{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang5129\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f1\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial{\*\falt Arial};}{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New{\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol{\*\falt Symbol};}{\f4\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Helvetica;}{\f5\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070409020205020404}Courier;}
{\f6\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603040505020304}Tms Rmn;}{\f7\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202030204}Helv;}{\f8\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503060506020304}New York;}
{\f9\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}System;}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings;}
{\f11\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset128\fprq1{\*\panose 02020609040205080304}MS Mincho{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}{\f12\fbidi \froman\fcharset129\fprq2{\*\panose 02030600000101010101}Batang{\*\falt \'b9\'d9\'c5\'c1};}
{\f13\fbidi \fnil\fcharset134\fprq2{\*\panose 02010600030101010101}SimSun{\*\falt \'cb\'ce\'cc\'e5};}{\f14\fbidi \froman\fcharset136\fprq2{\*\panose 02020500000000000000}PMingLiU{\*\falt \'a1\'50s2OcuAe};}
{\f15\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset128\fprq1{\*\panose 020b0609070205080204}MS Gothic{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'83\'53\'83\'56\'83\'62\'83\'4e};}{\f16\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset129\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0600000101010101}Dotum{\*\falt \'b5\'b8\'bf\'f2};}
{\f17\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset134\fprq1{\*\panose 02010609060101010101}SimHei{\*\falt \'ba\'da\'cc\'e5};}{\f18\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset136\fprq1{\*\panose 02020509000000000000}MingLiU{\*\falt \'b2\'d3\'a9\'fa\'c5\'e9};}
{\f19\fbidi \froman\fcharset128\fprq1{\*\panose 02020609040305080305}Mincho{\*\falt \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}{\f20\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset129\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0600000101010101}Gulim{\*\falt \'b1\'bc\'b8\'b2};}
{\f21\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040604050505020304}Century;}{\f22\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Angsana New;}{\f23\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0304020202020204}Cordia New;}
{\f24\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050203030202}Mangal;}{\f25\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Latha;}{\f26\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 010a0502050306030303}Sylfaen;}
{\f27\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Vrinda;}{\f28\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Raavi;}{\f29\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Shruti;}
{\f30\fbidi \froman\fcharset1\fprq2{\*\panose 00000400000000000000}Sendnya;}{\f31\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Gautami;}{\f32\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Tunga;}
{\f33\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03080600000000000000}Estrangelo Edessa;}{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}{\f35\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset128\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Arial Unicode MS;}
{\f36\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria{\*\falt Cambria};}{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f38\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}Tahoma;}{\f39\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq0{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}AAIXCA+PalatinoLinotype{\*\falt Palatino};}
{\f40\fbidi \fnil\fcharset0\fprq0{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}PalatinoLinotype;}{\f41\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Goudy;}{\f42\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Optima;}
{\f43\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Oxford;}{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Bodoni;}{\f45\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Tekton;}
{\f46\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Univers 55;}{\f47\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}GillSans;}{\f48\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Marigold;}
{\f49\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Joanna MT;}{\f50\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Clarendon;}{\f51\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Eurostile;}
{\f52\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Albertus MT;}{\f53\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Times;}{\f54\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 0208090404030b020404}Cooper Black;}
{\f55\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Bookman;}{\f56\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Letter Gothic;}{\f57\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Univers 45 Light;}
{\f58\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Bodoni Poster;}{\f59\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Palatino;}{\f60\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}GillSans Light;}
{\f61\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Eurostile Bold;}{\f62\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Mona Lisa Recut;}{\f63\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Coronet;}
{\f64\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Goudy ExtraBold;}{\f65\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Clarendon Light;}{\f66\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}AvantGarde;}
{\f67\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Univers Extended;}{\f68\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Albertus MT Lt;}{\f69\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Helvetica-Narrow;}
{\f70\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Antique Olive Roman;}{\f71\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}LubalinGraph;}
