\insrsid4603712\charrsid5001294 \hich\af0\dbch\af307\loch\f0 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid5001294 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \loch\af0\dbch\af1\hich\f0 \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid5001294 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 The principal risk cited by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid5001294 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
Costa Rica was the potential adverse impact of those dredging activities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid5001294 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 on the flow 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 of the Colorado River, which could also adversely affect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid5001294 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
Costa Rica\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s wetland.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 In 2006, Nicaragua conducted a study of the impact that the dredging programme would have on its own environment, which also stated that the programme would not have a significa\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 nt impact on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid2625656 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 low of the Colorado River.  This conclusion was later confirmed by both Parties\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 experts. Having examined the evidence in the case file, including the reports submitted and testimony given by experts called by both Parties, the Court find\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
s that the dredging programme planned in 2006 was not such as to give rise to a risk of significant transboundary harm, either with respect to the flow of the Colorado River or to Costa Rica\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s wetland. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid10115489 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 In light of the absence of risk of significant transbo\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 undary harm, Nicaragua was not required to carry out an environmental impact assessment.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid10115489 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 [Emphasis added]
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [57]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The other project at issue was a road Costa\~Rica was constructing along the same passage of water, on its side of the border.  Nicaragua complained th\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
at an EIA had not been conducted.  But Costa Rica argued the road\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s construction carried no risk of significant transboundary harm, and that even if it was required to conduct an EIA, it had fulfilled that obligation by carrying out a number of environmen\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
al impact studies.   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [58]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
On the first point, the Court held the preliminary threshold for triggering the obligation to conduct an EIA was met: the road project was substantial, its planned location could easily affect the river through sediment erosion, and t
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 he road would pass through a wetland of international importance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab At 720-721.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   On the second point}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid543157 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
the Court held that Costa Rica had failed to comply with its customary law obligation to conduct an EIA because its environmental impact studies were conducted after t\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 he construction of the road commenced:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid86072 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 160. \tab 
Turning now to the question of whether Costa Rica complied with its obligation to carry out an environmental impact assessment, the Court notes that Costa Rica produced several studies, including an Environmenta\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
l Management Plan for the road in April 2012, an Environmental Diagnostic Assessment in November 2013, and a follow}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af422 \ltrch\fcs0 \hich\af422\dbch\af11\insrsid4603712\charrsid86072 \loch\af0\dbch\af11\hich\f422 \u8209\'2d}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid86072 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 up study thereto in January 2015. These studies assessed the adverse effects that had already been caused by the construction of the road on\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 the environment and suggested steps to prevent or reduce them.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 161. \tab In its Judgment in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af307 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af307\insrsid4603712\charrsid86072 \hich\af0\dbch\af307\loch\f0 Pulp Mills }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid86072 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 case, the Court held that the obligation to carry out an environmental impact assessment is a continuous }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af308 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\dbch\af37\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 
\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 one,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af308 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4603712\charrsid86072 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  and that monitoring of the project\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s effec\hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0 ts on the environment}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af308 \ltrch\fcs0 \dbch\af37\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af37\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid86072 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
shall be undertaken, where necessary, throughout the life of the project \'85\loch\f0 . Nevertheless, the obligation to conduct an environmental impact assessment requires an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af307 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang1024\langfe1024\dbch\af307\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af307\loch\f0 ex ante}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af307 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af307\insrsid4603712\charrsid86072 \hich\af0\dbch\af307\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid86072 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 evaluation of the risk of significant transboundary harm, and t\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 \hich\f0 hus \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
an environmental impact assessment must be conducted prior to the implementation of a project\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  \'85\loch\f0 
 In the present case, Costa Rica was under an obligation to carry out such an assessment prior to commencing the construction of the road, to ensure that \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
he design and execution of the project would minimize the risk of significant transboundary harm. In contrast, Costa Rica\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Environmental Diagnostic Assessment and its other studies }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af307 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1024\langfe1024\dbch\af307\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af307\loch\f0 post}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af307 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\dbch\af307\insrsid4603712\charrsid86072 \hich\af0\dbch\af307\loch\f0  hoc }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid86072 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 assessments of the environmental impact of the stretches of 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 the road that had already been built. These studies did not evaluate the risk of future harm. The Court notes moreover that the Environmental Diagnostic Assessment was carried out approximately three years into the road\hich\f0 
\rquote \loch\f0 s construction.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 162. \tab For the \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
foregoing reasons, the Court concludes that Costa Rica has not complied with its obligation under general international law to carry out an environmental impact assessment concerning the construction of the road.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid543157 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [59]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid543157 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The applicants plead and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Mr\~\hich\f0 
Hikaka submitted that customary international law requires states to carry out an EIA before engaging in activities \'93\loch\f0 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid10115489 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 may cause harm}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  to a shared resource\'94\loch\f0 , meaning the obligation to conduct an EIA can be triggered even where the risk of transboundar\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
y harm (or of harm to a shared resource) is not of a \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 significant nature\'94\loch\f0 .  But I see nothing in the International Court of Justice decisions, or in Dr\~Miles\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 affidavit, to support this lower threshold.  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 pondents}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid543157 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 obligation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  at the preliminary stage\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 was, therefore, to ascertain whether the purse seine fishing expansion did lead to a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid1471677 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 risk of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid2428403 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  significant harm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 to the shared tuna resources.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [60]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
As to the minimum content of the EIA (should one be required), it seems clear this matter remains for the responden\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ts to determine.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab I note that in separate opinions for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10361681\charrsid12794248 
Certain Activities Carried Out by Nicaragua}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 
, Judges Bhandari, Owada and Duggard elaborate, in their own ways, on the possible content requirements of EIA.  Those views may be instructive to states as custom in this field develops.  But given these views ar
e separate to the opinion of the Court, and are by no means unanimous, it cannot be said that they are indicative of customary international law.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   But as noted above at }
{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid543157 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  REF _Ref499370053 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid543157 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003400390039003300370030003000350033000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10252956 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [55](b)}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
, the EIA should be carried out with due diligence, with the level of diligence being proportional to the nature and\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 magnitude of the purse seine expansion and its likely impact on shared tuna stocks.  To that extent, if a proposed purse seine expansion is substantial and might cause }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid543157 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 extensive }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 harm to shared tuna stocks, the content required for the EIA will be greater \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
than where the expansion is more modest and the risk of harm is consequently smaller.  It is also clear that the EIA must be performed before embarking on the proposed activity, and that the obligation continues as long as the activity is carried out.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [61]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Last\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
ly, there is the obligation to consult, in good faith, with affected states about the impact of the activity.  I see no reason why consultation could not happen through the relevant intergovernmental bodies, where appropriate.   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [62]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1335867 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 During oral submissions, t\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
he Solicitor-General conceded that an EIA was required in relation to the proposed purse seine expansion under the Regulations, Plan and Partnership Agreement.  This was a departure from his original position that an EIA was not necessary.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid1335867 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid1335867 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab 
There were two reasons given for this original position.  First, the Solicitor-General said the requirement for an EIA had not been triggered because the proposed expansion posed no risk of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10361681 significant }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 harm to shared resources.  Second, it was submitted that an EIA was unnecessary because there is no state custom of conducting them in relation to purse seine fishing.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [63]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I accept the \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Solicitor-General
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s concession, but I observe that it was arguable that the purse seine expansion (as provided for by the Regulations, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1335867\charrsid8266410 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Plan}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and Partnership Agreement) would not create a risk of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1335867\charrsid11616243 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 significant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 harm to the shared resources of bigeye and yellowf\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 in tuna.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid1335867 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid1335867 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab This is largely because the Cook Islands\rquote  purse seine expansion}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  comprises only a small }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10361681 proportion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 
of the total, region-wide, purse seine fishing days and catches that the WCPF Commission set in its 2012 CMM.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
  If that were so, the respondents would not be required to conduct an EIA under customary international law.  Given the concession, I do not need to reach a concluded view on this point.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid1335867 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid1335867 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 Section 36 of the Environment Act 2003 requires an EIA for activities within the EEZ which are likely to cause \'93significant environmental impacts\'94.  This may lend support to the Solicitor-General
\rquote s concession.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [64]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1577965 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 However, I understand the Solicitor-General\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s concession\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 was influenced by recognition of the duties and responsibilities of the Cook Islands as a party to the WCPO Convention, which in Part II sets out principles and measures for the conservation and management of highly migratory fish stocks.  Articles 7 and
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 8.3 confirm that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4789623 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1335867 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
principles and measures are to be applied by \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 coastal states\'94\loch\f0 
 in the exercise of their sovereign rights for exploring, exploiting, conserving and managing migratory fish stocks.  The Solicitor-General nevertheless emphasised that it is\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1577965 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 for the state, in this case the Cook Islands, to determine the scope and content of the EIA which will be moderated by the impact on the shared resource.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1335867 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid1130165 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid8266410 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950061}Did}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid12282664  the respondents comply with}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712  their}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid12282664  obligations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712  in relation to EIA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid12282664 ?{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950061}  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [65]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7034817 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The second issue is whether t\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 he respondents complied with their customary internation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid543157 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 al}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  law obligations in relation to EIA.  At this point, it is necessary to recall the broad agreement between the parties\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  witnesses that:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab See above at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 
 REF _Ref499370198 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003400390039003300370030003100390038000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10252956 [7]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \fi-708\li1417\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1417\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1417\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Bigeye tuna is overfished in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean, having fallen to 16 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 per cent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of the levels it would be without fishing.  This level is below the WCPF Commission limit reference point of 20 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 per cent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (b)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Bigeye tuna continues to be overfishe
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 d at a rate 157 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 per cent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 above the maximum sustainable yield;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (c)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Yellowfin tuna }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  being fished at a rate that is at or close to the maximum sustainable yield.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid1577965 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [66]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1577965 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1577965 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Solicitor-General maintained his alternative submission that, to the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid1577965\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 extent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1577965 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  an EIA was require\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
d, it was conducted through the procurement and analysis of the Lehodey Report, the OFP Report, consideration and implementation of the 2012 CMM, and also the MMR\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s own 2012 Annual Report on Cook Islands Tuna Longline Fishery.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [67]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The applicants disput}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3810687 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 e the ad\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 equacy of these reports}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  on the following grounds:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \fi-708\li1417\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1417\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1417\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Lehodey Report only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 mode}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 led}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 the sustainability of skipjack tuna fishing.  It did not model or assess the effect of purse seine fishing on bigeye and yellowfin tuna stocks.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (b)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The OFP report does not com\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
ment on the proposed expansion of purse seine fishing in the Cook Islands.  It is based on data from between 1990 and 2010 (before there was significant purse seine fishing in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 region),}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and focuses on the interaction between artisanal and longline fishe
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ries.  It does not assess the impact that an expanded purse seine fishery will have on artisanal and subsistence fishers.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (c)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The WCPF Commission\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s 2012 CMM and overall management role does not abrogate the respondents\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  obligation to conduct an EIA in relation\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to the impacts of purse seine fishing with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3810687 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the Cook Islands\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  EEZ.  The WCPF Commission\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s regional system relies on EIAs being carried out by individual states.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [68]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
I agree with the applicants that without more, the Lehodey Report and the OFP Report would be\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  insu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3810687 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 fficient to constitute an EIA.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Those reports do not meaningfully assess the impact of an expanded purse seine fishery on bigeye and yellowfin tuna stocks.  But I depart from the applicants when it come}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3810687 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s to the weight the respondents}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  were entitled to \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 place on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3810687 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the 2012 CMM.  These were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 carefully developed measures produced by an intergovernmental body to which the Cook Islands is a party}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3810687 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , and the respondents were entitled to place significant weight on them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3810687 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 This}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  is particularly so given the Cook Islan\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ds is a small }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1577965 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 and developing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 country, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1577965 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 comparatively limited resources on which it can draw when assessing the environmental impact of an expanded purse seine fishery.  Even more so given the primary environmental impacts of purse seine fishing are lik
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ely to be regional, rather than restricted to the Cook Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3810687 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  EEZ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [69]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7034817 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The 2012 CMM were developed in direct response to the regional overfishing of bigeye and yellowfin tuna.  In particular, the WCPF Commission put in place measures to limit the impact of p\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
urse seining.  This included the seasonal prohibition of FAD sets (between July and October) and annual purse seine catch limits. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5511562 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  And }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I accept the respondents\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  submission, and the evidence of their witness Dr\~John Hampton, that the WCPF Commission has the\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  best available information.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1577965 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid1577965 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [70]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1577965 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I do not accept the applicants\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 insistence that in addition to the role played by the WCPF Commission, the MMR ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4789623 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1577965 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 a separate obligation to carry out a full EIA in relation to the impact of purse seining within the Cook Isla\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 nds\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 EEZ.  The Cook Islands is an active and compliant member of the WCPF Commission as is evidenced by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5511562 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 its various reports and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1577965 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Mr\~Ponia\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s affidavit.  The MMR provides information and data to the WCPF Commission in accordance with its obligations, as do ot\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
