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\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid32389 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14641476\charrsid9705323 MAHARA NICHOLAS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\f1\super\insrsid155606\charrsid9705323 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s26\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid11091445 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11091445  Also variously named in the file as Mahara Te Otini Nicholas and Mahara Teotini Nicholas}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14641476\charrsid9705323 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx2098\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid32389 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14641476\charrsid9705323 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid32389 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14641476\charrsid9705323 Date of Hearing: \tab 30 May 2016
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid155606\charrsid9705323 Date of Judgment:\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid12665908 12 September}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid155606\charrsid9705323  2016
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14641476\charrsid9705323 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid32389 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14641476\charrsid9705323 Counsel:\tab \tab Ms A Mills and Ms }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301793 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14641476\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6301793 Herman}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14641476\charrsid9705323  for the Crown
\par \tab \tab \tab Mr N George for the Defendant
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid32389 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14641476\charrsid9705323 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid32389 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid32389 RESERVED }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid32389\charrsid9705323 
JUDGMENT OF HUGH WILLIAMS, J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14641476\charrsid9705323 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12977435 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\ul\insrsid12977435\charrsid9705323 Orders:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12977435\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \fi-360\li720\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12977435 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\insrsid12977435\charrsid9705323 
That the certificate of analysis of the blood alcohol concentration in the blood of the accused, Mr Nicholas, is, for the reasons discussed in this judgment, ruled admissible; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid12977435\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 b)\tab}Mr Nicholas is directed to stand trial on a date and at a time to be fixe
d by the Registrar \endash  presumably in the November/December 2016 sessions of this Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\insrsid13447388 \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\insrsid12977435\charrsid9705323 
and his attendance and call-overs in the meantime is excused.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sa240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14641476\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid12670 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid14641476\charrsid9705323 Preliminary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13637569\charrsid9705323 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid8063290\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [1]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063290 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid8063290\charrsid9705323 The accused, Mahara Nicholas, faces three charges of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid1849835 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8063290\charrsid9705323 riving a motor vehicle }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid155606\charrsid9705323 \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13447388 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid155606\charrsid9705323 motor cycle \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid8063290\charrsid9705323 on 23 July 2015 while under the influence of drink to such an extent as to be incapable of having proper control and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid1849835 thereby }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid8063290\charrsid9705323 causing injury to two persons and the death of a third.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid8063290\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [2]\tab}Following the accident which gave rise to the charges, Mr Nichola
s was admitted to hospital. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid1849835  A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8063290\charrsid9705323 
 blood sample was taken from him there for evidential purposes but admittedly not in accordance with the scheme set out in the Transport Act 1966. The reading was 194 milligrams of alcoh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9705323 
ol per 100 millilitres of blood, well over the legal limit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8063290\charrsid9705323 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid8063290\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [3]\tab}The question with which this judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid12481358\charrsid9705323 deals is whether the certificate of analysis giv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid1849835 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid12481358\charrsid9705323 
 the proportion of alcohol in Mr Nicholas\rquote  blood should be admissible at his trial on the charges mentioned notwithstanding that it was not obtained in accordance with statutory scheme.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid1849835  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid12481358\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9705323 In part, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid12481358\charrsid9705323 
hat requires a consideration of the factors discussed by the New Zeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7474800\charrsid9705323 and Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid7474800\charrsid1849835 R v Sha}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid13447388 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid7474800\charrsid1849835 ee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid12481358\charrsid1849835 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid12481358\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid1849835 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid12481358\charrsid9705323 2002}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid1849835 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid12481358\charrsid9705323  2 NZLR 377]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\f1\super\insrsid7098178 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s26\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid11091445 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11091445  Applied in the Cook Islands by the decision of the Cook Islands\rquote  Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11091445 Timoti v. Police Dept }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11091445 CA7/15 20 November 2015}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid12481358\charrsid9705323 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8063290\charrsid9705323 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4997551 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\ul\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323 Legislative framework}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\ul\insrsid4997551 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid1849835 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [4]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s25\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx567\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1849835 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid1849835  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7098178 
Mr Nicholas is charged under s. 25(2) of the Transport Act 1966 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid1849835 which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7098178 relevantly reads:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\sa100\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid15744317 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7098178\charrsid6565454 25(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13637569\charrsid6565454 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid6565454\charrsid6565454 
Every person commits an offence who, while under the influence of drink or a drug to such an extent as to be incapable of having proper control of the vehicle, is in charge of a motor vehicle and by an act or omission in relation thereto causes bodily inj
ury to or the death of any person.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13637569\charrsid6565454 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid6565454 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [5]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8063290 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6565454 
Section 25 and those sections of the Transport Act 1966 creating the blood regime with which this judgment is concerned }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid1849835 were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6565454 
 part of the Transport Amendment Act 2007 which refined the law relating to drink driving and to driving causing injury or death.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid11804573 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [6]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11804573 
The procedure to be followed in relation to the taking of blood specimens appears in ss 28C, 28D and 28E. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid1849835  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11804573 As far as relevant to Mr Nicholas
\rquote  case, those sections read:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\qj \li709\ri0\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid15744317 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15744317\charrsid9705323 28C. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\ul\insrsid15744317\charrsid9705323 Who must give blood specimen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15744317\charrsid9705323  - (1) A perso
n shall permit a medical officer to take a blood specimen from the person when required to do so by a constable if \endash 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10769518 ... ... ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15744317\charrsid9705323 
\par (e) the person is under examination, care, or treatment in a hospital.
\par 
\par 
\par (5) It is a defence to proceedings for an offence under this section if the court is satisfied, on the evidence of a registered medical practitioner, that the taking of a blood specimen from the defendant would have been prejudicial to the defendant's hea
lth.
\par 
\par 28D. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid15744317\charrsid9705323 How Blood specimen is to be taken}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15744317\charrsid9705323  - When a medical officer is required to take }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10769518 [a?] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15744317\charrsid9705323 blood specimen from a person, the medical officer shall inform the person b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10769518 
efore taking the blood specimen... ... ...}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15744317\charrsid9705323 
\par 
\par 28E. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid15744317\charrsid9705323 Protection of patients}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15744317\charrsid9705323  - (1) Where a p
erson is in a hospital for the purposes of examination, care or treatment, a breathalyser test may be administered or blood specimen taken under any provision of this Act only if the registered medical practitioner -
\par 
\par (a) has examined the person and is satisfied that the administering of the breathalyser test or the taking of the blood specimen would not be prejudicial to the person's proper care or treatment; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15744317 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10769518 
\par ... ... ...}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10769518\charrsid9705323 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15744317\charrsid9705323 
\par (c) informs the person (or a next-of-kin, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1849835 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15744317\charrsid9705323 ere reasonably available, if the per
son is unconscious) that the blood specimen is being or was taken under this section for evidential purposes.