{\f72\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Univers 57 Condensed;}{\f73\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}GillSans Condensed;}
{\f74\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}GillSans ExtraBold;}{\f75\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Helvetica Condensed;}
{\f76\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Antique Olive Compact;}{\f77\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}StempelGaramond Roman;}
{\f78\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Eurostile ExtendedTwo;}{\f79\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}NewCenturySchlbk;}
{\f80\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Univers 47 CondensedLight;}{\f81\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Copperplate32bc;}
{\f82\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Bodoni PosterCompressed;}{\f83\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Copperplate33bc;}
{\f84\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}ZapfChancery;}{\f85\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Marlett;}{\f86\fbidi \froman\fcharset129\fprq2{\*\panose 02030600000101010101}@Batang;}
{\f87\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset129\fprq1{\*\panose 02030609000101010101}BatangChe;}{\f88\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset129\fprq1{\*\panose 02030609000101010101}@BatangChe;}{\f89\fbidi \froman\fcharset129\fprq2{\*\panose 02030600000101010101}Gungsuh;}
{\f90\fbidi \froman\fcharset129\fprq2{\*\panose 02030600000101010101}@Gungsuh;}{\f91\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset129\fprq1{\*\panose 02030609000101010101}GungsuhChe;}{\f92\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset129\fprq1{\*\panose 02030609000101010101}@GungsuhChe;}
{\f93\fbidi \fnil\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 01010101010101010101}DaunPenh;}{\f94\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}DokChampa;}{\f95\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0503040102020104}Euphemia;}
{\f96\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Vani;}{\f97\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset129\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0600000101010101}@Gulim;}{\f98\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset129\fprq1{\*\panose 020b0609000101010101}GulimChe;}
{\f99\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset129\fprq1{\*\panose 020b0609000101010101}@GulimChe;}{\f100\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset129\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0600000101010101}@Dotum;}{\f101\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset129\fprq1{\*\panose 020b0609000101010101}DotumChe;}
{\f102\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset129\fprq1{\*\panose 020b0609000101010101}@DotumChe;}{\f103\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0806030902050204}Impact;}{\f104\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Iskoola Pota;}
{\f105\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Kalinga;}{\f106\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020503030404060203}Kartika;}{\f107\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Khmer UI;}
{\f108\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Lao UI;}{\f109\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 020b0609040504020204}Lucida Console;}{\f110\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset129\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0503020000020004}Malgun Gothic;}
{\f111\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset129\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0503020000020004}@Malgun Gothic;}{\f112\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset128\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}Meiryo;}{\f113\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset128\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}@Meiryo;}
{\f114\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset128\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}Meiryo UI;}{\f115\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset128\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}@Meiryo UI;}{\f116\fbidi \fnil\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 01010100010101010101}Microsoft Himalaya;}
{\f117\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset136\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}Microsoft JhengHei;}{\f118\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset136\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}@Microsoft JhengHei;}
{\f119\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset134\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0503020204020204}Microsoft YaHei;}{\f120\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset134\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0503020204020204}@Microsoft YaHei;}
{\f121\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset136\fprq1{\*\panose 02020509000000000000}@MingLiU;}{\f122\fbidi \froman\fcharset136\fprq2{\*\panose 02020500000000000000}@PMingLiU;}{\f123\fbidi \froman\fcharset136\fprq2{\*\panose 02020500000000000000}MingLiU_HKSCS;}
{\f124\fbidi \froman\fcharset136\fprq2{\*\panose 02020500000000000000}@MingLiU_HKSCS;}{\f125\fbidi \froman\fcharset136\fprq2{\*\panose 02020500000000000000}MingLiU-ExtB;}{\f126\fbidi \froman\fcharset136\fprq2{\*\panose 02020500000000000000}@MingLiU-ExtB;}
{\f127\fbidi \froman\fcharset136\fprq2{\*\panose 02020500000000000000}PMingLiU-ExtB;}{\f128\fbidi \froman\fcharset136\fprq2{\*\panose 02020500000000000000}@PMingLiU-ExtB;}
{\f129\fbidi \froman\fcharset136\fprq2{\*\panose 02020500000000000000}MingLiU_HKSCS-ExtB;}{\f130\fbidi \froman\fcharset136\fprq2{\*\panose 02020500000000000000}@MingLiU_HKSCS-ExtB;}
{\f131\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03000500000000000000}Mongolian Baiti;}{\f132\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset128\fprq1{\*\panose 020b0609070205080204}@MS Gothic;}{\f133\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset128\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0600070205080204}MS PGothic;}