her member states.  It receives valuable reports from the WCPF Commission and its agencies, based on the best available information}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5511562 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and scientific evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1577965 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid5511562 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab See, by way of example, Shelton Hartley et al }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 \'93Stock Assessment of Bigeye Tuna in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean\'94
 WCPF-SC10-2014 (WCPF Commission Scientific Committee, Majuro, Republic of Marshall Islands, July 2014).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1577965 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   These inform and guide decisions in the exercise of the Cook Islands
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  sovereign right to explore \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 and exploit fish stocks within its EEZ, such as tuna.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid4789623 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4789623 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950062}Conclusion{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950062}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid5511562 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [71]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5511562 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Given these matters, I agree with the Solicitor-General that an EIA was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4789623 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  sufficiently}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5511562 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  conducted through the respondents\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  receipt and consideration of the Lehodey Report, the OFP Report, the 20\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 12 CMM, and also the MMR\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s own 2012 Annual Report on Cook Islands Tuna Longline Fishery.  I therefore dismiss this cause of action.  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1130165 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\kerning32\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950063}Second cause of action \endash  failure to comply with section 4 of the Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12716420 , including the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3810687 precautionary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12716420 principle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkend _Toc500950063}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [72]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The second \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 cause of action alleges the respondents erred in law by not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10045635 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  complying with s\~
4 of the Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I set it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16599458 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 the provision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  again for convenience:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid352588\charrsid12021016 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 4. \tab Principles and Measures 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 The Minister, or Secretary, as appropriate, when performing functions or exercising \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
powers under this Act, shall take into account the following-
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-705\li2123\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2123\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
environmental and information principles in relation to achieving }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid352588 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 the sustainable use of fisheries and the need to adopt measures to ensure the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid352588\charrsid352588 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 long term}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid352588 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  sustainability}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  of the fish stocks -\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-1410\li2828\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2828\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid352588 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (i) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
decisions should be based on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid352588 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 best scientific evidence available}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 and be designed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid352588 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 to maintain or restore target stocks }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
at levels capable of producing maximum sustainable yield, as qualified by relevant environmental and economic factors;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588 
\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (ii) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid352588\charrsid352588 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 t\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid352588 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  precautionary approach should be applied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-1410\li2828\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2828\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid352588 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (iii)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid352588 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
impacts of fishing on non-target species and the marine environment should be minimised}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ;
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (iv) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 biological diversity of the aquatic environment and habitat of particular significance for fisheries managem\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ent should be protected;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588 
\tab \loch\af0\dbch\af1\hich\f0 \'85
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3694091 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (d)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3694091 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 social, cultural and equity principles \hich\f0 \endash 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-1410\li2828\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2828\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid352588 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 i) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid352588 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 maintenance of traditional forms of sustainable fisheries }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 management;
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (ii) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid352588\charrsid352588 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 protection of the interests of artisanal fishers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 , subsistence fishers and local island communi
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 ties, including ensuring their participation in the management of fisheries and of aquaculture; and;
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (iii) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid352588\charrsid352588 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 broad participation by Cook Islanders}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid352588\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  in activities related to the sustainable use of marine resources.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid12325916 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [73]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12325916 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12325916 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Section 4 provides that persons making deci\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 sions under the Act \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 shall take into account\'94\loch\f0  the listed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3877914 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  principles and measures}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12325916 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  In the words of Lord\~Hewart\~CJ, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3877914 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12325916 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  involves \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs91\insrsid12325916 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
paying attention to a matter in the course of an intellectual process}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12325916 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid12325916 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid12325916 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs86\i\insrsid10361681\charrsid7416106 Metropolitan Water Board v Assessment Committee of the Metropolitan Borough of St}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs86\insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs86\i\insrsid10361681\charrsid10690142 Maryleborne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs92\insrsid10361681  [1923] 1 KB 86 (KB) at 99.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12325916 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   This means that so long as the respondents genuinely\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  turned their minds to the listed matters when making the decisions, they were free to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid745654 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 adopt, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12325916 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 reject or attribute as much weight to them as they saw fit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid12325916 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid12325916 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10361681 New Zealand Transport Agency v Architectural Centre Inc }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 [2015] NZHC 1991, (2015) 19 ELRNZ 163 at [60]\_[63].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12325916 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3810687 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
This interpretation is consistent with the recognition in the introductory words of s 4 that the pr\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 inciples and measures are to be \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 take[n] into account\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , \'93\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 as appropriate\'94\loch\f0 , and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid348282 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 use of the subjunctive form, for example }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12325916 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12325916\charrsid352588 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 impacts of fishing on non-target species and the marine environment should be minimised}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3694091 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \'94.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5521260 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid348282 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3877914 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 From}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5521260 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the wording of s\~4, the listed matters are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid348282 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 to be considered and evaluated but are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5521260 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12325916 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 substantive requirements }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid745654 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid348282 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12325916 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5521260 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 respondents}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12325916 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  were required to give effect }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5521260 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 when making the decisions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12325916 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 . 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [74]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The precautionary approach }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11304203 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 to be taken into account }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3833605 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11304203 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  s 4(\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 a)(ii) }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 is not defined in the Act.  But all parties accept the WCPO Convention\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s elaboration of it in the context of fisheries:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab This mirrors the requirements set out in article 6 of the SFS Agreement.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \fi-708\li1417\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx1417\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1417\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
States are to be more cautious when information is uncertain, unreliable or inadequate.  The absence of scientific information\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 shall not be used as a reason for postponing or failing to take conservation and management measures.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Article 6(2).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (b)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
States must determine stock-specific reference points based on the best available scientific information, and must also determine the action to be taken\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  when reference points are exceeded.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Article 6(1)(a).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   When reference points are approached, they will not be exceeded.  If they are exceeded, immediate action must be taken in accordance with the earlier-determined plan.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Article 6(3).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (c)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 If the status of target or non-target or associat
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ed or dependent species is of concern, states must subject such stocks to enhanced monitoring in order to review their status and the efficacy of CMM.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Article 6(4).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (d)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
For new and exploratory fisheries, states are to adopt, as soon as possible, cautious CMM, including cat\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ch limits and effort limits.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Article 6(5).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [75]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 By clo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11304203 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 sing submissions, the applicant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11304203 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  points on this cause of action had been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11304203 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 refined}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 to six particular grounds.  I will address each in turn.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid352588 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid1130165 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950064}Fishing effort limits{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950064}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [76]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 First, the applicants say }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2847254 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
respondents failed to apply \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the precautionary approach by disregarding the Lehodey Report\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s recommendations that there was scope for a fishing effort of 1,000 days per year without damaging skipjack tuna stocks.  They say it is inconsistent with the precautionary approach for the ef\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 f\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
ort limit to be set at 1,250 days.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [77]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Mr\~Benjamin Ponia, the Secretary of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2847254 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 MMR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , gave evidence by affidavit as to the development of the purse seine expansion.  Mr\~
Ponia deposed that it was the findings of the Lehodey Report and the 2012 catch history which\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  led the Ministry to propose \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 a conservative catch limit of 1,250 fishing days\'94\loch\f0 
 in the Plan and Regulations.  Mr\~Ponia also noted that he presented the Cook Islands\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  effort limit (of 1,250 days) to the 10th regular session of the WCPF Commission in Decemb\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 e
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 r 2013, and that the Commission has subsequently granted the Cook Islands an EEZ limit of 1,250 fishing days.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [78]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 In his November 2013 letter seeking the WCPF Commission
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s approval for the limits, Mr\~Ponia wrote:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \loch\af0\dbch\af1\hich\f0 \'85\loch\f0  I am writing to you to advise the Commissio
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 n of the purse seine effort limit, that the Cook Islands has established for our EEZ.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Accordingly, the Cook }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3218997 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 would therefore like to declare the following limits for purse seine fishing for your EEZ:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s73 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af3\hich\af3\dbch\af1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid4603712 \loch\af3\dbch\af1\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s73\qj \fi-360\li1429\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls26\adjustright\rin686\lin1429\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Catch limits of skipjack tuna is limited to an ac\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 cumulative total of 30,000 metric tonnes in any consecutive four quarterly period.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab 
I observe, however, that this statement is not correct.  There is no catch limit for skipjack tuna in the Regulations or the Plan.  They only provide for the Secretary to carry out a review if the catch exceeds 30,000 tonnes in any four consecutive quarte
rs.  However, it is apparently the MMR\rquote s policy to apply the 30,000-tonne limit as a cap, which was accepted by the applicants. }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s73 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af3\hich\af3\dbch\af1\langnp5129\langfenp1025\insrsid4603712 \loch\af3\dbch\af1\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
Effort limits for purse seine fishing is limited to 1,250 fishing days per annum.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Moreover, these limits have been adopted and legislated for pursuant to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid7936202 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Cook Islands M\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
arine Resources Act 2005}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  and in particular, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid7936202 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
Marine Resources (Purse Seine Fishery) Regulations 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid7936202 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
Purse Seine Fishery Plan (2013)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 . 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [79]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The respondents\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  expert witness, Dr\~John Hampton, was of the opinion that the effort limits established in the\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 Plan and Regulations are precautionary.  The Solicitor-General also noted that in July 2016, the Forum Fisheries Age}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5716031 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ncy supported the limit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of 1,250 days at the Cook Islands Parliamentary Select Committee on Purse Seine Fishing.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid12716420 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [80]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12716420 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
But given my interpretat\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ion of s 4 outlined above, the issue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 is not whether the limit of 1,250 days is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid4603712\charrsid16599458 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 actually}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  precautionary.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2382600 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 he issue is whether the respondents genuinely paid attention to the precautionary approach during the decision-making processes.  This means evidence r\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
elating to matters occurring after the decisions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3833605 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  were made}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , or of experts\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 retrospective reflection on the decisions\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  substantive effects, is of no relevance.  The proper evidence to consider (at least insofar as the Plan and Regulations are concerned) is \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
that possessed by the respondents in February 2013, namely the Lehodey Report and the 2012 catch history.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [81]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The 2012 catch history was about the previous catch efforts by longline fisheries.  Mr\~Ponia does not explain how it is relevant to the setting of cat\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ch limits for skipjack purse seine fisheries, and I struggle to see how it i
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5716031 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s evidence that the respondents}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5716031 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 properly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 considered the precautionary approach.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [82]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Lehodey Report }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1862338 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 identified}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the potential for a fishing effort of 1,000 days per year, with 65\~
per cent of those days being FAD free, in order to protect bigeye tuna.  Perhaps the highest the Lehodey Report can be read in favour of the respondents is where the Report notes that, ba\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
ed on an annual catch limit of 1,000 days per year, the spawning biomass of skipjack would remain \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 well above\'94\loch\f0  the reference indicator for sustainable exploitation:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
The decrease in skipjack spawning biomass is predicted to remain well above the value of 40\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 % of unfished spawning biomass, used as a reference indicator of sustainable exploitation, in both the CPFC }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6625608 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 [sic] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 and the Cook I. EEZ.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid5716031 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [83]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5716031 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 This finding indicates that an effort }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 limit above 1,000 days per year }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid12720149 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 might}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  be feasible, at least insofar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5716031 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  as}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  its effect o\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 n skipjack biomass.  But }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6429863 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 biomass figures in the report are not presented in a way which allows for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12857230 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 simple }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 extrapolation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5716031 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 into}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  hig}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5716031 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 her effort limits.  There was an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2968834 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 apparent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
absence of scientific information available to the respondents as to the effect of\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  a limit of 1,250 days.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [84]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Section\~4 requires the respondents to turn their minds to the fact that a cautious approach }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8663824 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 was required }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