\par 
\par (2) if a blood specimen is taken under this section from a person who is unconscious, the medical officer who took the specimen shall notify the 
person (or a next-of-kin, where reasonably available, if the person is still unconscious) in writing as soon as practicable that the specimen was taken under this section for evidential purposes.
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15744317\charrsid11087032 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [7]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s25\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11087032 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15744317\charrsid11087032 It is relevant for the purposes of this application, to
 note that the 2007 Amendment defined \'93medical officer\'94 in the following way}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7546907\charrsid11087032  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid10769518\charrsid11087032 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11087032 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid10769518 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid10769518 \'93
Medical Officer\'94 means \endash  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid11087032 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s25\qj \fi-360\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11087032 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid11087032 a registered medical practitioner, or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid10769518 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid11087032 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 b)\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid11087032 
a person acting in a hospital or doctor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid8412313 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid11087032 s surgery and who, in the normal course of the person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f1\insrsid8412313 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid11087032 s duties, takes blood specimens; or
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid11087032 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 c)\tab}a nurse; or
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid11087032 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 d)\tab}a medical laboratory technician}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f1\insrsid11087032\charrsid10769518 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11087032 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\ul\insrsid11087032 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\ul\insrsid12481358\charrsid10769518 Facts
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid11087032 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [8]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12481358 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11087032 The accident which gave rise to the charges occurred in the early hours of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid12481358\charrsid9705323 23 July 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11087032 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid12481358\charrsid9705323  during Te Maeva Nui, the Cook Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11087032 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid12481358\charrsid9705323  50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\super\insrsid12481358\charrsid9705323 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid12481358\charrsid9705323  Anniversary celebrations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11087032 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid12481358\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid7474800\charrsid9705323 when the population of Rarotonga }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11087032 virtually}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7474800\charrsid9705323  doubled.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid12481358\charrsid9705323 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [9]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323 
At about 7pm }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11087032 the previous}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323  evening, according to his police statement, Mr Nicholas }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid11087032 boarded a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323  party bus and started drinking from a 1 litre bottle of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323 ourbon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313 w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323 hiskey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6685458 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6685458 He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323 
 continued drinking from the bottle as the party bus drove around the island. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323 
He was sufficiently affected by the liquor as to be unable to recall if he dr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6685458 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323 
nk the whole of the 1 litre bottle but witnesses whom the Crown intends to call }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6685458 variously }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323 describe 
Mr Nicholas as being quite drunk, unable to walk, \'93wasted\'94, and being unsteady on his feet}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6685458 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323  slurr}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6685458 ing his speech}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323  and being highly intoxicated and aggressive.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7474800\charrsid9705323 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [10]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323 
Just prior to the accident he was seen driving his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6578037 motor cycle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323  erratically in the vicinity of 
the Punanga Nui Market with a pillion passenger on the back}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313  and being}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6578037  involved in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13447388 a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6578037  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323 collision involving two other people where he veered into the lane of an oncoming motor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid8412313  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323 cycle }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6685458 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323 at about }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6685458 0114 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313 ou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6685458 rs)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7546907\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [11]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7546907\charrsid9705323 
Sergeant Takai, called to the scene of the collision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6685458 (about 0114 hours}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7546907\charrsid9705323  on 23 July 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid6685458 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7546907\charrsid9705323  found a number of bodies lying in the middle of the road. After doing what he could for those injured \endash 
 including Mr Nicholas who was unconscious and breathing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7546907\charrsid9705323 though seriously injured \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6685458 the Sergeant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7546907\charrsid9705323 called urgently for an ambulance }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6685458 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid7546907\charrsid9705323 at 0125 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6685458 ours)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7546907\charrsid9705323 
 but, because there were a number of accidents that evening, the first of the two ambulances which attended the scene did not arrive until 0155 hours with the second eleven minutes later.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid4997551\charrsid9705323 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7546907\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [12]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9904463 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7546907\charrsid9705323 Sergeant Takai then went to the Rarotonga Hospital }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid6685458 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7546907\charrsid9705323 arriving about 0225 hours}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6685458 : though he also said he arrived at about 0325 hours) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7546907\charrsid9705323  where he first tried to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7546907\charrsid9904463 speak with the doctors and nurses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6685458\charrsid9904463 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7546907\charrsid9904463  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6685458\charrsid9904463 He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7546907\charrsid9904463  was unable to gain admission to the }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9904463\charrsid9904463 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6578037 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7546907\charrsid9705323 
treatment room as it was locked while the medical staff were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6685458 busy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7546907\charrsid9705323 trying to stabilise }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid6685458 and care for several patients under their care.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid86038 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid16468901\charrsid86038 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [13]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\jclisttab\tx360\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8412313 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid86038 It needs to be noted at this point that Rarotonga\rquote 
s sole hospital is of modest but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7954556\charrsid86038 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid86038  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7954556\charrsid86038 usually}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid86038\charrsid86038 , of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7954556\charrsid86038  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid86038 adequate capacity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid7954556\charrsid86038 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid86038  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid86038\charrsid86038 However}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid86038 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid86038\charrsid86038  on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid86038  the night of 22-23 July 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid86038  the number of accident victims brought to the hospital necessitated the calling in of two response teams}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7954556\charrsid86038  \endash  the maximum number available 
\endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid86038 additional to those already on duty}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7954556\charrsid86038 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7954556\charrsid86038  A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid86038 bout 20 staff in all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7954556\charrsid86038 were called on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid86038 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7954556\charrsid86038  duty to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid86038 
 manage the number of injured. Long-serving staff could not recall a busier night at the hospital.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7546907\charrsid86038 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid16468901\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [14]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12481358 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid9705323 
When Sergeant Takai was unable to speak directly to the doctors or the nursing staff he spoke to Mrs Manavaroa, the receptionist on duty and, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7954556 (at about 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid9705323 325 hours}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7954556 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid9705323 , gave her the excess blood alcohol }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid7954556 fo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7954556 m then in use}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid9705323  asking for it to be delivered to}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid9705323  and filled in by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7954556 the duty doctor and the victim\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid9705323  next}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid8412313 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid9705323 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid9705323 kin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7954556 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid9705323 s consent obtained. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid9705323 Sergeant Takai then returned to the accident scene to continue the police investigation. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7954556 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid16468901\charrsid5066403 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [15]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid5066403 
The blood alcohol }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7954556\charrsid5066403 form }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16468901\charrsid5066403 then in use was put in evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\f1\super\insrsid16468901\charrsid9705323 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid11091445 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11091445  Ms Mills for the Crown advised that that form has been modified since 23 July 2015
}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8216453\charrsid5066403 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313  Headed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8216453\charrsid5066403 \'93