{\f134\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset128\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0600070205080204}@MS PGothic;}{\f135\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset128\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0600070205080204}MS UI Gothic;}{\f136\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset128\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0600070205080204}@MS UI Gothic;}
{\f137\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset128\fprq1{\*\panose 02020609040205080304}@MS Mincho;}{\f138\fbidi \froman\fcharset128\fprq2{\*\panose 02020600040205080304}MS PMincho;}{\f139\fbidi \froman\fcharset128\fprq2{\*\panose 02020600040205080304}@MS PMincho;}
{\f140\fbidi \fnil\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02000500030200090000}MV Boli;}{\f141\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Microsoft New Tai Lue;}{\f142\fbidi \fnil\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02000504070300020003}Nyala;}
{\f143\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Microsoft PhagsPa;}{\f144\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020602070100000000}Plantagenet Cherokee;}
{\f145\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0504020000000003}Segoe Script;}{\f146\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Segoe UI;}{\f147\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0702040204020203}Segoe UI Semibold;}
{\f148\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Segoe UI Light;}{\f149\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Segoe UI Symbol;}{\f150\fbidi \fnil\fcharset134\fprq2{\*\panose 02010600030101010101}@SimSun;}
{\f151\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset134\fprq1{\*\panose 02010609030101010101}NSimSun;}{\f152\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset134\fprq1{\*\panose 02010609030101010101}@NSimSun;}{\f153\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset134\fprq1{\*\panose 02010609060101010101}SimSun-ExtB;}
{\f154\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset134\fprq1{\*\panose 02010609060101010101}@SimSun-ExtB;}{\f155\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Microsoft Tai Le;}{\f156\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Shonar Bangla;}
{\f157\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03000500000000000000}Microsoft Yi Baiti;}{\f158\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Microsoft Sans Serif;}
{\f159\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Aparajita;}{\f160\fbidi \fnil\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02000000000000000000}Ebrima;}{\f161\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Gisha;}
{\f162\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Kokila;}{\f163\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502040204020203}Leelawadee;}{\f164\fbidi \fnil\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02000000000000000000}Microsoft Uighur;}
{\f165\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0100010101010101}MoolBoran;}{\f166\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Utsaah;}{\f167\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Vijaya;}
{\f168\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Andalus;}{\f169\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03020402040406030203}Arabic Typesetting;}{\f170\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Simplified Arabic;}
{\f171\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Simplified Arabic Fixed;}{\f172\fbidi \fnil\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02000000000000000000}Sakkal Majalla;}
{\f173\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Traditional Arabic;}{\f174\fbidi \fnil\fcharset177\fprq2{\*\panose 02010803020104030203}Aharoni;}{\f175\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2{\*\panose 020e0502060401010101}David;}
{\f176\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2{\*\panose 020e0503060101010101}FrankRuehl;}{\f177\fbidi \fnil\fcharset177\fprq2{\*\panose 02010502060101010101}Levenim MT;}{\f178\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502050101010101}Miriam;}
{\f179\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1{\*\panose 020b0509050101010101}Miriam Fixed;}{\f180\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2{\*\panose 020e0502050101010101}Narkisim;}{\f181\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1{\*\panose 02030509050101010101}Rod;}
{\f182\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset134\fprq1{\*\panose 02010609060101010101}FangSong;}{\f183\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset134\fprq1{\*\panose 02010609060101010101}@FangSong;}{\f184\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset134\fprq1{\*\panose 02010609060101010101}@SimHei;}
{\f185\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset134\fprq1{\*\panose 02010609060101010101}KaiTi;}{\f186\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset134\fprq1{\*\panose 02010609060101010101}@KaiTi;}{\f187\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}AngsanaUPC;}
{\f188\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}Browallia New;}{\f189\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}BrowalliaUPC;}{\f190\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0304020202020204}CordiaUPC;}
{\f191\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}DilleniaUPC;}{\f192\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}EucrosiaUPC;}{\f193\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}FreesiaUPC;}
{\f194\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}IrisUPC;}{\f195\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}JasmineUPC;}{\f196\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}KodchiangUPC;}
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{\f200\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0602030504020204}Lucida Sans Unicode;}{\f201\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0a04020102020204}Arial Black;}{\f202\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020e0502030303020204}Candara;}