due to the lack of scientific information on annual fishing efforts of 1,250 days, and also in light of the fact this was lar\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 gely a new fishery.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16586208 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 But }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8663824 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Mr\~\hich\f0 Ponia simply states in his affidavit that \'93\'85\loch\f0 \hich\f0  the limits \'85\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 were determined after careful consideration of science and catch history\'94\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13333238 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 It would have been preferable for Mr\~
Ponia to provide detail as to the basis for his assessmen\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 t of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 a conservative catch limit of 1,250 fishing days\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4342161 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 and the science and catch history }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4789623 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4342161 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 which he gave \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 careful consideration
\'94\loch\f0 .  B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13333238 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ut his assessment is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16586208 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 supported }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4342161 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16586208 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 subsequent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4342161 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 expert opinion of Dr\~Hampton}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16586208 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and by the Forum Fisheries Agency}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2968834 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4342161 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2968834 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 and also}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4342161 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 by the approval for 1,250 fishing days sought and granted by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid13333238 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10951967\charrsid13333238 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 WCPF Commission in late 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16586208 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  (albeit primarily for implementing regional limits)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10951967\charrsid13333238 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid16586208 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [85]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16586208 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
While I have reservations as to the caution the Secretary claims in his approach to setting effort limits, \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 clearly he advisedly addressed the matter.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16586208\charrsid13333238 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid352588 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid352588 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950065}Non-target species{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950065}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [86]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Second, the applicants say the respondents acted contrary to s\~
4 because they did not properly assess the impact of the purse seine expansion on non-target species, particularly bigeye tuna and \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 endangered species.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [87]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
However, I agree with the respondents that they were entitled to, and did, place significant weight on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10951967 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 findings of the WCFP Commission, as expressed in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 2012 CMM.  These specifically addressed the impact of purse seine fishing on\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 the non-target species, particularly bigeye tuna.  Moreover, clause 10 of the Plan specifically notes the concerns of the impacts on bigeye tuna.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10951967 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab See }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681  REF _Ref499374241 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003400390039003300370034003200340031000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10252956 [35]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [88]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
As to the consideration of by-catch of other endangered species, this is mentioned in clause 10 of the Plan\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 , which simply notes that \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
no information is available on the impact of this fishing on non-target species in Cook Islands waters.\'94\loch\f0   Mr\~Ponia, however, did refer to the consideration of the matter in his affidavit:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 \hich\f0 The statement \'85\loch\f0  that I did not take into 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
account the impacts on species such as whale sharks, sharks, and turtles is incorrect as the database of observer reports filed on board purse seiners fishing in the Cook Islands EEZ indicate minimal impact on the species survival.  For example, since 201
0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  there has been 12 turtles landed by purse seiners.  There is 100\~per cent coverage of observers on board purse seiners.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [89]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 This statement indicates that the respondents did consider the impact of the purse seine expansion on other endangered species.  It als\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
o indicates that there was some }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10951967 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 relevant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 data to which Mr\~Ponia turned his mind. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid352588 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid352588 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950066}FAD restrictions{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950066}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [90]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Thirdly, the applicants say the restrictions on FADs are unlikely to achieve the stated aim of conserving bigeye tuna stocks.  In particular, they say the \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
four-month annual FAD ban referred to by Mr\~Ponia is unlikely to be effective when there is nothing in the Regulations, the Fishery Plan or the Partnership Agreement that requires fishing without FADs.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [91]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 In his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10951967 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 affidavit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , Mr\~Ponia said the Cook Islands had c\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ommitted to an annual four}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10951967 \_
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
month ban on the use of FADs in order to conserve bigeye tuna stocks in the region.  He said this measure causes significant loss of revenues.  Such a measure would appear to be consistent with restrictions called for by the 2012 CMM.  But I accept the ap
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 p\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 licants\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0  point that it is unclear how this \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ban\'94\loch\f0 
 is effective.  I have not been presented with any legal recognition of it, nor of any mechanism for its enforcement.  It is not mentioned in the Regulations, the Plan, the Partnership Agreement or the Imple\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 m
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 entation Protocol.  It would appear that purse seine fishers in the Cook Islands could }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7434243 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 legally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 conduct their entire fishing efforts using FADs, at any time during the year. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7434243 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid7434243 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [92]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The Cook Islands Offshore Fisheries Annual Report 2015, however, does refer to the\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  four-month FAD closure, and the data appears to indicate that it is complied with (regardless of enforceability).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid787564 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [93]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4342161 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid787564 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 However, even in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7434243 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the absence of a legally enforceable ban}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid787564 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , it does not follow }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
that the respondents failed to consider the mandatory considera\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 tions in s\~
4 of the Act.  Indeed, the respondents submit that the precautionary approach does not require the banning of certain fishing methods on the basis of differential impacts on target or non-target species.  They say other fac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4342161 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 tors must also be cons\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 idered.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4342161\charrsid4789623 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I agree}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7434243\charrsid4789623 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , and note}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4342161\charrsid4789623 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  that s\~4 requires}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7434243\charrsid4789623 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4342161\charrsid4789623 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 decision makers to consider various and wide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7434243\charrsid4789623 \_}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4342161\charrsid4789623 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ranging matters, and that different outcomes may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7434243\charrsid4789623 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 be available in given situations}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4342161\charrsid4789623 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  depending on the weight }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7434243\charrsid4789623 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
to which decision makers attribute each matter.  I according\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ly see no basis for interference on the basis of there being an error of law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid352588 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid352588 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950067}Harm occurring elsewhere{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950067}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [94]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Fourthly, the applicants say the respondents wrongly justified the purse seine expansion by reference to damage to bigeye tuna stocks occurring elsewhere\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 in the region.  The applicants say this is not a relevant consideration under s\~4 of the Act.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [95]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 This alleged error of law is based on a single sentence in Mr
\~Ponia\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s affidavit.  I set out the sentence in its context:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Paragraphs 8 and 12a of the K Passfield \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
affidavit sworn on 6\~
July 2016 is incorrect that the MMR is contravening the precautionary principles of the MRA by allowing a purse seine FAD fishery with bigeye tuna by-catch.  This is because the levels of allowable fishing in the Cook Islands EEZ were
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
determined after careful consideration of science and catch history.  The limits established by the MMR are conservative in order to minimize the impact on the health of bigeye tuna which is a by-catch of purse seining on FADs.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid7936202 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 The Cook Islands EEZ makes \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 a minimum contribution to overall mortality of bigeye stocks and is 0.2\~
per cent of the total catches of bigeye tuna in the region (2010-2014).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 [Emphasis added].
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [96]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The comment appears to be little more than a passing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10951967 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 observation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in affidavit evidence.  Read \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 in context, it is not clear Mr\~Ponia took into account}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6518275 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , as a salient factor,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the mortality of bigeye stocks elsewhere in region when the decisions were made.  Mr\~Ponia does not appear to be saying that he did so.  I therefore do not find this allegation to
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6518275 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 supported}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 by the evidence, and the matter does not require further consideration. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid7936202 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid352588 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid352588 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950068}Artisanal fishers{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950068}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [97]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Fifthly, it is alleged the respondents failed to take into account the interests of artisanal and subsistence fishers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12674127 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
, as required under s 4(d)(ii).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [98]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Ho\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
wever, the respondents note that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16586208 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the MMR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  commissioned and considered the report by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6518275 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 OFP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in 2012, which assessed the potential for interaction between commercial tuna fisheries and Cook Islands\hich\f0 
\rquote \loch\f0  artisanal fisheries.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab See above at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  REF _Ref499368276 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 
{\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003400390039003300360038003200370036000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10252956 [12]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6518275 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 hat report did not refer to the eff\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ects of an expanded purse seine expansion, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6518275 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 and the applicants challenged a submission by the respondents that it did.  However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
I consider the respondents were entitled to be instructed by its conclusion that industrial and artisanal fleets were largely ta\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
rgeting different species of fish (with artisanal fishers mainly targeting yellowfin tuna and wahoo, and purse seine fis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6518275 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
hers targeting skipjack tuna), notwithstanding that the industrial fishing experience relied upon was principally longline fishing.  The\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  MMR accepted and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid787564 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 has}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6518275 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  implemented recommendations for a programme to monitor artisanal catches.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [99]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Prior to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10890222 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 signing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the Partnership Agreement and the Implementation Protocol, the respondents also had regard to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid787564 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 presentation the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6518275 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 OFP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  delivered to the Cook Is\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 lands Parliamentary Select Committee on Purse Seine Fishing.  That presentation observed:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
Catches by small-scale artisanal fishers in the Cook Islands are dominated by yellowfin tuna.  Given the low catch of yellowfin tuna by purse seiners in the Cook Isla\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
nds EEZ, the risk of negative impacts on the performance of small-scale fisheries by increased purse seining are not likely to be great.  It is understood that Cook Islands has already prohibited purse seining within 24 nmi of of islands in the north of t
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 h\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 e EEZ, and this would afford additional protection to small-scale fisheries.  If negative impacts are detected, extending these closed areas out to 50 nmi could be considered.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [100]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Consistent with this, the Plan originally included a condition that no licensed \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 purse seine vessel shall fish within 48 nautical miles of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Rarotonga,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and 24 nautical miles of any other island of the Cook Islands.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Art 18(b) and (c).  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   Moreover, at a cabinet meeting on 21 March 2017 this was increased to 50 nautical miles.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [101]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Having }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6518275 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 regard to these matters, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  do not agree that the respondents failed to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2649062 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 consider}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the interests of artisanal and subsistence fishers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid6518275 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab See }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681  REF _Ref499368276 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003400390039003300360038003200370036000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10252956 [12]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681  and fn }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681  NOTEREF _Ref499375053 \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003400390039003300370035003000350033000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10252956 13}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   In my view, the fact the respondents specifically sought out and received information pertaining to artisanal fishers indicates the matter was considered during the decision-making processes.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid352588 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid352588 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950069}Partnership Agreement and Implementation Protocol{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950069}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [102]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Lastly, the \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
applicants say the respondents failed to consider the precautionary approach when entering the Partnership Agreement and the Implementation Protocol.  In particular, they allege the documents merely provide }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid1255386 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  consultation and price increases when the ref\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
erence tonnage (7,000 tonnes) is approached, there being no actual effort limit.  The applicants say this is in breach of the precautionary principle\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s requirement for specific limits to be set.  The applicants also say the respondents failed to have rega\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 r\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 d to the Spanish fleet\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s heavy reliance on FADs and its unusually high by-catch of bigeye tuna.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [103]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The Agreement and Protocol might appear to allow for potentially unlimited exploitation of the Cook Islands\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  fishery, provided that EU vessels are willing to pa\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
y the increased cost for catches beyond the reference tonnage.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid787564 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab See }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681  REF _Ref499748035 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003400390039003700340038003000330035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10252956 [43]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681  above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   But it does not follow from this that the respondents failed to consider the precautionary approach or the other mandatory considerations under s\~4 of the Act.  The applicants are not challen\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
ging the decision to enter the agreements on the ground of unreasonableness.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6518275 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [104]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4271126 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Indeed, a number of matters in the documents indicate that the respondents did have the precautionary approach in mind.  For example, the preamble to the Partnership Agreement n\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 otes that the parties are:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
AWARE of the importance of the principles established by the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries adopted at the Food and Agriculture Organisation (FAO) Conference in 1995
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid6518275 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [105]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6518275 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Similarly, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 he Partnership Agreement also notes that\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  the parties \'93\loch\f0 
hereby undertake to promote responsible fishing in the Cook Islands\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 \hich\f0  waters as provided in the Code of Conduct for Responsible Fishing\'85\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420746 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid420746 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab 
Article 3(1). }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420746 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   These}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6518275 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
references are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  significant because the Code of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid420746 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  Conduct for Responsible Fisheries}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  specifically re\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 fers to the precautionary approach and states\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  obligation to apply it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 
\chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations \'93
Code of Conduct for Responsible Fisheries\'94 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681\charrsid1471268 28th Session of the FAO Conferenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 e, Rome, Italy, 31 October 1995) at Articles 6.5 and 7.5.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [106]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
Moreover, the Implementation Protocol provides that a \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Joint Committee\'94\loch\f0  (made up of EU and Cook Islands\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  representatives)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Partnership Agreement at Article 6(1).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 may reassess and review the fishing opportunities in the Protocol insofar as:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid420746 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab Implementation Protocol at Article 5(1).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
the resolutions and conservation and management measures of the [WCPF Commission] support that such an adjustment will secure the sustainable management of tuna and tuna-like s\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
pecies in the Western and Central Pacific Ocean, noting that the Parties have a special interest in managing the bigeye tuna stock.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [107]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 It can be inferred from these references }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1471268 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the respondents paid attention to the precautionary approach when deciding to \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 enter the Partnership Agreement and the Implementation Protocol.  I therefore find this allegation is not made out.