Taking of a blood specimen for evidential purp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5066403\charrsid5066403 os}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7698472 es\'94, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7698472 age 1 summarises the law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7698472  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5066403\charrsid5066403 hree other forms, Forms A, B and C, were attached. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5066403\charrsid5066403 
Forms A and B were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8216453\charrsid5066403  identical }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5066403\charrsid5066403 to the extent that both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid8216453\charrsid5066403 contained the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5066403\charrsid5066403 statutory }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8216453\charrsid5066403 requirement by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid13447388 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8216453\charrsid5066403  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid86038 named}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8216453\charrsid5066403  police officer }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6045249\charrsid5066403 for a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8216453\charrsid5066403  named doctor to take a blood specimen for evidential purposes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid5066403\charrsid5066403  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8412313  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5066403\charrsid5066403 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5066403 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8216453\charrsid5066403 wo forms }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5066403 then }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8216453\charrsid5066403 
differed according to whether the person from whom the blood specimen was to be taken}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5066403 , or had been taken}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6045249 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid8216453\charrsid5066403  was conscious or not at the time.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6450692  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8216453\charrsid5066403  The third }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid6045249\charrsid5066403 paragraph }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6045249 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5066403  both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8216453\charrsid5066403 contain}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5066403 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8216453\charrsid5066403  a consent by the person }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5066403 from}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid8216453\charrsid5066403  whom the blood specimen was taken, the consent either being contemporaneous with the taking of the specimen or given later because \'93although I was unconscious}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid5066403  at the time the blood specimen was taken I permit such blood specimen to have been taken for evidential purposes\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6450692  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid5066403  Both forms included spaces for the patient}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6450692 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid5066403 s and medical officer}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7698472 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid5066403 s signatures.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8216453\charrsid5066403 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [16]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 
Form C was for the next}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6450692 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6450692 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 kin }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6450692 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 patient.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6450692  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323  It said \'93I have been informed by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13447388 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 octor }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5066403 (blank) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323  in writing that the blood specimen was required to be taken from  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5066403 (blank) }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 for evidential purposes but because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5066403 (blank) was unconscious at the time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323  the blood specimen was taken and remains unconscious I permit such blood specimen to be taken for evidential purposes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5066403 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7698472 The form provided for sign}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6450692 atures}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7698472 
 by the medical officer and the next-of-kin.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [17]\tab}It seems the blood specimen form}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid7698472 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323  w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7698472 ere}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 
 held on the hospital computer. Sergeant Takai asked Mrs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6511358  Manavaroa if she could print them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323  out. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6450692  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 She did so and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6511358 gave the relevant one to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323  him but he returned it to her to give to the doctor for completion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7698472 when}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 
 time and circumstances allowed.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [18]\tab}Mrs Manavaroa took the forms into the treatment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6511358  room}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323  and gave }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6511358 them}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323  to }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6511358 Charge Nurse Manea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 . 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [19]\tab}In cross-examination on his evidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid6511358 on this application}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 , Sergeant Takai acknowledged that at that stage of the po
lice investigation he was unaware which of the persons he found lying on the road near the Punanga Nui Market were the drivers of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6511358 , and which were passengers on,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323  the motor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6511358 cycles}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6450692  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 The forms he gave to Mrs Manavaroa were therefore blank in that respect.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14695042  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323  He accepted that at no time during this visit to the hospital d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6511358 id he, in terms of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14695042 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6511358 28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 C(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14695042 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6511358 actually say to anyone that he \'93required\'94\'93any medical officer to take a blood specimen from Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11359717  Nicholas (or any other patient}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6511358 ).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [20]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 
 When Mrs Manavaroa entered the treatment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6511358 room }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 and gave the form to Nurse Manea, she asked }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid10554885\charrsid9705323 her to get the doctor to fill them in. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14695042  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid10554885\charrsid9705323 
By that stage, the names of the patients were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13131635\charrsid9705323 k}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6511358 nown to the hospital reception,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid13131635\charrsid9705323  in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6246050  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13131635\charrsid9705323 
this case because the Nicholas family were called to the hospital and filled out the hospital registration form with the necessary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6511358 particu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14695042 l}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6511358 ars}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11477395  including the accused\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13131635\charrsid9705323 name.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid10554885\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14695042  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid10554885\charrsid9705323 She was almost sure she gave Sergeant Takai Mr Nicholas\rquote 
 name but was unsure why his name was not inserted on the blood specimen form.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13131635\charrsid9705323  Mrs Manavaroa said rec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11477395 eption staff }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14695042 never }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11477395 take}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13131635\charrsid9705323 
 blood specimen forms into the treatment room without the names being inserted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4550447\charrsid9705323 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13131635\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [21]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13131635\charrsid9705323 
Nurse Manea was one of those called in to the hospital on this evening. There were already four patients in the Emergency Department before those involved in Mr Nicholas\rquote  accident were brought in.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid14695042  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13131635\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16269824 After}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13131635\charrsid9705323 
 that happened there were about seven casualties being treated at the hospital and four were later admitted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14695042  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13131635\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13898731 With so many patients needing urgent treatment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3437291  N}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13131635\charrsid9705323 
urse Manea was unable to recall Mrs Manavaroa handing over the blood specimen form and could not recall if she told }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16269824 the d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13898731 
octor of the police requirement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13131635\charrsid9705323  for the forms to be completed. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14695042  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid13131635\charrsid9705323 It was only later when all the patients had been stabilised}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14695042 , and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13131635\charrsid9705323 
 those who required to be admitted had been admitted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14695042 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13131635\charrsid9705323 
 that Mrs Manavaroa asked her for the forms and Nurse Manea noticed them sitting on the staff workstation in the treatment room. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13898731 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13131635\charrsid13898731 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [22]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13131635\charrsid13898731 
Doctor Teapa, the hospital}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13898731\charrsid13898731 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13131635\charrsid13898731 s Chief Surgeon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13447388 ,
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13131635\charrsid13898731  was also one of those called to the hospital on the night of 23 July 2015 with the other members of the two trauma teams.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid13898731\charrsid13898731  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14695042  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16269824 He found those injured in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14695042 an }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13131635\charrsid13898731 accident other than the one involving Mr Nicholas already }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid13898731 at the hospital with one patient having suffe
red a severe brain injury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13131635\charrsid13898731 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2502291\charrsid13898731 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [23]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid13898731 
Those involved in Mr Nicholas\rquote  accident were then brought in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13898731\charrsid13898731 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid13898731  some with life}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16269824 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid13898731  threatening injuries. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14695042  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid16269824\charrsid13898731 While stabilising}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13898731\charrsid13898731  an aggressive and uncooperative}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid13898731  Mr Nicholas}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16269824 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid13898731  Dr Teapa noticed he smelt very strongly of alcohol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13898731\charrsid13898731 .