{\f203\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 030f0702030302020204}Comic Sans MS;}{\f204\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 020b0609020204030204}Consolas;}{\f205\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02030602050306030303}Constantia;}
{\f206\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0503020204020204}Corbel;}{\f207\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0603020102020204}Franklin Gothic Medium;}{\f208\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04040605051002020d02}Gabriola;}
{\f209\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040502050405020303}Georgia;}{\f210\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040502050505030304}Palatino Linotype{\*\falt Palatino};}
{\f211\fbidi \fnil\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02000600000000000000}Segoe Print;}{\f212\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0603020202020204}Trebuchet MS;}{\f213\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}Verdana;}
{\f214\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05030102010509060703}Webdings;}{\f215\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0302020204030204}Calibri Light;}{\f216\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0706040902060204}Haettenschweiler;}
{\f217\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040602050305030304}Book Antiqua;}{\f218\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502020202020204}Century Gothic;}{\f219\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020404030301010803}Garamond;}
{\f220\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03010101010201010101}Monotype Corsiva;}{\f221\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0503020202020204}Agency FB;}
{\f222\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0704030504030204}Arial Rounded MT Bold;}{\f223\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04020505051007020d02}Blackadder ITC;}{\f224\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02070603080606020203}Bodoni MT;}
{\f225\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02070a03080606020203}Bodoni MT Black;}{\f226\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02070606080606020203}Bodoni MT Condensed;}
{\f227\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02050604050505020204}Bookman Old Style;}{\f228\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03070402050302030203}Bradley Hand ITC;}{\f229\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040603050505030304}Calisto MT;}
{\f230\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020a0402060406010301}Castellar;}{\f231\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040604050505020304}Century Schoolbook;}
{\f232\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020e0705020206020404}Copperplate Gothic Bold;}{\f233\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020e0507020206020404}Copperplate Gothic Light;}
{\f234\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04040404050702020202}Curlz MT;}{\f235\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 030303020407070d0804}Edwardian Script ITC;}{\f236\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020904090505020303}Elephant;}
{\f237\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02090707080505020304}Engravers MT;}{\f238\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0907030504020204}Eras Bold ITC;}{\f239\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0805030504020804}Eras Demi ITC;}
{\f240\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0402030504020804}Eras Light ITC;}{\f241\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0602030504020804}Eras Medium ITC;}{\f242\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04060505060202020a04}Felix Titling;}
{\f243\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03060902040502070203}Forte;}{\f244\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0503020102020204}Franklin Gothic Book;}
{\f245\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0703020102020204}Franklin Gothic Demi;}{\f246\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0706030402020204}Franklin Gothic Demi Cond;}
{\f247\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0903020102020204}Franklin Gothic Heavy;}{\f248\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0606030402020204}Franklin Gothic Medium Cond;}
{\f249\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03020402040607040605}French Script MT;}{\f250\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04040504061007020d02}Gigi;}{\f251\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0502020104020203}Gill Sans MT;}
{\f252\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0506020104020203}Gill Sans MT Condensed;}{\f253\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0a02020104020203}Gill Sans Ultra Bold;}
{\f254\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0a06020104020203}Gill Sans Ultra Bold Condensed;}{\f255\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0902020104020203}Gill Sans MT Ext Condensed Bold;}
{\f256\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02030808020601010101}Gloucester MT Extra Condensed;}{\f257\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020502050305020303}Goudy Old Style;}
{\f258\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 0202090407030b020401}Goudy Stout;}{\f259\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04020605060303030202}Imprint MT Shadow;}{\f260\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0602040502020204}Lucida Sans;}
{\f261\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 020b0509030504030204}Lucida Sans Typewriter;}{\f262\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020e0502030308020204}Maiandra GD;}
{\f263\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02010509020102010303}OCR A Extended;}{\f264\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 030303020206070c0b05}Palace Script MT;}{\f265\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03070502060502030205}Papyrus;}
{\f266\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020502060401020303}Perpetua;}{\f267\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020502060505020804}Perpetua Titling MT;}{\f268\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03060402040406080204}Pristina;}