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950070}Conclusion{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950070}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid16586208 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [108]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16586208 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Despite my reservations on the issue of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2968834 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  fishing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16586208 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  effort limits, on balance, I consider there is no basis for this Court to int\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ervene on the second cause of action.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15432676 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
If I had not so decided, none of the alleged errors was so egregious as would have persuaded me to exercise my discretion to quash the decisions as sought by the applicants.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [109]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The second cause of action is dismissed.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1130165 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\kerning32\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid12727936 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950071}Third }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12400909 cause of action\endash  f}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 ailure to consult with the Aronga Mana{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950071}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712\charrsid12732879 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [110]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10626678 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid12732879 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The third cause of action is brought by Mr\~Framhein}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  alone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid12732879 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  In short, he says the Minister and the Secretary had a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467415 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 duty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712\charrsid12732879 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to consult the Aronga Mana}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467415 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  before promulgating the Regulations and the Pl\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
an and before initialling the Partnership Agreement and Implementation Protocol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid12732879 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  but did not do so.  This }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467415 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 duty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid12732879 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  is said to arise from }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12467415 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 custom, which applies via }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid12732879 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 article 66A(3) of the Cook Islands\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 Constitution and s 4(d) the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Act,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid12732879 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  when }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 read}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid12732879 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  together.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10626678\charrsid12732879 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [111]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Article \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 66A of the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14493363 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  speaks to the role of customary law in the Cook Islands\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  legal system, and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  provides as follows:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab Article 66A }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10361681\charrsid14105969 was inserted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 into the Constitution }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681\charrsid14105969 by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 s\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681\charrsid14105969 7 of the Constitution Amendment (No.17) Act 1994-95.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712\charrsid15883192 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 66A. \tab Custom \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-705\li2123\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2123\itap0\pararsid2908909 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (1) \tab In addition to its powers to make laws pursuant to Article 39, Parliament may make laws recognising or giving \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 effect to custom and usage.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (2) \tab In exercising its powers pursuant to this Article, Parliament shall have particular regard to the customs, traditions, usages, and values of the indigenous people of the Cook Islands.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (3) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid12080938 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Until such time as an Act otherwis\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
e provides, custom and usage shall have effect as part of the law of the Cook Islands, provided that this subclause shall not apply in respect of any custom, tradition, usage or value that is, and to the extent that it is, inconsistent with a provision of
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 this Constitution or of any other enactment.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (4) \tab For the purposes of this Constitution, the opinion of the Aronga Mana of the island or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 vaka}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid12080938 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  to which a custom, tradition or value relates, as to matters relating to and concerning custom, tradition, usage o\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
r the existence, extent or application of custom, shall be final and conclusive and shall not be questioned in any court of law.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid14493363 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [112]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14493363 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 For convenience, I also repeat the relevant parts of s\~4 of the Act:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10642909 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab Set out more fully above at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681  REF _Ref499378109 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003400390039003300370038003100300039000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10252956 [29]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14493363 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14493363\charrsid15883192 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 4. \tab Principles and Measures 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14493363\charrsid13067012 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 The Minister, or Secretary, \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
as appropriate, when performing functions or exercising powers under this Act, shall take into account the following-
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14493363 \loch\af0\dbch\af1\hich\f0 \'85
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 [(d)]\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14493363\charrsid12021016 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 social, cultural and equity principles \hich\f0 \endash 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-1410\li2828\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2828\itap0\pararsid2908909 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14493363\charrsid12021016 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (i) \tab the maintenance of traditional forms of sustainable fisheries management;
\par \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (ii) \tab pr\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
otection of the interests of artisanal fishers, subsistence fishers and local island communities, including ensuring their participation in the management of fisheries and of aquaculture; and;
\par \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (iii) \tab broad participation by Cook Islanders in activities \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 related to the sustainable use of marine resources.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid1130165 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950072}Preliminary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid1130165 issues}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 {\*\bkmkend _Toc500950072}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid614728 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [113]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10642909 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid614728 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10642909 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 wo preliminary issues }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15883192 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
need to be addressed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10642909 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 before the third cause of action }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3096792 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 is considered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10642909 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 in more detail.  These relate to the definition of \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Aronga Mana\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3096792 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10642909 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and Mr\~Framhein\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s standing t\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 o bring this cause of action.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid204724 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid4603712\charrsid1130165 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Who are the Aronga Mana referred to in article 66A of the Constitution? 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [114]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Constitution does not define }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10642909 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 the term \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Aronga Mana\'94\loch\f0 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 Parliamentary discussion during the passage of the relevant constitutional amendment indicates \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 that some considered the term to be sufficiently well known by Cook Islanders }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14493363 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 as to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  not require definition.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab (31 March 1995) 16 CIPD 1985.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [115]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Court of Appeal considered the meaning of}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10642909 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  Aronga Mana }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14493363 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid12806731 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Hunt v de\~Miguel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10361681\charrsid11805671 Hunt v de Miguel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10361681 CA2/14, 19 February 2016.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid12806731 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
That case will be discussed in some detail below.  For present pur\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 poses, it is sufficient to record that the Court noted the Aronga Mana might be broadly defined as \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
a group of traditional leaders for a particular district\'94\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15883192 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [116]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
In attempting to pin down a more specific definition, the Court took guidance from two ordinary\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  statutes, noting that even those definitions were unfortunately devoid of details:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab At [10]-[11].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Rarotonga Local Government Act 1988:
\par \loch\af0\dbch\af1\hich\f0 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid16716164 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Aronga Mana}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \loch\af0\dbch\af1\hich\f0 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 includes those persons invested with the title in accordance with the native custom and usage of that part of Rarotonga from which that title is derived and which title is recognised by such native custom and usage as entitling the holder to be a member 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 f the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid16716164 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Aronga Mana}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Raro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid5838879 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 onga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 in the Koutu-Nui of the Cook Islands;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid12727936 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Environment Act 2003:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \loch\af0\dbch\af1\hich\f0 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid14960018 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Aronga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid16716164 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  Mana}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \loch\af0\dbch\af1\hich\f0 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 includes those persons invested with a title in accordance with the native custom and usage of the islands of the Cook Islands }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10642909 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 [from] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 which that title \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 is derived and which title is recognised by such custom and usage as entitling the holder to be a member of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4603712 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid16716164 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Aronga Mana}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  of the Cook Islands;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid15883192 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [117]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15883192 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 he Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10642909 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 of Appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 did not reach a conclusive definition based on these statutory definitions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15883192 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 11.\tab These defi\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
nitions speak of including \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 persons vested with a title in accordance with the native custom and usage of that part of Rarotonga \'85\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  or \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 of the Islands of the Cook Islands\'94\loch\f0 
.  This rather implies that there might need to be some evidence of the investiture \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 o\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 f the persons in question.  Under these }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 definitions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 there seems to be no limit on the number who may be appointed or invested.  These provisions are devoid of any details as to the appointment and operation of Aronga Mana.  This may be contrasted with the \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
extensive procedural mechanisms contained in the House of Ariki Act 1966 dealing at length with matters of appointment of Arikis to that House.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [118]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11037543 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Court went on to express regret that the Cook Islands Parliament has not defined the term, nor how the Arong\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
a Mana is to be constituted, nor who is to verify its composition, nor the mechanism by which it is to express its decision or opinion as to custom.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab At [72]-[73].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
  In another recent case, the Court of Appeal repeated that expression of regret, making \'93\loch\f0 a plea for enligh\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 tenment from the Legislature on this issue\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10361681\charrsid2110206 
Browne v Munokoa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681\charrsid2110206  [2017] CKCA 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  at [38].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
  For reasons that will later become apparent, I join the Court of Appeal\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s plea.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3218997 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid4603712\charrsid1130165 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Does Mr Framhein have standing to bring this claim?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [119]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The other preliminary issue is whether Mr\~Framhein has standing to bring th
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 is claim.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid3936655 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Mr Framhein\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s father}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  (Mr
\~Tekeu Framhein)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid3936655 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  is one of the ten }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Ui}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid3936655 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  Mataiapo O Arai-Te-Tonga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid3936655 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid3936655 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16151361 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the vaka }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid3936655 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Te Au O Tonga.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 In 2007, Mr\~Tekeu Framhein bestowed Mr\~
Framhein with the title of Apai Mataiapo Komono.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1656629 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [120]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 As his father
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s Komono (representative \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 or deputy), Mr\~Framhein has all his father\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s power and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 authority,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and so is one of the Aronga\~Mana.  It is therefore not disputed that Mr\~Framhein has }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 standing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to bring the proceedings on behalf of the Aronga Mana for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid3936655 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Te Au O Tonga.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [121]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 However, during an in\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
terlocutory hearing for these proceedings, Weston\~CJ raised concerns as to Mr\~Framhein\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s standing to bring the third cause of action on behalf of the Aronga Mana on a national level:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10361681 Framhein v Attorney-General }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 HC Rarotonga Plaint No. 18/2015, 19 September 2016 (Minute).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12021016 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 [17]\tab It seems to me that the Applicant\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 challenge in this case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  proceeds\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
 on a national basis.  If that is so, there must be an argument that the Aronga Mana should be thought of in national terms rather than simply regional.  The Aronga Mana, as currently cited in the Statement of Claim, is that of Te Au O Tonga, being one of
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 the three }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 vaka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  on Rarotonga.  Mr\~Framhein\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s affidavit, however, does range wider than that and includes, for example, the Aronga Mana of Pukapuka.  Ultimately, of course, this will be a matter for the Applicants and their advisers, but it seems to me that \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
the Applicants need to be thinking about the Aronga Mana in a national sense.  If that is so, the question then to be considered is how the views of the Aronga Mana are to be assembled and how they are to be communicated to the Court.  \'85
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 [18]\tab \hich\f0 \'85\loch\f0  A related \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
component of this difficult issue is who is going to be liable for costs if an adverse award is made against the Aronga Mana.  It is easy enough for someone to say we are Aronga Mana but it is not so easy to determine who ultimately would be paying an adv
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 e\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 \hich\f0 rse costs award if one were to be made.  \'85