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14695042   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13898731\charrsid13898731 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid13898731 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid13898731\charrsid13898731  medical}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid13898731  tests undertaken indicated that he may have suffered a moderate head injury but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid13898731\charrsid13898731  he remained }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid13898731 reacti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13898731\charrsid13898731 ve to stimuli and was c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16269824 onscious, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14695042 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid16269824 n the doctor\rquote s view, th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid13898731\charrsid13898731 ough drifting \'93 in and out\'94 of consciousness during stabilisation. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13898731 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13898731 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [24]\tab}Dr Teapa }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid13898731 
did not recall being handed the blood specimen form for Mr Nicholas but said it is routine for blood specimens to be taken from all patients }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13898731 in emergency cases. That is invariably done for }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid13898731 diagnostic and treatment purposes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3938697 and is also routinely done }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid13898731 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3938697 motor vehicle accident cases}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid13898731 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid12258193 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid13898731 For accident}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3938697  matters,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid13898731  the blood}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3938697  alcohol analysis can affect billing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid13898731  patients.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2502291\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [25]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2502291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid9705323 Dr Teapa did not take blood from Mr Nicholas but he treated him again some }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6051852 4-6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid9705323  hours after the crash and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid12258193 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid9705323  during }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid12258193 that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid9705323  conversation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid12258193 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid9705323  told him a blood specimen had been taken from him for evidential purposes.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2502291\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [26]\tab}
Clarifying, during cross-examination, the routine taking of blood specimens, Dr Teapa said it was imperative such samples be taken from all casualties for treatment and diagnostic purposes and that a second sample}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid3938697 , one for blood alcohol purposes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid12258193 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid9705323  is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3938697  always}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid9705323  taken}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323  in all motor vehicle accident cases from everybody involved}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid3938697 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid12258193  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3938697 That is done }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323 at the time when lines have been inse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3938697 rted into the patient.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid12258193  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3938697 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323 he medical staff rely on the police to make }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3938697 the necessary statutory requirements}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323 , but no such request was made or relayed to him }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3938697 directly }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323 in Mr Nicholas\rquote  case. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3674273  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323 
The doctor thought Mr Nicholas was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3938697 coherent and oriented when he saw him about 4-6 hours after admission.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3674273  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid3938697  Dr Teapa never saw the Nicholas family.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid9705323 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [27]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323 
It was Doctor Pau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid10844295 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323 u}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3938697 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323  the doctor on duty that evening}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3938697 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3938697 
to whom was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323  delegated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid10844295 by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323  other medical staff }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3938697 the task of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323 taking blood specimens from the patients and it was he who actually took the blood specimen from Mr Nicholas.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3674273  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323  Like Dr Teapa, Dr Pau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid10844295 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323 u found Mr Nicholas quite un-cooperative and thrashing around but he reached }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3674273 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323 
 conclusion he was conscious }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5983764 from}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323  his reaction to stimuli. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3674273  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323 He told Mr Nicholas that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3803016 \'93we require }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323 
blood investigations to be done}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3674273 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323  not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3674273 only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3803016 the evidence for the blood }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323 alcohol purposes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3674273 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323  but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3803016 al}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323 so }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3803016 other}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323  base line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid10844295 bloods just to e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3803016 nsure that our clinical diagnosis and management was acc}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid10844295 urate\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3674273 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid10844295  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3803016 
 Asked to recall the words used, he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid10844295 said he told Mr Nicholas that \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3803016 I need just to do some blood tests, this will be taken from a}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid10844295  needle from your hand and you }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3674273 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3803016 we?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid3674273 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3803016  need to do that for evidence purposes as well as just to make sure you are fine\'94. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3674273  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323 He was not then aware of any speci}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14904944\charrsid9705323 fic }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3803016 requirement }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14904944\charrsid9705323 from the police for an evidential blood specimen to be taken from Mr Nicholas nor was he given the forms Mrs Manavaroa had brought to the treatment room.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid3674273  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14904944\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3803016 One of the specimens was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14904944\charrsid9705323 
 taken to ensure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3803016 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14904944\charrsid9705323 patient}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid10844295 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14904944\charrsid9705323 s stability }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3803016 and to back up the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13447388 ir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid9705323  observat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3803016 ions concerning injuries and treatment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8021184\charrsid9705323 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid3803016\charrsid534421 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [28]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3803016\charrsid534421 
The numbers of patients at the hospital that night and the seriousness of their injuries created an emergency and the evidential blood specimen forms were put to one side as a consequence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3674273  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid534421 Dr Pau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid10844295 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid534421 
u took the specimens using a non-alcohol swab and put them into }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3803016\charrsid534421 two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid534421 grey}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid3803016\charrsid534421 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid534421 topped tubes, labelled them and, with the necessary forms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3803016\charrsid534421  completed}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid534421 , handed them to Nurse Manea who gave them to the laboratory for processing. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3803016\charrsid534421  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid3674273  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3803016\charrsid534421 He took the blood specimens during the thirty minutes or so he was in t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534421\charrsid534421 
he treatment room while Mr Nicholas and other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid10844295 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534421\charrsid534421  were being stabilised and on the instructions of his team leader. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534421 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid9961680\charrsid534421 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [29]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid534421 
Sergeant Takai and other police officers went back to the hospital from the accident scene }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534421 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid534421 at about 0812 hours}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534421 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid534421  to collect the evidential blood specimen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534421 s and forms, but without av}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid10844295 ail as the investigation by then}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534421  had been taken over by the CIB.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid534421 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid9961680\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [30]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid9705323 
In evidence on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid738223 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid9705323 his application Mr Nicholas differed from the doctors\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid534421  view}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid9705323  that he was conscious when the blood specimens were taken}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534421 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid3674273  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534421 He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid9705323  did not recall any request from Dr Pau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid10844295 \rquote }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid9705323 u for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534421 an evidential sample, though,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid9705323 
 under cross-examination, he did recall Dr Teapa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534421 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid9705323  in a later conversation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid3674273 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid9705323  saying blood had been taken from him for evidential purposes.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid9961680\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [31]\tab}Mr Nicholas\rquote 
 father said he was at the hospital for about one and a half hours}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534421 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid738223  having been taken there}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid9705323  in the ambulance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534421 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid9705323 