{\f269\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03070502040507070304}Rage Italic;}{\f270\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02060603020205020403}Rockwell;}{\f271\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02060603050405020104}Rockwell Condensed;}
{\f272\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02060903040505020403}Rockwell Extra Bold;}{\f273\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03040602040607080904}Script MT Bold;}{\f274\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0602020104020603}Tw Cen MT;}
{\f275\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0606020104020203}Tw Cen MT Condensed;}{\f276\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0803020202020204}Tw Cen MT Condensed Extra Bold;}
{\f277\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04020705040a02060702}Algerian;}{\f278\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020602080505020303}Baskerville Old Face;}{\f279\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04030905020b02020c02}Bauhaus 93;}
{\f280\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020503060305020303}Bell MT;}{\f281\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020e0602020502020306}Berlin Sans FB;}{\f282\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020e0802020502020306}Berlin Sans FB Demi;}
{\f283\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02050806060905020404}Bernard MT Condensed;}{\f284\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02070706080601050204}Bodoni MT Poster Compressed;}
{\f285\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0903060703020204}Britannic Bold{\*\falt Britannic Bold};}{\f286\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04040905080b02020502}Broadway;}
{\f287\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03060802040406070304}Brush Script MT;}{\f288\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 0207040306080b030204}Californian FB;}{\f289\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02030504050205020304}Centaur;}
{\f290\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04020404031007020602}Chiller;}{\f291\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04020805060202030203}Colonna MT;}{\f292\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 0204060206030a020304}Footlight MT Light;}
{\f293\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 030804020302050b0404}Freestyle Script;}{\f294\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04030604020f02020d02}Harlow Solid Italic;}
{\f295\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04040505050a02020702}Harrington;}{\f296\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040502050506030303}High Tower Text;}{\f297\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04090605060d06020702}Jokerman;}
{\f298\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04040403040a02020202}Juice ITC;}{\f299\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03050502040202030202}Kristen ITC;}{\f300\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 030304020206070d0d06}Kunstler Script;}
{\f301\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040602050505020304}Lucida Bright;}{\f302\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03010101010101010101}Lucida Calligraphy;}{\f303\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02060602050505020204}Lucida Fax;}
{\f304\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03010101010101010101}Lucida Handwriting;}{\f305\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04030805050802020d02}Magneto;}
{\f306\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03020802060602070202}Matura MT Script Capitals;}{\f307\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03090702030407020403}Mistral;}
{\f308\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02070704070505020303}Modern No. 20;}{\f309\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04020502070703030202}Niagara Engraved;}{\f310\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04020502070702020202}Niagara Solid;}
{\f311\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03040902040508030806}Old English Text MT;}{\f312\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04050602080702020203}Onyx;}{\f313\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03040602040708040804}Parchment;}
{\f314\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 040506030a0602020202}Playbill;}{\f315\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02080502050505020702}Poor Richard;}{\f316\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04040805050809020602}Ravie;}
{\f317\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 030604020304060b0204}Informal Roman;}{\f318\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04020904020102020604}Showcard Gothic;}{\f319\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04040a07060a02020202}Snap ITC;}
{\f320\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 040409050d0802020404}Stencil;}{\f321\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 04020404030d07020202}Tempus Sans ITC;}{\f322\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03070502030502020203}Viner Hand ITC;}
{\f323\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03020602050506090804}Vivaldi;}{\f324\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 03050402040407070305}Vladimir Script;}{\f325\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020a0a07050505020404}Wide Latin;}
{\f326\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset128\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604020202020204}@Arial Unicode MS;}{\f327\fbidi \fnil\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}ZWAdobeF;}{\f328\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0603020201020101}Euro Sign;}
{\f329\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0606020202030204}Arial Narrow;}{\f330\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010205020202}MT Extra;}{\f331\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05010100010000000000}MS Outlook;}