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 [19] \tab \hich\f0 \'85\loch\f0  Consequently, I have directed that, at the same time as filing the Fourth Amended Statement of Claim, there should be further evidence filed, either by Mr\~
Framhein or others, addressing the sort of problem\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 s I have sketched out above.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [122]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4603712 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 In accordance with that direction, Mr\~Framhein filed a series of affidavits to confirm the extent of support for the proceeding amongst }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10642909 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 those claiming to be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  Aronga Mana throughout the Cook Islands.  I accept the affidavits sugg\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
est unanimous (or near unanimous) support from the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10642909 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 claimed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Aronga Mana of the three }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 vaka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of Rarotonga (Te Au O Tonga, Takitumu and Puaikura), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16151361 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 and the islands }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Pukapuka, At}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5838879 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 u and Mangaia, as well as substantial support from the Aronga Mana of Mitiaro and Aitutaki. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [123]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Nevertheless, the Solicitor-General challenges Mr\~Framhein
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s standing to bring the third cause of action on behalf of the Aronga Mana for other islands or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 vaka}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  apa\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 rt from Mr\~Framhein\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s own }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 vaka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  (Te Au O Tonga).  Given that the deponents of the affidavits have not been joined as parties, the Solicitor-General says Mr\~
Framhein has no right to be identified as the representative of all three }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 vaka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of Rarotonga and of th\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
e outer islands, in the sense of being their voice to the Court.  The Solicitor-General says they are effectively seeking the benefit of an audience before the Court without being exposed to the responsibilities that a party should carry in a protracted d
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 i\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 spute, such as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1656629 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 liability for costs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [124]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af317 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f317\insrsid4603712\charrsid11143741 \hich\af317\dbch\af35\loch\f317 \hich\f317 Proprietors of Wakat\'fb\loch\f317  v Attorney-General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af317 \ltrch\fcs0 \f317\insrsid4603712 \hich\af317\dbch\af35\loch\f317 \hich\f317 
, members of the New Zealand Supreme Court made observations about standing in cases involving collective M\'e2\loch\f317 ori interests.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af317 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f317\insrsid10361681\charrsid8070894 Proprietors of Wakat\'fb v Attorney-General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 
 [2017] NZSC 17, [2017] 1 NZLR 423.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   The Chief Justice proposed that where a claim involv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af317 \ltrch\fcs0 \f317\insrsid4603712 \hich\af317\dbch\af35\loch\f317 
\hich\f317 es M\'e2\loch\f317 ori collective interests, a flexible approach to standing should be adopted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab At [491].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af317 \ltrch\fcs0 \f317\insrsid4603712 \hich\af317\dbch\af35\loch\f317  Glazebrook\~\hich\f317 J suggested that claims involving M\'e2
\loch\f317 ori collective interests can often be pursued by way of representative }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 actions,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  and that where a claim is a true \'93\loch\f0 collective c\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 laim\'94\loch\f0 
 (which would be outside the representative action rules), the proper plaintiff could be determined in accordance with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 tikanga}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8070894 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  (New Zealand-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af317 \ltrch\fcs0 \f317\insrsid4603712 \hich\af317\dbch\af35\loch\f317 \hich\f317 M\'e2\loch\f317 ori customary law).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab At [649]-[662].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   O\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 Regan and Arnold JJ\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s observations were more narrowly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
focussed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  on the facts of the ca\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 se before them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab At [790] to [802].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af317 \ltrch\fcs0 \f317\insrsid4603712 \hich\af317\dbch\af35\loch\f317   While they did not dismiss the Chief Justice\hich\f317 
\rquote \loch\f317 \hich\f317 s point as to the need for flexibility in M\'e2\loch\f317 ori collective claims, they did not see the present case as being suitable for adopting a relaxed approach.  William Young\~J did not address the issu}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 e in detail as he considered the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8070894 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 overall }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
claim had been largely precluded by legislation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab At [951]-[953].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af317 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af317\hich\af317\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712\charrsid3936655 \hich\af317\dbch\af35\loch\f317 [125]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af317 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f317\insrsid4603712\charrsid3936655 \hich\af317\dbch\af35\loch\f317 \hich\f317 Wakat\'fb}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , however,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4603712\charrsid3936655 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 was not a judicial review case.  It was a private-law claim relating to historical breaches of fiduciary duties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid8070894 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab 
Although }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af317 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f317\insrsid10361681\charrsid3936655 Wakat\'fb}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 was not such a case,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681  I also note the need for caution in referring to New Zealand decisions which involve the partnership betwee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af317 \ltrch\fcs0 \f317\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 n M\'e2
ori and the Crown under the Treaty of Waitangi.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   So the issue of standing primaril\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 y related to the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 personal interest
\'94\loch\f0  of the claimant(s) to represent the private interests of other members of the relevant tribal groups.  In the present case, the Solicitor-General has raised valid questions as to personal interest aspect of Mr\~Framhein
\loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \rquote \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s standing.  To the extent that Mr\~Framhein purports to appear on behalf of the deponents of the affidavits he filed, it may have been preferable for Mr\~
Framhein to bring his claim as a representative proceeding under r\~45 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712\charrsid3831269 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Code of Civil Procedure of\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the High Court 1981}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 . If that were to occur, perhaps a \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 flexible approach\'94\loch\f0  might be adopted when assessing the deponents}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8070894 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  standing to speak on behalf of the Aronga Mana of their own islands or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 vaka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [126]\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 But judicial review proceedings can also engage a diffe
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 rent aspect of standing, that being the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 public interest\'94\loch\f0  in ensuring the law is properly complied with.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4603712 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3345597 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10361681\charrsid8070894 Smith v Attorney-General (Judicial Review: Standing)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  [2017] NZHC 1647, [2017] NZAR 1094.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   In my view, the public interest aspect of Mr\~Framhein\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s claim outweighs the concerns as to any shortcomings in his personal interest standing.  Mr\~Fr\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 amhein has raised valid concerns as to the Aronga Mana\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s rights to consultation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8070894 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 during}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the respondents\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
 decision-making processes.  Those concerns are of general and constitutional importance.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 agree with Mr\~Hikaka that, in a technical sense, it does not\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 matter how widely the proceeding is supported amongst the Aronga Mana.  The issue is whether the respondents had a duty to consult with the Aronga Mana on the decisions in question, and whether they failed to do so.  To that extent, any one of the Aronga
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Mana must have standing to bring the proceedings.  If there are residual issues relating to Mr\~Framhein\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s personal interest standing, they might be best addressed when considering relief.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\kerning2\dbch\af35\noproof\langnp5129\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [127]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I therefore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  conclude that Mr\~Framhein has }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid4603712\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 standing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4603712 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to bring the th\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ird cause of action.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid15359405 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11403824 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950073}T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10626678 he parties\rquote  submissions{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950073}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid10626678 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [128]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9962075 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10626678 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9962075 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 r\~Hikaka for Mr\~Framhein says}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10626678 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 that in accordance with native custom of the Cook Islands, the Aronga Mana, as tiaki (guardians and protectors), are responsible }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9962075 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 for and required to be consulted in relation to ma
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 tters concerning the distribution of food resources of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16268323 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the sea, including fisheries.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16332101 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11403824 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref499751289}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid16268323 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [129]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11037543 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16268323 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Three statements}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5390915 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  signed by claimed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11403824 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9962075 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Aronga\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11403824 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Mana from across the Cook Islands }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16268323 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 have been adduced as evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5390915 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3096792 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 confirm the identities of the members of the Aronga Mana, and to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5390915 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 indicate the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14110463 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Aronga\~Mana\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s opinion as to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11403824 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  custom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16268323 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  surrounding sea food (kai moana)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7080986 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16268323 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   There is a single statement representing the Aronga\~Mana of Te Au }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5838879 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16268323 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  Tonga, Takitumu and Puaikura}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9646163 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 (the three \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 vaka of Rarotonga).  There }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16268323 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 are two separate statements from the Aronga\~Mana of Aitutaki and At}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5838879 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16268323 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 u.  According to Mr\~Hikaka, each statement has been widely signed, in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16015428 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 sofar as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16268323 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 :{\*\bkmkend _Ref499751289}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid16268323 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \fi-708\li1417\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\jclisttab\tx1417\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1417\itap0\pararsid16268323 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16268323 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 All but one of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16015428 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 23 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5838879 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Aronga Mana of A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16268323 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5838879 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16268323 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 u have signed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9646163 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the statement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16268323 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid16268323 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (b)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 For}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9646163 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the vaka \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16268323 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  Rarotonga, only two}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9646163 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  (out of 10) }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16268323 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Mataiapo of Te Au O Tonga }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9646163 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 and two (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16015428 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 out of 32) Mataiapo of Takitumu have declined to sign; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16268323 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid16015428 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16015428 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 A majority}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1193122 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16015428 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 of the Aronga Mana of Aitutaki have signed, including all three of the current Ariki and 55\~Mataiapo.  

\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref499827195}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid11403824 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [130]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9962075 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11403824 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16332101 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5390915 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 signator\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9646163 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of the three statements}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5390915 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16015428 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 express their opinion as to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11403824 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
custom }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16015428 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11403824 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 following terms:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9962075 {\*\bkmkend _Ref499827195}

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-705\li2123\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2123\itap0\pararsid3096792 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11403824\charrsid815133 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 1. \tab 
As a matter of traditional Maori custom, the Aronga Mana are the tiaki (guardians) of the moana (sea), including the kai moana (seafood).
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 2.\tab The Aronga Mana are resp\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 onsible for preserving kai moana, not only for present generations but also for future generations.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 3.\tab Examples of how the Aronga Mana exercise customary rights and responsibilities include:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-1410\li2828\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2828\itap0\pararsid3096792 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11403824\charrsid815133 \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (a)\tab the placing of a ra\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 ui over certain areas to prevent fishing\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  or gathering kai moana in those areas;
\par \tab \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (b)\tab The placing of ra\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 ui over certain fish species or types of kai moana to prevent taking of those fish or kai moana;
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3096792 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11403824\charrsid815133 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (c)\tab The granting of permissions or approvals to take fish or kai moana;
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3096792 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11403824\charrsid815133 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (d)\tab Considering what \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
steps are appropriate to ensure that the kai moana resource is used in accordance with principles of preservation and protection of its inherent value (mauri);
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3096792 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11403824\charrsid815133 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 (e)\tab Monitoring the status of kai moana and the taking of kai moana.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s73\qj \fi-705\li2123\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin2123\itap0\pararsid3096792 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11403824\charrsid815133 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 4.\tab As a matter of custom, t\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
he Aronga Mana must be informed of proposals in relation to kai moana so that they can carry out their rights and responsibilities in relation to the resource.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 5.\tab As a matter of custom, the exercise of these rights and responsibilities by the Aronga Mana e\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 xtends out beyond the reef and includes the Moana Nui a Kiva (the Pacific Ocean).