 and then sitting in the waiting room after completing the admission forms. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3674273  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid9705323 He recalled a discussion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5900984\charrsid9705323 with Dr Teapa concerning his son\rquote s condition but said nothing was mentioned concerning the evidential blood sample.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9961680\charrsid9705323 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5900984 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\ul\insrsid5900984\charrsid9705323 Submissions
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid5900984\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [32]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2502291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5900984\charrsid9705323 For Mr Nicholas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534421 
, Mr George submitted that here,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid738223  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5900984\charrsid9705323 of the two purposes for taking blood samples \endash  diagnostic and forensic \endash 
 the former predominated. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3674273  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5900984\charrsid9705323 
He stressed the lack of identification of the driver in the form Sergeant Takai gave Mrs Manavaroa and the lack of any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534421 express }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5900984\charrsid9705323 
request }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534421 or requirement }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5900984\charrsid9705323 under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534891 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid5900984\charrsid9705323  28C(1). Noting that Dr Pau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid738223 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5900984\charrsid9705323 u was unaware of Sergeant Takai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534421 \rquote s request, Mr George}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323  said there was no advice given to the next}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534891 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534891 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323 
kin in the waiting room and, accordingly, in all the circumstances, the evidential blood specimen analysis form should be ruled inadmissible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534891  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323  In relation to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid534421 R v.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323  Shaheed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323 test, Mr George suggested that the Crown had other remedies available and the case was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534421 distinguishable }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323 from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid154391\charrsid534891 Timoti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid5900984\charrsid9705323 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [33]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323 
Leading counsel for the Crown, Ms Mills, submitted that the certificate of analysis was probative and relevant to proof of whether Mr Nicholas was under the influence of drink}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14706223  when he was driving}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323  on the evening of 23 July}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534891 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534891  Accepting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534891 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323 the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14706223 Crown had other evidence of Mr Nicholas being affected by alcohol \endash  mostly at an earlier stage of the evening than the time of the accident \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323 Ms Mills submitted that the certificate of analysis, if admitted, would give a better basis for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534891 an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323  expert opinion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534891 on his driving capacity than}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323  the subjective impressions of lay witnesses}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14706223 , especially }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323 given the timing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14706223 of their observations by contrast with t
he timing and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323  circumstances of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534891 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323 ta}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14706223 king }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534891 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14706223 the blood alcohol specimen.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid154391\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14706223 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2704393 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [34]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2704393 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14706223\charrsid8214828 s to the law, Ms Mi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534891 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14706223\charrsid8214828 ls submitted that the effect of the Court of Appeal\rquote 
s decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid14706223\charrsid2704393 Timoti }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14706223\charrsid8214828 applying }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid14706223\charrsid2704393 
Shaheed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14706223\charrsid8214828  in the Cook Islands was that, although Cook Islands\rquote  law does not have the \'93substantial compliance\'94
 provision which appears in the comparable New Zealand legislation, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid14706223\charrsid2704393 Timoti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13447388  decided }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid14706223\charrsid8214828 that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid14706223\charrsid2704393 prima facie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8214828\charrsid8214828  exclusionary rule for breach of a person\rquote 
s rights }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13447388 was to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8214828\charrsid8214828 replaced with the necessity to undertake the balancing exercise mandated in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid8214828\charrsid2704393 Shaheed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8214828\charrsid8214828 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534891  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid8214828\charrsid8214828 More specifically, she noted that, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid13447388 Timoti, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8214828\charrsid8214828 
the Court of Appeal had rejected a submission that the failure to divide the blood specimen into two parts }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2704393 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8214828\charrsid8214828 
 that case was trivial because it related to a fundamental protection for an individual, namely to be able to challenge the Crown evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534891 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid8214828\charrsid8214828  but that, applying }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid8214828\charrsid2704393 Shaheed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8214828\charrsid8214828 
, the Court of Appeal concluded that the certificate wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2704393 s admissible because there was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8214828\charrsid8214828  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid534891 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8214828\charrsid8214828 little or no prejudice caused by the omission to divide the blood specimen.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7157500\charrsid8214828  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8214828 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7157500\charrsid8214828 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [35]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7157500\charrsid8214828 
She took the Court through }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid7157500\charrsid8214828 Shaheed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7157500\charrsid8214828 but since that exercise }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid2704393 needs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534891  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11338734\charrsid8214828 to be undertaken }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534891 later in this }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11338734\charrsid8214828 judgment, those submissions a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534891 re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11338734\charrsid8214828  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534891 part of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11338734\charrsid8214828 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid534891 discussion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11338734\charrsid8214828 .
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7157500\charrsid8214828 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid8214828 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [36]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8214828 Ms Mills drew}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11338734\charrsid9705323  attention to the pre-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid11338734\charrsid2704393 Timoti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11338734\charrsid9705323 
 decision of this Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid11338734\charrsid9705323 Police v Vano}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\i\f1\super\insrsid11338734\charrsid9705323 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s26\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid11091445 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11091445  CR 325-330/2013 24 July 2014 Doherty, J.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid7671342\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7671342\charrsid9705323 where}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8214828 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7671342\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8214828 although }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid7671342\charrsid9705323 the police required the medical officer to take the blood specimen, the medical officer did not inform the accused }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11071 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid7671342\charrsid9705323 specimen was being taken for evidential purposes and the sample was not divided into two bottles.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11071  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid7671342\charrsid9705323  After holding that the certificate of analysis }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4200762 would have been inadmissible if the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4788030\charrsid9705323 
accused had been charged under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4200762 ss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4788030\charrsid9705323  28 or 28A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8214828 
 because the prescribed procedure had not been complied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4788030\charrsid9705323  with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8214828 , the Judge held the certificate was nonetheless admissible under }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11071 Section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4788030\charrsid9705323  3 of the Evidence Act as it was relevant and its probative value }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4200762 o
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13447388 ut}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4788030\charrsid9705323 weighed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4200762 any}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid4788030\charrsid9705323  minimal prejudice to the accused. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11071  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4788030\charrsid9705323 It could not be evidence of the accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4200762 \rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4788030\charrsid9705323  blood alcohol concentration at the time of the crash but was admissible as part of the chain of evidence and }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11071 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4788030\charrsid9705323 s a foundation for expert testimony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\f1\super\insrsid4788030\charrsid9705323 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\super\insrsid11091445 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11091445  At para [32] see also R v. R Chong HCNZ Auckland CRI 2004-4-10735 12 September 2006 Stevens J.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323 .}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11338734\charrsid9705323 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [37]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323 No
ting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4200762 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid13447388 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4200762 effect of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2704393 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323  28C }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4200762 is that}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323  a medical officer may only take an evidential blood specimen if }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4200762 required }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323 so to do by a police officer if the person is in hospital for treatment purposes and after the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4200762 person,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323  if conscious}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4200762 , has}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323  been told blood }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 
i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323 be taken for evidential purposes (or the next}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11071 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11071 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323 kin consent if the person is unconscious), Ms Mill}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3954800 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323 