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 6.\tab This statement represents the opinion of the undersigned Aronga Mana on the custom relating to kai moana and the role of the Aronga Mana as tiaki of that resource. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid9962075 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [131]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9962075 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9962075 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Mr\~Hik\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 aka says that pursuant to article 66A(4) of the Constitution, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6358789 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4789623 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 three }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14110463 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 signed statement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4789623 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s are}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15816044 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9962075 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 sufficient to constitute a final and binding opinion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9722914 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of the Aronga\~Mana}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9962075 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5862841 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 meaning that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11403824 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15816044 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 opinion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9962075 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9722914 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 espoused }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9962075 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 cannot be called into question by this court.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7080986 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Further,
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9722914 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 he says that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7080986 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 under article 66A(3) of the Constitution, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9722914 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7080986 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9722914 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 custom }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8933677 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7080986 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  part of Cook Islands\hich\f0 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8933677 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  law}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14110463 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15816044 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  nothing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8933677 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in the Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15816044 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14110463 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (or any other enactment) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15816044 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
contradicts the tiaki role of Aronga Mana in relation to kai moana (including the right to be informed abou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14110463 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 t related proposals).  He submits that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12059959 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15816044 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 considerati}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12059959 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ons set out in s\~4(d) reinforce}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251806 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the Aronga Mana\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s role in this respect.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10251806 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10251806 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab Particularly given that s\~
4(d) requires relevant decision makers to take into account: 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s51\qj \li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10251806 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681\charrsid10251806 (i) \tab the 
maintenance of traditional forms of sustainable fisheries management;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-873\li1440\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10251806 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681\charrsid10251806 (ii) \tab 
protection of the interests of artisanal fishers, subsistence fishers and local island communities, including ensuring their participation in the management of fisheries and of aquaculture; and;
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-870\li1440\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10251806 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681\charrsid10251806 (iii) \tab 
broad participation by Cook Islanders in activities related to the sustainable use of marine resources.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15816044 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9962075 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid14110463 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [132]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14110463 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Given}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14118841 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  these matters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251806 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14110463 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Mr\~
Hikaka says }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251806 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the respondents }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10617160 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 were under an obligation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10251806 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to consult the Aronga\~Mana when making the Regulati\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ons, the Plan, and before initialling the Partnership\~Agreement and Implementation Protocol.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13073124 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14118841 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 says the respondents did not engage in meaningful consultation with the Aronga Mana before making these decisions, and so therefore acted under an error o\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 f law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15816044 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid10626678\charrsid12732879 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [133]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1854392 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10626678\charrsid12732879 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Solicitor-G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15743442 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 eneral }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12002190 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 responds to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15743442 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 these allegations }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10626678\charrsid12732879 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 from a number of angles:  As I understand his submissions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10626678 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15743442 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14118841 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15743442 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 says}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14118841 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  there is insufficient verifiable evidence to substantiate a relevant proven custom within the meaning of article 66A(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15743442 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14118841 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10617160 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , and also \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 that article 66A(4) cannot operate on a national level}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14118841 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10626678 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Solicitor-General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10626678\charrsid12732879 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10626678 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 challenges the factual basis of Mr\~Framhein\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10617160 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  claim as well}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10626678 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , saying the respondents demonstrated a constant willingness to consult with the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid10626678\charrsid810319 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 vaka}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10626678 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and the Islands\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  customary inter\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ests, and that consultation occurred on a number of le}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10617160 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 vels including with Aronga Mana.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid555259 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   He also submits that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5383986 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 Regulations and Plan are \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 enactments\'94\loch\f0  within the meaning of article 66A(3), which must prevail over any alleged inconsistent custom.  On this l\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
atter submission, however, I agree with the applicants that it is circuitous and fallacious.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10626678 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid11037543 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11037543 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950074}Discussion{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950074}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid11670969 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [134]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11670969 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11670969 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 From the evidence, it is clear the respondents engaged in no specific consultation with the Aronga\~Mana before the decisions to promulgate the Regulat\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
ions and the Plan.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid11670969 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid11670969 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab I note that on 20\~May 2011, the Secretary and Minister also held a meeting about purse seining with the House of Ariki and Koutu Nui.  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11670969 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   Mr\~Ponia notes that in 2016 he held two meetings with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16151361 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11670969 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Aronga\~
Mana about the purse seine expansion and the EU Agreement:  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid11670969 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \fi-708\li1417\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\jclisttab\tx1417\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1417\itap0\pararsid11670969 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11670969 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The first was held in Tupapa, Rarotonga on 23 March 2016.  Mr\~\hich\f0 Ponia records it as being for the audience of \'93\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Aronga Mana and local fishermen\'94\loch\f0 , although this description is disputed.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid11670969 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid11670969 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab One person who attended the meeting, Mr\~Philip Nicholas, has deposed that the meeting was only for fishermen, and that Mr\~Ponia objected to a non-fisherman who attempted to contribute. }}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11670969 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   It was attended by 25 people.  But Mr\~Hikaka emphasises that this meeting was held after the (October 2015) initialling of the Partnership Agreement and Implementation Protocol.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid11670969 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (b)\tab}\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 other meeting was held in Aitutaki on 20\~\hich\f0 October 2016 for the \'93\loch\f0 Aronga Mana of Aitutaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4789623 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11670969 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , and had 100 people in attendance.  But Mr\~Hikaka emphasises that this meeting was held after all the relevant decisions had been made, occurring six days after the \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Partnership Agreement and Implementation Protocol was signed.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4789623 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [135]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11670969 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4789623 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 There being no evidence that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11670969 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  specific consultation with the Aronga\~Mana occurred before the impugned decisions were made}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4789623 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11670969 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I do not agree with the Solicitor-General\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s claim that the respondents c\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 onsult}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4789623 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11670969 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  with the Aronga\~Mana.  The issue, therefore, is whether the respondents had a duty to do so.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid13336332 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [136]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12799933 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13336332 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 In judicial review proceedings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13122325 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , care must be taken to identify the source and nature of any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10961907 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 alleged }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13122325 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
duty to consult, and the way in which that duty is s\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 aid to have been breached.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid13122325 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 
Lab Tests Auckland Ltd v Auckland District Health Board }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 [2008] NZCA 385, [2009] 1 NZLR 776 at [296], [313].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13336332 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   Consultation obligations }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9925558 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ordinarily}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13336332 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  arise through }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10961907 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 statute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13336332 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , parties\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  legitimate expectations, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10961907 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11145994 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid145382 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 possibly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10093474 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 from the demands of fairness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15678305 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and natural justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10093474 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in particular}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9269194 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  circumstances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10961907 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid15678305\charrsid15678305 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid15678305 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid15678305 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 Nicholls v Health and Disability Commissioner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 [1997] NZAR 351 (HC) at 370; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs83\i\insrsid10361681\charrsid15678305 Lower North Island Red Deer Foundation Inc v Minister of Conservation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs83\insrsid10361681 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs94\insrsid10361681 {\*\bkmkstart ORIGHIT_1}{\*\bkmkstart HIT_1}{\*\bkmkend ORIGHIT_1}{\*\bkmkend HIT_1}2017] NZAR 1058 (HC) at [49].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10961907 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   The respondents\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  duty to consult in this \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 case is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid923292 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 alleged}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10961907 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to arise}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16151361 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , perhaps uniquely,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10961907 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 from the (claimed) customary law requirement for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16151361 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10961907 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Aronga Mana to be informed of pro}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9257931 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 posals in relation to kai moana}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid923292 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  (see at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid923292 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  REF _Ref499827195 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid923292 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003400390039003800320037003100390035000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10252956 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [130]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid923292 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  above)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14841458 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid14841458 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab I record that the respondents\rquote 
 alleged duty to consult is not pleaded as arising from a legitimate expectation or from the demands of fairness.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10640354 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4282168 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid10640354 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [137]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10640354 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
In this context, it is helpful to begin with some comments on the operation of article 66A.  Although }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10640354 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 operation is not immediately clear, the Court of Appeal recently provided some clarification in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10640354\charrsid3739024 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Hunt\~v\~de\~Miguel}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10640354 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10640354 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10640354 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10361681\charrsid11805671 Hunt v de Miguel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10361681 CA2/14, 19 February 2016.  The Court of Appeal later repeated and affirmed its findings as to article 66A in its 2017 decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10361681 Browne v Munokoa }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10361681\charrsid2110206 [2017] CKCA 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  at [35]-[39].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10640354 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   The Court explained that the article was intended to give g}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 reater recognition of custom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10640354 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in the Cook Islands, unless }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 that custom is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10640354 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 expressly ousted by statute or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10640354 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  inconsistent with the Constitution:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid10640354 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10640354\charrsid4530128 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 56.\tab 
Reading Article 66A as a whole, it is clear that \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 the intention of Parliament in inserting Article 66A in 1995 was to provide for greater recognition and protection of custom and usage in the Cook Islands \hich\f0 \emdash 
\loch\f0 \hich\f0  or, as the Crown put it, \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 to acknowledge the worth and dignity of traditional Cook Islands custom\'94.\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
  Indeed, the effect of related Article 66A(3) is that custom and usage shall take precedence in the Cook Islands, unless expressly ousted by statutory law, or else inconsistent with the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4530128 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10640354\charrsid4530128 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  Thus the idea that the people themselves (collectively\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
, through their relevant Aronga Mana) would determine the custom to be followed pursuant to Article 66A(4) (unless otherwise ousted by statute or the Constitution) is entirely consistent with the elevation of customary law under the related sub-articles o
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 f\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  Article 66A.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid5245575 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [138]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12799933 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The Court explained that i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10640354 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 f the Aronga Mana from a local area/vaka gave an opinion on custom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4939998 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  or usage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10640354 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , then pursuant to article 66A(4), t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4939998 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
he Court would, as a matter of evidence, have to treat that opinion as a conclusive expression of that \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 custom or usage (provided the custom was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4939998\charrsid12809804 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 consi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4939998 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 stent with the Constitution or \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 any enactment\'94\loch\f0 ):}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10640354 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s73\qj \li1418\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\tx5670\tx6379\tx7088\wrapdefault\hyphpar0\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0\pararsid5245575 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe1025\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af1\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 63.\tab 
Rather, the correct interpretation to be given to Article 66A(4) is that espoused by the Crown in its submissions: that Article 66A(4) is to be interpreted i\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
n accordance with the distinction between, on the one hand, the binding status of evidence regarding custom given by the Aronga\~Mana and, on the other, the Court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s jurisdiction (as affirmed by Article 66A(3)) to apply that custom in a way that is consiste\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 n\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 t with the Constitution and other statutory enactments.
\par \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 64.\tab Thus in practice, if the relevant Aronga Mana }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575\charrsid6647113 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
gives satisfactory evidence as to its properly formulated opinion on the precise content of local custom or usage,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0  then as an evidentiary matter that \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 
evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575\charrsid12809804 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 must, pursuant to Article 66A(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 \hich\f0 4), be treated by the Court as \'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575\charrsid12809804 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 final and conclusive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575 \loch\af0\dbch\af1\hich\f0 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575\charrsid12809804 
\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 . However, the Court must still, if called upon to do so, determine whether that custom is consi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 \hich\f0 stent with the Constitution or \'93\loch\f0 
\hich\f0 any enactment\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575\charrsid12809804 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 . If it is not, then n\hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 otwithstanding the binding evidentiary submission of the Aronga Mana, the releva}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 nt statute or provision of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575\charrsid12809804 \hich\af0\dbch\af1\loch\f0 Constitution will prevail pursuant to Article 66A(3).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid2509141 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [139]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2509141 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2509141 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 rticle 66A }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2509141 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 provide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4939998 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14229660 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 alternative to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6647113 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14229660 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 common law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6647113 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  approach of recognising }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294320 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 and\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  integrating }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6647113 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 custom in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294320 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714394 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6647113 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  legal system}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4939998 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid4008288 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 The majority of the New\~
Zealand Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10361681 Takamore v Clarke}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681\charrsid6647113  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 [2011] NZCA 587, [2012] 1\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681\charrsid4008288 NZLR 573 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 explained that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 under modern common law, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 indigenous customary law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  is to treated as integrated into}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 common law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  of a jurisdiction.  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 his would appear to be broadly consistent with article\~66A(3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681   }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681\charrsid2509141 But in terms of recognising custom, the common law requires the Court to be satisfied that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 
claimed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681\charrsid2509141 
custom is long-standing; has continued without interruption since its origin; is reasonable; is certain in its terms; and has not been displaced by clear statutory wording.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 
Article 66A(4) would appear allow these criteria to be displaced by the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  provision of the opinion of the Aronga\~Mana (provided that the custom is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10361681\charrsid12809804 consi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681 stent with the Constitution or \'93any enactment\'94).  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4939998 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14229660 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5245575 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid2294320 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [140]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12786056 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2294320 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 In the present case, Mr\~Framhein}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15355633 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  says }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714394 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the Aronga\~Mana\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15355633 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
three signed statements means the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid923292 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 custom has been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15099423 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid923292 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 proved}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15099423 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714394 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in terms of article 66A(4), to the effect that under Cook Islands
\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  law the respondents were requi\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 red to inform and consult the Aronga\~Mana about the purse seine expansion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid923292 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3739024 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 By }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3096792 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 obtaining the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714394 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 signed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3096792 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 statements, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5383986 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 described at }{\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5383986 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 REF _Ref499751289 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5383986 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003400390039003700350031003200380039000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10252956 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [129]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\headery708\footery550\colsx708\endnhere\titlepg\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid7765345\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5383986 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 above, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14437198 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Mr\~Framhein has }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3739024 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 attempted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14437198 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9269194 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 circumvent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14437198 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11037543 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 evidential }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14437198 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 problems faced by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021016 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5383986 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 vaka}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12021016 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14437198 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid14437198\charrsid15549088 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Hunt v de Miguel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16063676 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , where the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1862338 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Court}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16063676 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of Appeal was not satisfied that the group claiming to be Aronga\~\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Mana had established who comprised the appropriate Aronga\~
Mana of the vaka in question (Te Au }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9641298 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16063676 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  Tonga), no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16151361 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16063676 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  that the correct body had formed an opinion on the asserted custom.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14879945 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid5383986 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [141]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5383986 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I share}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9440064 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the Court of Appeal\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s concerns}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16063676 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  noted above}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid16063676 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab 
See at [119]-[120].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9440064 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  about the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5383986 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 meaning of Arong\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 a Mana}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9440064 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , the composition and verification of its members, and the mechanism by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12869417 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 which Aronga\~Mana }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9440064 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5383986 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9440064 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 express dec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13176100 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 isions or opinions as to custom.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid9925558 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab Mr\~Framhein did not advance his case on the basis of common law recognition of custom.
}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15355633 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714394 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 So d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15355633 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 espite}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9269194 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the great lengths}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15549088 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9269194 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  Mr\~
Framhein and his legal team have gone to avoid }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714394 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 these problems}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15355633 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5714394 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 y }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15355633 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 continue to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14171110 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 loom}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15355633 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in the present case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12869417 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9440064 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
For example, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12869417 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 other than the signatories\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  own claims, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11145994 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I have no evidence that }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14623297 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11145994 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 signatories are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14171110 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
actually }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16151361 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11145994 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Aronga\~Mana}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16151361 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 of the vaka or island they claim to represent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11145994 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , and I have no evidence that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4750913 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the list of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16151361 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12869417 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Aronga Mana }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4750913 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 in the statement}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11145994 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4750913 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  complete}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14171110 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and exhaustive}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12869417 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16063676 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Further}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4750913 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 difficulty is caused by the fact }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14623297 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 that only a majority of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9440064 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 Aronga Mana of Aitutaki have signed the statemen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14623297 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 t \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  it being}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7372365 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  unclear }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9440064 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14623297 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 an opinion by the majority of the Aronga Mana is s\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
ufficient to comprise a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13634997 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 conclusive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14623297 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  opinion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10755840 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in terms of article}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14623297 \~\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 66A(4).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12799933 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid5714394 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [142]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4789623 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5714394 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 But e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9269194 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
ven }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954556 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 if I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16063676 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 were to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954556 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
proceed on the basis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9269194 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15954556 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 statements are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15489802 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 conclusive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14695539 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  as to custom}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14171110 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13634997 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid919315 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14879945 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid919315 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9766161 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  find}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9269194 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14879945 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the custom }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13532468 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 required the respondents to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9269194 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 consult }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16151361 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
specifically }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9766161 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9269194 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the Ar\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 onga\~Mana}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14879945 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  when making the decisions expanding the purse seine fishery}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid919315 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9269194 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8475849 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 This is because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13532468 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the respondents did not know about }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15820425 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16063676 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 claimed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15820425 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 custom }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12215024 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (that Aronga\~Mana must be informed of all decisions relating to kai moana) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4481520 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 before they made }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15820425 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16063676 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 challenged }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15489802 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 decisions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12215024 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7755924 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Indeed,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15274244 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the signed statements were not produced }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12215024 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 until at least }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15549088 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 late 2016 or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3939017 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
early 2017.  That was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12215024 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 after all relevant decisions were finalised.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14171110 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
  And there is no indication that such a custom was brought to the respondents\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  attention at an earlie\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 r time.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15820425 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid15489802 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [143]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12786056 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15489802 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Mr\~
Hikaka submitted that there is no need for native custom to be enunciated before the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13646558 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Crown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14383973 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16063676 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 is required to engage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14383973 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in consultation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5716729 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  He submitted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14879945 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13646558 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the Crown has the re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9918241 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 sponsibility to consider custom,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13646558 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  not for custom to be codified and provide\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 d to the Crown.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16153950 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 However,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9918241 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4545082 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2040112 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 accept}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14383973 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2040112 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Mr\~Hikaka\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14383973 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 submission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2040112 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  would effectively impose a duty }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15274244 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2040112 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 public bodies to proactively investigate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14383973 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 and consult as to }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2040112 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 whether}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10892642 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and what}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2040112 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 custom might be relevant to every administrative law decision.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9918241 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I am not aware of any}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16153950 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Cook Islands\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0  law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14383973 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4489173 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9918241 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2040112 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 would warrant recognition of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12256925 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 such a }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2040112 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 duty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4481520 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid14383973 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid14383973 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab This mi
ght be different to the position in New Zealand (where the principle of good faith under the Treaty of Waitangi has been incorporated into many enactments) or in Canada (where s 35 of the Constitution Act 1982 preserves the honour of the Crown and the goa
l of reconciliation with Aboriginal peoples).  }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4481520 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5716729 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  I do not read }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4481520 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5716729 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 4(d) of the Act as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4481520 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  going this far}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14383973 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16083812 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5716729 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2040112 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The practical difficulties of such a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15274244 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 n }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14383973 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 obligation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2040112 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  could be immense}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4226635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4481520 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid15274244 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [144]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4545082 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15274244 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I acknowledge that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258203 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 in some circumstances, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15678305 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the demands of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15274244 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13784285 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 airness }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15678305 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 and natural justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10649074 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7954063 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ight give rise to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12215024 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  consultation obligations }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2710381 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
in relation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7954063 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  to custom and usage.  That might be so}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10649074 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12256925 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 where}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2830327 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3676604 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4593534 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 decision maker }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4545082 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 k}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15274244 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 now}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3676604 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16063676 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , or is made aware,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4545082 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15274244 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4593534 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3676604 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4593534 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 credible but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4545082 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 not-yet-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4593534 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 proven}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3676604 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15549088 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12786056 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15549088 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4593534 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12786056 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 a specific }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4593534 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 customary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12786056 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 interest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4593534 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  that could be adve\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 rse}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15274244 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ly affected by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10649074 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3676604 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 a }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10649074 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 contemplated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12256925 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4018594 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 .  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10892642 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid11145994 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [145]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11145994 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
But in this case, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6237157 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I accept the Solicitor-General\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s submission that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11145994 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 nothing }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15274244 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 indicates }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11145994 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the Minister or Secretary could }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15274244 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (or should) possibly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10892642 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11145994 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 contemplate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6237157 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11145994 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10892642 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 a custom whereby}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11145994 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1050618 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the Aronga\~Mana}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16258203 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  might}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1050618 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  exercise }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11145994 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 tiaki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4545082 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  o\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ver kai moana}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11145994 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12786056 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 more than 50\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6237157 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 nauti}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12215024 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 cal miles}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7755924 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16063676 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7755924 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  the coast}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid145382 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , or that custom mandated that the Aronga\~Mana be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10892642 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 consulted in respect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid145382 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  of pro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12400909 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 posals in relation to kai moana}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10892642 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  in such distant waters.  Nor could the Minister or Secretary have been expected to contemplate that there was established such a custom consistent across}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12400909 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  all vaka and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10892642 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12400909 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
slands, transcending local and geographical boundaries. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9846919 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid8462245 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [146]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8462245 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Section 4(d) of the Marine Res\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ources Act does not take Mr\~Framhein\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s case further.  Although it requires decision makers to consider }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14171110 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 certain cultural }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8462245 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 matters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2833542 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  which might be within the Aronga\~Mana\hich\f0 
\rquote \loch\f0 s purview}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13785331 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , it does not mandate specific consultation with the Aronga\~Mana.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2833542 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 So w}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid145382 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 hile engag\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ement with the Aronga\~Mana might }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2833542 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 have been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15678305 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 one way}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid145382 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2833542 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 for the respondents to discharge their s
\~4(d) obligations, it was ultimately for the respondents to decide whether that should involve the Aronga\~Mana.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid2833542 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs94\i\insrsid10361681\charrsid2833542 McInnes}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs83\i\insrsid10361681\charrsid2833542  v Minister of Transport}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs83\insrsid10361681  [2001] 3 NZLR 11 (CA).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8462245 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid12400909 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12400909 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950075}Conclusion{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950075}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid12215024 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [147]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4545082 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12215024 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Given these matters, I do not find that a\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  duty to consult }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12059959 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the Aronga\~Mana }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12215024 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 existed when the Regulations and the Plan were promulgated, or when the Partnership Agreement and Implementation Protocol were initialled.  I therefore dismiss the third cause of action. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2710381 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7034817 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\kerning32\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7034817 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950076}Fourth cause of action}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12400909  (alternative)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11695550  \endash  failure to comply with the Fishery Plan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11037543 {\*\bkmkend _Toc500950076}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid11695550 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [148]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1400168 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11695550 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 In the fourth cause of action, the applicants seek an order requiring the Secretary to carry out consultation with key stakeholders, including the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13570579 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Aronga\~Mana and the second applicant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11695550 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12400909 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11695550 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 review the Plan \hich\f0 \endash \loch\f0  as\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  is said to be required by the Plan.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid12400909 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12400909 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950077}Discussion{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950077} 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid7034817 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [149]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1400168 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7034817 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 By clause 5 of the Regulations, the Plan came into force on 27 February 2013 (the same date as the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12400909 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7034817 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 egulations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12400909 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7034817 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1400168 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   Clause 12 of t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7034817 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 he Plan provides for consultation with \'93\loch\f0 key stakehold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15753042 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 ers\'94\loch\f0  in the purse seine fishery, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7034817 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 to be organised by the Secretary at least once in each calendar year.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1400168 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Clause 21 provides for biennial review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12400909 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1400168 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 of the Plan, consultation by the Secretary with key stakeholders, and recommendation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10890222 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1400168 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0 
 to the Minister \'93\loch\f0 as to the\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 \hich\f0  continued management of the purse seine fisheries\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7034817 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid1400168 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [150]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7034817 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1400168 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Mr\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12456062 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Ponia\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 s evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1400168 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
 does not suggest that either of these consultations and reviews have taken place.  Rather, he refers to the annual reviews by the Scientific Committee and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12456062 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1400168 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Technical Compliance Com\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 mittee of the WCPF Commission.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12400909 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid1400168 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [151]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1400168 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
The respondents submit that the review dates must be measured from the date of commencement of fishing pursuant to the Plan, which they say is early 2017.  I reject that submission.  There is nothing in the Plan or the Regu\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
lations to support it.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid1400168 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [152]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10643844 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1400168 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 The consultation and reviews of the Plan are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12456062 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 important}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1400168 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
.  They are consistent with and support that an EIA is an ongoing process, a proposition the Solicitor-General advanced and endorsed in submissions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12400909 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   The Secretary has possibly be
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 en deflected from these particular requirements in the Plan by the establishment of the Select Committee in June 2016 (which reported in August 2016) in response to petitions and grievances about the MMR\hich\f0 \rquote 
\loch\f0 s purse seine fishery decisions.  But these require\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 m\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 ents in the Plan, which was prepared by the Secretary himself under s\~36 of the Act, must be observed and implemented.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid12400909 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [153]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12400909 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12400909 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1400168 \loch\af0\dbch\af35\hich\f0 
\'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 Key stakeholder\'94\loch\f0 \hich\f0  and \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 stakeholder\'94\loch\f0  are not defined in the Plan.  Given my conclusions on the third cause of action, the Aronga Mana wou\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
ld not fall within such a category.  Nor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10892642 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , I consider,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1400168 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  would the second applicant.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3484334 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 However, given the sensitivity of the purse seine fishing issue, the respondents may see merit in wider consultation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1400168 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s80\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sb240\sa140\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid12400909 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12400909 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950078}Conclusion{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950078}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid15753042 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [154]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1400168 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15753042 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 I decline the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12456062 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 relief claimed by the \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 applicants in the fourth cause of action}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15753042 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11954576 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15753042 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12456062 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 y comments above are referred to the Secretary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15753042 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  for his consideration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12456062 .