 submitted that any non-compliance in this case was trivial. She }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3954800 accepted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323  that Sergeant Takai did }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3954800 not expressly require}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323  the blood specimen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3954800  to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323  be taken}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3954800 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3954800 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323 lthough his request }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3954800 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323 
to Mrs Manavaroa to be passed on, both doctors advised Mr Nicholas blood had been taken for evidential purposes even though the accused may not have recalled the information. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11071  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323 The Crown accepted that Mr Nicholas Snr was not notified nor was his consent obtained, but Mr Nicholas Jnr was conscious at the time }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11071 
the specimen was taken }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323 in the sense that a \'93person is unconscious if the person\rquote s mental faculties are incapable of processing information given in a }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6577207\charrsid9705323 cognitive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323  way\'94 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3954800 conscious }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323 when the person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6577207 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323 s \'93
mental faculties [are] awake and active and receptive to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid11071 any}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323 
 stimuli and be capable of experiencing or performing any controlled functions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2164185\charrsid9705323 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\f1\super\insrsid2164185\charrsid9705323 \chftn {\footnote 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\super\insrsid11091445 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11091445  De Thierry v. Police HCNZ Hamilton AP104/00 22 February 2001 Paterson,J at [11] P67.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2164185\charrsid9705323 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14972089\charrsid9705323 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2164185 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\ul\insrsid2164185\charrsid9705323 R v. Shaheed
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid2164185\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [38]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2502291 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2164185\charrsid9705323 The decision of the majority of a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3954800 
seven}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2164185\charrsid9705323  Judge Court of Appeal in New Zealand in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid2164185\charrsid6577207 R v Shaheed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid2164185\charrsid9705323  is factually distinct from this case in that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3954800  there the decision centred round whether compulsor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14748505 il}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3954800 y taking }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6577207 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6577207\charrsid9705323 blood}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid2164185\charrsid9705323  sample}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3954800  breached the accused\rquote s right to be free from unreasonable search and seizure under the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2164185\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid14748505  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2164185\charrsid9705323 Although the decision of the majority was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3954800 to exclude the evidence, all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2164185\charrsid9705323  Judges agreed that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3954800  rule that breaches of a person\rquote 
s rights which,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2164185\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid2164185\charrsid6577207 prima facie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3954800 resulted in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2164185\charrsid9705323 exclusion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3954800  of the evidence should be jettisoned in favour of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6577207 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3954800 balancing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5769526 exercise which took account of all relevant circumstances. The Court\rquote 
s checklist of the factors relevant to the balancing exercise leading to admission or exclusion includes
, as a starting point, the nature of the right  and the breach; admission of the evidence when the breach is obviously trivial; the connection between the evidence and the breach; whether the evidence was bound to have been obtained in any case; whether t
he breach was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6577207 waived}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5769526 
; exclusion when the breach involves a substantial invasion of privacy; whether the breach of the right was excusable by reason of emergency; whether breach of the right was deliberate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6577207 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5769526 
 reckless, grossly careless or arose out of bad faith; whether other remedies are available to the accused; whether other investigatory techniques were available but not used; the degree to which the probative nature and quality of the evidence and its re
liability is of importance to securing a trial; public safety and the seriousness of the Crown charge; whether the response of excluding the evidence was proportionate to the character of the breach; and with the overall result being tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid12207162 t there was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid12207162 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2698404 balancing process}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5769526  in which the starting point is to give appropriate and significan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2698404 t weight to the existence of that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid5769526  breach but which also takes proper account of the need for an effective and credible system of justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\f1\super\insrsid2698404 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s26\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid11091445 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11091445  Shaheed at 146-156; paras [419] \endash  [422].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid5769526 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid2502291\charrsid9705323 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid8205814 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [39]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8205814 
While that list is wide-ranging and will arise in most cases, the judgments make clear that the list is indicative rather than }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9904463 def}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4674584 initive:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8205814  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid9904463 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid8205814 
ot all will be relevant to the balancing exercise in every case and in some cases other factors will be relevant to the balancing.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4674584 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8205814 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f1\ul\insrsid8205814\charrsid8205814 Discussion and Decision
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [40]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15148167 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 Everybody is entitled to the protection of the privilege against self-incrimination, the right 
to personal autonomy o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
 the integrity of their bodies and thus the right to be free from non-consensual incursion into their bodies and the abstraction of any part thereof. Compelling a person to submit to withdrawal of their blood by needle so an analysis
 of its alcohol component can be put in evidence against that person would clearly infringe those rights unless the scheme for so doing is properly regulated and properly implemented.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [41]\tab}Whilst those rights are \endash  or should be \endash  universally recognised, ar
ound the world the road toll is such that Legislatures have decided that the rights can justifiably be curtailed as a matter of public safety.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
 The Transport Amendment Act 2007 is the Cook Islands\rquote  Parliament\rquote s response. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 Giving full recognition }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
o the rights, however, means that, for the Crown to be able to rely on evidence such as is in issue in this case, requiring full compliance with the regime set in place by the Act should be the starting point for permitting the admission of that evidence,
 and any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid855791 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid855791 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid855791 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid855791 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 departures from strict compliance should impact as little as possible on the rights under discussion.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [42]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15148167 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
As far as relevant to this case, the statutory scheme in the Transport Amendment Act 2007 for the taking of blood specimens is not a complicated one:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15148167 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 \tab Step 1:  A Police officer requires a \'93
medical officer\'94 to take a blood specimen \tab from a person under examination, care or treatment in a hospital (s28C(1));
\par \tab Step 2:  After deciding that the taking of the blood specimen will not be \tab prejudicial to the person\rquote s proper care or treatment (s28E(1)) and informing \tab the person that the blood specimen to be taken from them is for evidential \tab 
purposes (ss28D(1) and 28E(1)(c)), the registered medical practitioner takes \tab the specimen and deals with it in accordance with the statutory requirements.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [43]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15148167 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
Glosses on that regime are, first, that under s28E(1)(c) informing the person that the blood specimen is for evidential purposes can be contemporaneous with, or subsequent to, the taking of the specimen, but, if the person is unconscious, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 s 28E(2) requires }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 the information}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
 to be in writing and given as soon as practicable. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid4920918  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 A second gloss substitutes the person\rquote 
s next-of-kin for the person, where the person is, or remains, unconscious }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 s28E(c)(2)).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [44]\tab}Some further observations on that statutory scheme are warranted:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls9\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15148167 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 How the Police officer\rquote s \'93requirement\'94
 is to be made is not prescribed. Section 28C(1) implies that a separate requirement must be made for each blood specimen but, apart from that, an oral st
atement or a requirement in a form would appear to comply with the scheme, particularly when a patient\rquote s n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 eed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 s at the time }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 are such as to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 rel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 eg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
ate Police investigations.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 b)\tab}The \'93requirement\'94 must be to a \'93medical officer\'94
, but there is no statutory necessity for it to be to a named \'93medical officer\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 
  A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167  generally ph}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 ased requirement would appear to be enough.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167  As noted, the phrase \'93medical officer\'94 is widely defined, so the requirement need not be to a \'93registered medical practitioner\'94.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 c)\tab}The Act may be seen as contradictory in that s28E(2) appears to contemplate that a \'93
medical officer\'94 will take the specimen, but the obligation to satisfy him \endash  or her \endash  self that taking the specimen is not prejudicial to the person\rquote s treatment and to inform }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 
the patient }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 is either that of a \'93medical officer\'94 (s 28D(1)) or the narrower one of a \'93registered medical practitioner\'94 (s 28E(1)(c)).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [45]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15148167 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
To turn from those general remarks to this case, here there was no specific or direct oral request made by Sergeant Takai to any \'93medical officer\'94
 as that term is defined: he gave the form containing the requirement not directly to a medical practitioner or to Nurse Manea \endash  either of whom would have come within the definition of a \'93medical officer\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid268757 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 , but to the hospital receptionist for transmission to, and completion by, a doctor. Here, the obligation, under ss 28C and 28D, for Mr Nicholas to permit a \'93
medical officer\'94 to take the blood specimen when the \'93medical officer\'94 was \'93required to do so by a constable\'94 was argued to be breached in that the form\rquote s requirement from Sergeant Takai to a \'93medical officer\'94
 was indirect. Is that within the statute?
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [46]\tab}The evidential blood specimen fo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 r}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 m printed out by Mrs Manavaroa, given to Sergeant Takai and then returned to him by Mrs Manavaroa and handed on to Nurse Manea included a requirement for the taking of an evidential blood specimen. }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid268757  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
As noted, there is nothing in s 28C(1) saying the requirement must be made in any particular way and, given that police requests for the taking of evidential blood specimens are invariable for all those involved in motor vehicle accidents }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 either as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167  drivers, passengers or third parties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167  all those involved in the process \endash  police, doctors and nurses \endash  know a form for completion containing a \'93requirement\'94 will be furnished in every such case. In view of that, the phrase \'93when required\'94 in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 \line s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 28C(1) should be interpreted to mean when a request is conveyed to a \'93medical officer\'94
 by any means. Conveyance of the request by means of a form accords with police and medical practice and a specific identified requirement does not need to b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167  made on each occasion. In addition, while identification of the persons from and by whom the blood specimen is obtained is, of course, important for Court purposes, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 \line }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 s 28C does not specify that the persons\rquote  name}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
 be written into the form before the specimen is withdrawn.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [47]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
Pertinent to this aspect of the application is that hospital patients, especially those suffering from serious injuries,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167  if able to do so, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 
for treatment purposes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 almost invariably}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  consent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\f1\super\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15148167 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid15148167 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15148167  Perhaps with religious or similar exceptions, not relevant to this case}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  significant invasions on their privacy }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 the integrity }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 or autonomy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 of their persons. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
The taking of a blood sample for diagnostic and treatment purposes is part of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 invariable and standard }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
clinical practice, so the taking of a small amount of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 additional }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 blood for evidential purposes does not significantly }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 add to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 invasion of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791  person\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  rights to privacy and integrity.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid855791 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [48]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 As noted, b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 lood samples for clinical purposes a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  taken from all hospital patients, not just drivers, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167  while it would be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
preferable for the names of drivers, if known, to be inserted in the evidential blood specimen form}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167  for Court purposes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
, there is no statutory requirement for such }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 before the sample is taken }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
and the invariability of the request for evidential blood specimens }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 
 be taken f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 om}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
 persons in hospital following motor vehicle accidents, especially in emergencies such as obtained at the Rarotonga hospital on the night of 22-23 July 2015}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 meant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  identification of Mr Nicholas in the evidential blood specimen form was }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 neither}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  required by statute }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 nor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  practicable in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 circumstances which prevailed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323   where access 
to the treatment room by Sergeant Takai was not permitted for clinical reasons.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [49]\tab}That reading of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  28C(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid855791 \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid855791 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 at a requirement in a blood specimen form without the requirement being directly conveyed to a \'93medical officer\'94 complies with statute }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid3699034 \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 also accords with the New Zealand Court of Appeal decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid12605868 R v. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid15148167 Cameron }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 where the police request for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3699034 an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
evidential blood sample was made to a nurse and the question was whether the request could be validly made by another person to be conveyed to the doctor in charge. The Court of Appeal held it was a valid request in terms of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3699034 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 New Zealand }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid3699034 statute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  holding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\f1\super\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s26\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15148167 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\super\insrsid15148167 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15148167  See also H v. New Zealand Police HCNZ Wellington 210/02 16 December 2002 Goddard, J.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  ;}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15148167 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li709\ri0\sb360\sa480\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid4920918 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 \'93As a matter of practicability, this may often be difficult, or at least }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid15148167 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 convenient. Let us assume that the enforcement officer makes a written request of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid15148167  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 doctor which he hands to a nurse for transmission to the doctor. It cannot}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid15148167  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
matter that the request is conveyed in this way, rather than being put into the doctor\rquote s hands by the enforcement officer. The same must apply to a verbal \tab request. What matters is that the enforcement officer must make a request to}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid15148167  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 the registered medical practitioner. It cannot matter how that request is conveyed to the doctor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid15148167 . In this case the request via the nurse was nonetheless a request validly made by the enforcement officer to the doctor.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\i\f1\super\insrsid15148167 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15148167 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\super\insrsid15148167 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15148167  NZCA CA 46/98 15 June 1998 P4}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [50]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15148167 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 The decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid15148167 Cameron }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 is one which should be adopted in the Cook Islands, though }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7040566 the passage cited}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
 needs to be broadened to include all those within the definition of \'93medical officer\'94. That accords with the realities of medical and surgical practice where the focus is primarily on alleviating suf
fering and saving lives, rather than being distracted, if the person being treated turns out to have been a driver, by police officers being admitted to the sterility of a treatment room to convey their requirement orally and directly to a doctor or nurse
. The form is a continuing \'93requirement\'94.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [51]\tab}The Court\rquote 
s conclusion, in light of that, is that the handing, to hospital personnel, of the form for eventual completion by a \'93medical officer\'94 which contained a \'93requirement\'94 for the taking of a blood specimen from Mr Nicholas complied with }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7040566 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 s 28C(1).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [52]\tab}
The next question, is whether the manner and timing of the taking of the evidential blood specimen from Mr Nicholas complied with s 28D(1) which requires the intention to take an evidential blood specimen to
 be given before the specimen is taken if the person from whom it is to be taken is conscious.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [53]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
It is clear that Dr Teapa did not advise Mr Nicholas that an evidential blood specimen had been taken until his conversation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167  to that effect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  with the accused several hours after the taking. On the evidence, it may have been the case that Doctor Pau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 u did not advise Mr Nicholas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 , in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7040566 exactly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
those terms,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  blood sample was being taken }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 for evidential purposes, and it was argued that, even if he did, Mr Nicholas did not fully comprehend what he was told.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [54]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
However, the Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 takes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  the view that when}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7040566 
, in a conversation which occurred before the blood was actually withdrawn, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 Dr Pau}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 u told Mr Nicholas that blood investigations were to be done}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
 not just for the base line analysis of his condition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167  but also for blood alcohol reasons, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
that sufficiently complied with Section 28(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 . All drivers can be taken to have at least a general understanding of what \'93blood alcohol\'94 and \'93evidence purposes\'94 mean 
in relation to the drinking of alcohol, the driving of motor vehicles and possible Court action.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
Mr Nicholas would have understood at least the gist of what Dr Pau\rquote u told him just before the specimen was taken and his understanding would have been confirmed when he spoke with Dr Teapa later that morning.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid7040566 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [55]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7040566 The Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167  also holds that Mr Nicholas was conscious at the time within the meaning set out }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid15148167 de Thierry}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
. Even though Mr Nicholas may have been un-cooperative and agitated at that point, his response to stimuli showed that he was conscious in accordance with the definition of that term adopted in that case. The decision should }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7040566 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 be adopted in the Cook Islands.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [56]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
The Court accordingly concludes }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7040566 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 the manner of the taking of the evidential blood specimen from Mr Nicholas in this case }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 sufficiently }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 complied with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid7040566 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  28D(1) and that, if it did not, the infraction of Mr Nicholas\rquote 