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12456062 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\kerning32\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12456062 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950079}Result{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950079}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid12456062 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [155]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12456062 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12456062 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 All causes of action are dismissed.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12456062 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\kerning32\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6714622 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950080}Observations{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950080}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid6714622 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [156]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6714622 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6714622 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 While I have concluded there are no reviewable errors of law of such a nature or de\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 gree as to require the Court\hich\f0 \rquote \loch\f0 
s intervention on judicial review, I am left with areas of concern.  They include the minimal level of consultation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid200678 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 preceding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4618627 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6714622 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the 27\~\hich\f0 February 2013 decisions to promulgate the Regulations and the Plan; the \'93\loch\f0 \hich\f0 soft\'94\loch\f0  catch limits in
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4618627 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6714622 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13700644 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Partnership}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6714622 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  Agreement and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4618627 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Implementation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6714622 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 Protocol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4618627 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid200678 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4618627 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 when the WCPO Convention stipulates that both catch and effort limits are to be imposed as part of the CMM }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13700644 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4618627 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 or new or exploratory fisheries}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid200678 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4618627 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
, and the absence of apparent adherence to the ongoing natur\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 e of the EIA process and the requirements for review.  I refer }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11695550 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
these observations to the second and third respondents for consideration.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6714622 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid4618627 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [157]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4618627 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Counsel clearly contributed considerable effort to their submissions in this important case.  I was greatly assisted \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 and am grateful to them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4618627\charrsid6714622 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12456062 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\kerning32\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12456062 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950081}Costs{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950081}
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s74 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\dbch\af35\langnp5129\insrsid12456062 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 [158]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s74\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12456062 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\kerning2\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af35\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12456062 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 There is a significant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid200678 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 and genuine }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12456062 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
public interest compo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid200678 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 nent to these proceedings.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12456062 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
Therefore, while the respondents would normally be entitled to costs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4618627\charrsid4618627 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4618627 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 
as the successful parties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12456062 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 , I am not inclined to make an award of costs i\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 n this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid200678 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s51\qj \fi-567\li567\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs52\super\insrsid10361681 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10361681  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 \tab See}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681\charrsid200678  New Zealand Maori Council v Attorney-General }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681 [1994] 1 NZLR 513}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681\charrsid200678  (PC)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681  at 525-526}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid10361681\charrsid200678 .}}
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12456062 \hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0   If there are matters any party wishes to draw to my attention on the issue of costs, I will receive memoranda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7084833 
\hich\af0\dbch\af35\loch\f0 by the end of January 2018.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12456062\charrsid12456062 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s49\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7700381 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\insrsid10626678\charrsid12400909 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s49\qr \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9526130 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7700381 \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid7700381 \tab \tab \tab 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qr \li0\ri0\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1862338 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid13713697 \tab \tab \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid13713697\charrsid15498534 Judith Potter, J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\insrsid10643844 \page 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\qj \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10643844 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs32\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\kerning32\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643844 {\*\bkmkstart _Toc500950082}Glossary{\*\bkmkend _Toc500950082}
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid556327 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid556327\charrsid556327 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh296\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134
\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 Aronga Mana\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid1862338 Traditional leaders }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643844 
\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh296\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134
\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow1\irowband1\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh314\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil \cellx9134\pard\plain \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 CMM\cell Conservation & Management Measures\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643844 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh314\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil \cellx9134\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2115067\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2115067\charrsid10643844 2012 CMM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2115067\charrsid10643844 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid2115067\charrsid10643844 December 2012 Conservation & Management Measures}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid2115067\charrsid10643844 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2115067 
\trowd \irow2\irowband2\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh314\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil \cellx9134\row \ltrrow
}\trowd \irow3\irowband3\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh296\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134
\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 EA\cell Environment Act 2003\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643844 \trowd \irow3\irowband3\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh296\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow4\irowband4\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 EEZ\cell Exclusive Economic Zone [200 nautical miles from baseline]\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643844 
\trowd \irow4\irowband4\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134
\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow5\irowband5\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh314\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134
\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 EIA\cell Environmental Impact Assessment\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643844 \trowd \irow5\irowband5\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh314\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow6\irowband6\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh331\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 FAD\cell Fish Aggregating Device\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643844 
\trowd \irow6\irowband6\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh331\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134
\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 FAO\cell Food &}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11954576  Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 \cell 
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10643844 \trowd \irow7\irowband7\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh331\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134
\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow8\irowband8\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh331\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil \cellx9134\pard\plain \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid10971245 Fishing effort}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10971245\charrsid10643844 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10971245 An}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10971245\charrsid10971245 
 operation to catch fish on a particular day or occasion (whether or not fish are actually caught).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10971245\charrsid10643844 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10971245 
\trowd \irow8\irowband8\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh331\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil \cellx9134\row \ltrrow
}\trowd \irow9\irowband9\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh312\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134
\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 FFA\cell Forum Fisheries Agency\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643844 \trowd \irow9\irowband9\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh312\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow10\irowband10\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh312\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil \cellx9134\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12869668\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12869668 Implementation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12869668\charrsid10643844 Protocol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid12869668\charrsid10643844 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12869668\charrsid10643844 Implementation Protocol attached to Partnership Agreement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid12869668\charrsid10643844 \cell 
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12869668 \trowd \irow10\irowband10\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh312\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil \cellx9134\row \ltrrow
}\trowd \irow11\irowband11\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh312\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134
\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri-108\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-108\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 Lehodey Report\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11954576 Report by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 Dr Patrick Lehodey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11954576 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844  13}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11954576  April 20}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 12\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643844 \trowd \irow11\irowband11\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh312\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow12\irowband12\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh296\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 MMR\cell Ministry of Marine Resources\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643844 
\trowd \irow12\irowband12\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh296\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134
\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 MRA\cell Marine Resources Act 2005\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643844 \trowd \irow13\irowband13\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh296\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow14\irowband14\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh331\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 OFP\cell Oceanic Fisheries Programme \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643844 
\trowd \irow14\irowband14\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh331\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134
\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow15\irowband15\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh331\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil \cellx9134\pard\plain \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid11954576 OFP Report}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11954576\charrsid10643844 \cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11954576 Report by OFP, December 2012}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af31507 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid11954576\charrsid10643844 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11954576 \trowd \irow15\irowband15\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh331\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil \cellx9134\row \ltrrow
}\trowd \irow16\irowband16\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh551\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid9451237\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil \cellx9134\pard\plain \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri-108\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin-108\lin0\pararsid9451237\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 Partnership Agreement\cell }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 
Sustainable Fisheries Partnership Agreement with the European Union}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid9766319  2016}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643844 
\trowd \irow16\irowband16\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh551\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid9451237\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil \cellx9134\row \ltrrow
}\trowd \irow17\irowband17\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh314\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil \cellx9134\pard\plain \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid10643844\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 Plan\cell Skipjack Tuna Purse Seine Fishery Plan 2013\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643844 \trowd \irow17\irowband17\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh314\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil \cellx9134\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 Regulations\cell Marine Resources (Purse Seine Fishery) Regulations 2013\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643844 
\trowd \irow18\irowband18\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh314\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil \cellx9134\row \ltrrow
}\trowd \irow19\irowband19\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh314\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134
\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 SFS Agreement\cell Straddling Fish Stocks Agreement\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643844 \trowd \irow19\irowband19\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh314\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow20\irowband20\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 SIDS\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11954576 Small Island }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 Developing States\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643844 \trowd \irow20\irowband20\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 SPC\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11954576 Fisheries Aquaculture and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844  Marine Ecosystems Division of the Pacific Community (Science advice to WCPF Comm}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid556327 ission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 )\cell 
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10643844 \trowd \irow21\irowband21\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134
\row \ltrrow}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 Territorial Sea\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid556327 12 nautical miles from baseline}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643844 
\trowd \irow22\irowband22\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134
\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow23\irowband23\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh314\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134
\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 UNCLOS\cell United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea 1982 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643844 \trowd \irow23\irowband23\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh314\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow24\irowband24\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh296\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh
\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 \trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl
\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 Vaka\cell }\pard \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid4259978\yts95 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 Tribe / district / local area.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f0\insrsid11954576 There are three vaka }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid4259978 Rarotonga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844  \endash 
 Te Au O Tonga, Puaikura, Takitumu \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10643844 \trowd \irow24\irowband24\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trrh296\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134
\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow25\irowband25\ltrrow\ts95\trgaph108\trleft142\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10 
\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid10643844\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind250\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr
\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth1799\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx1941\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrb\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrr\brdrs\brdrw10 \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth7193\clshdrawnil\clhidemark \cellx9134
\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid10643844\yts95 \rtlch\fcs1 \af31507\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs22\lang2057\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844 WCPF Commission\cell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid11954576 Western and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f0\insrsid10643844\charrsid10643844  Central Pacific Fisheries Commission\cell 
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f306\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
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