 rights and the invasion of his privacy and integrity of the person were not, given the serious injuries for which he was being treated and his condition at the time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
 of great substance. That view is fortified by the fact that Mr Nicholas made no objection to what had taken place when advised some hours later by Dr Teapa that two blood samples had been taken, one for evidential purposes.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [57]\tab}
The third factual breach of the statutory regime was that it seems clear that Mr Nicholas Snr and the family members present were not advised t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
hat an evidential blood sample was about to be taken, or had been taken, from the accused as required by s 28E.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [58]\tab}As discussed with counsel during the hearing, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 t is a little difficult to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 comprehend}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  the reason}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  for Parliament enacting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  28E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 hile it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 is easy to understand the humanitarian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  reasons behind the section}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 , as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  encapsulated in its heading \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 rotection of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
atients}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 , where a patie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 nt is unconscious}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  it is a little difficult to discern }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
legal or medical rationale behind the section, espe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 cially given that the wording of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  28E(1)(c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 ()2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  make}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  clear that the next}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 kin of an unconscious patient }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167 need not be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  informed of the taking of an evidential blood specimen until after the specimen has been withdrawn.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [59]\tab}However, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 s 28E}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  must be complied with if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 , in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 the circumstances}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 it is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  applicable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 . B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 ut}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6498457 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  here}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6498457 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  the Court\rquote 
s view is that Mr Nicholas, the accused, was not unconscious at the time he was advised that the evidential blood sample was to be withdrawn}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 ccordingly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 s 28E}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  is inapplicable.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167\charrsid207729 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [60]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid207729 
While, in light of the findings to date, it may be unnecessary to undertake a discussion of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid207729 Shaheed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid207729 
balancing principles this Court is of the view}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
, after a balancing of all the circumstances, both pro and con, of the situation surrounding the taking of the blood specimen from him, that the certificate of analysis of blood alcohol concentration in Mr Nicholas\rquote 
 blood should be held admissible at his trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid207729  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 The nature of the rights involved and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid6498457 relatively minimal intrusion constituting the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 breaches would make exclusion a disproportionate remedy. Amongst the matters that weighed in reaching a conclusion are the following:
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid8482315 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \fi-284\li851\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0\pararsid15148167 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid8482315 
The taking of the evidential breath specimen was not an obviously trivial infraction of Mr Nicholas\rquote  rights to privacy, integrity of his person and the privilege against self-incrimination but he was in h
ospital being treated for serious injuries and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6498457 when }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid8482315 the taking of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6498457 one}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid8482315  blood sample was a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6498457 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid8482315 
 intrusive aspect of his clinical management, the taking of a second sample}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6498457  in that situation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid8482315  was not a major}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  additional infraction o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6498457 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167 his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  rights.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid6498457  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  As the New Zealand 
Court of Appeal put it in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 Shaheed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs28\i\f1\super\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s26\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15148167 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs20\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs28\super\insrsid15148167 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15148167  At 147 P 419 
\par }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid15148167 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid6498457  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid15148167  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 \'93}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid10357033 If... an
 unlawful search or seizure involves a substantial invasion of privacy, like the taking of a blood sample, that will count heavily against admissibility... but where the breach of rights is readily excusable... in circumstances of urgency... it will requi
re rather less in the way of vindication. The breach will be accorded less weight.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \fi-284\li851\ri0\sb360\sa480\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0\pararsid15148167 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
Although, in the circumstance of emergency prevailing in the Rarotonga hospital on the morning of 23 July 2015, the police actions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 may not have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  strictly accord}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  with the statutory scheme }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167 for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  the tak}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 ing of evidential blood samples,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  in part their actions are excused by the decisions in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 Vano }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid1646867 and}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  De Thierry }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid1646867 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  in any event}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid1646867 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  the departures from statute were occasioned by circumstances and were not }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 overly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 significant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167  or prejudicial to the accused}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 c)\tab}
While the Crown has other evidence available which might convince a jury that, by reason of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 Mr Nicholas\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
 drinking of alcohol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167  before the accident,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  he was not in proper control of his motor c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid1646867 ycle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  on the night in question, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 especially at the time of the accident, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 the certificate of analysis provides a much surer basis for an expert to give the jury evidence as to the likelihood of his capacity for control }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
being impaired by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 alcohol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167  at the time of his driving. That is the case e
ven though the specimen was taken some time after the collision, if it is coupled with evidence of the likely rate of decay in his blood alcohol level between the collision and the withdrawal of the sample.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15232295  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  The certificate of analysis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid1646867  is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
 therefore not vital to the Crown case but is likely to be of significant assistance to the jury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
 in deciding whether the Crown has proved that Mr Nicholas, by reason of drink, was incapable of having proper control of his motor cycle when driving the machine that night, particularly at the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid1075656 
 time of the accident}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid1075656  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
 The certificate is therefore highly probative on that aspect.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 d)\tab}
Driving motor vehicles when under the influence of drink or with excessive blood alcohol concentrations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
 resulting in death or injury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  is a major problem in the Cook Islands. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid8418676  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 The c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 harges must be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 considered as}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  serious }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid1646867 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 a matter of public safety. 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \fi-624\li908\ri0\sa240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin908\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15148167 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 e)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s25\ql \fi-284\li851\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin851\itap0\pararsid15148167 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 In the emergency circumstances }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 which obtained}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
 in the Rarotonga hospital in the early morning on 23 July, the breaches that are alleged to have occurred of Mr Nicholas\rquote  rights are, in this Court\rquote s view, are either excused or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
excusable and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323  do not undermine the effective }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
credible system of justice operative in the Cook Islands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167  Indeed exclusion of the blood specimen analysis might tend to do so.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 [61]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls14\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15148167 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 For all those reasons, the Court\rquote s formal orders are:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s25\ql \fi-360\li1440\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls15\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid15148167 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 
That the certificate of analysis of the blood alcohol concentration in the blood of the accused, Mr Nicholas, is ruled admissible at his trial; and
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s25 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid15148167 \hich\af1\dbch\af0\loch\f1 b)\tab}Mr Nicholas is directed to stand trial on a date and at a time to be fixed by the Registrar 
\endash  probably in the November/December 2016 sessions of this Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid1646867 \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167 and his attendance at call-overs in the meantime is excused.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af1\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \f1\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qc \li0\ri0\sa240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid32389\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f1\fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qr \li0\ri0\sa240\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid32389\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 H Williams, J}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15148167\charrsid9705323 
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