{\f332\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05010101010101010101}Bookshelf Symbol 7;}{\f333\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020b0604030504040204}MS Reference Sans Serif;}
{\f334\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000500000000000000}MS Reference Specialty;}{\f335\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05020102010507070707}Wingdings 2;}{\f336\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05040102010807070707}Wingdings 3;}
{\f337\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq0{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}EIOIOC+TimesNewRoman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f338\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq0{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}?????? Pro W3{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria{\*\falt Cambria};}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f339\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f340\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f342\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f343\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f344\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f345\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f346\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f347\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f349\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial CE{\*\falt Arial};}
{\f350\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Cyr{\*\falt Arial};}{\f352\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Greek{\*\falt Arial};}{\f353\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Tur{\*\falt Arial};}
{\f354\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial (Hebrew){\*\falt Arial};}{\f355\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial (Arabic){\*\falt Arial};}{\f356\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Baltic{\*\falt Arial};}
{\f357\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial (Vietnamese){\*\falt Arial};}{\f359\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f360\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr{\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f362\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f363\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f364\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew){\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f365\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic){\*\falt Courier New};}{\f366\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic{\*\falt Courier New};}{\f367\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese){\*\falt Courier New};}
{\f379\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Helvetica CE;}{\f380\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Helvetica Cyr;}{\f382\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Helvetica Greek;}{\f383\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Helvetica Tur;}
{\f384\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Helvetica (Hebrew);}{\f385\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Helvetica (Arabic);}{\f386\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Helvetica Baltic;}{\f387\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Helvetica (Vietnamese);}
{\f451\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 MS Mincho Western{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}{\f449\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 MS Mincho CE{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}
{\f450\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 MS Mincho Cyr{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}{\f452\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 MS Mincho Greek{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}
{\f453\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 MS Mincho Tur{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}{\f456\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 MS Mincho Baltic{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'96\'be\'92\'a9};}
{\f461\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 Batang Western{\*\falt \'b9\'d9\'c5\'c1};}{\f459\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Batang CE{\*\falt \'b9\'d9\'c5\'c1};}{\f460\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Batang Cyr{\*\falt \'b9\'d9\'c5\'c1};}
{\f462\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Batang Greek{\*\falt \'b9\'d9\'c5\'c1};}{\f463\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Batang Tur{\*\falt \'b9\'d9\'c5\'c1};}{\f466\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Batang Baltic{\*\falt \'b9\'d9\'c5\'c1};}
{\f471\fbidi \fnil\fcharset0\fprq2 SimSun Western{\*\falt \'cb\'ce\'cc\'e5};}{\f481\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 PMingLiU Western{\*\falt \'a1\'50s2OcuAe};}
{\f491\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 MS Gothic Western{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'83\'53\'83\'56\'83\'62\'83\'4e};}{\f489\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 MS Gothic CE{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'83\'53\'83\'56\'83\'62\'83\'4e};}
{\f490\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 MS Gothic Cyr{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'83\'53\'83\'56\'83\'62\'83\'4e};}{\f492\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 MS Gothic Greek{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'83\'53\'83\'56\'83\'62\'83\'4e};}
{\f493\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 MS Gothic Tur{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'83\'53\'83\'56\'83\'62\'83\'4e};}{\f496\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 MS Gothic Baltic{\*\falt \'82\'6c\'82\'72 \'83\'53\'83\'56\'83\'62\'83\'4e};}
{\f501\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Dotum Western{\*\falt \'b5\'b8\'bf\'f2};}{\f499\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Dotum CE{\*\falt \'b5\'b8\'bf\'f2};}{\f500\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Dotum Cyr{\*\falt \'b5\'b8\'bf\'f2};}
{\f502\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Dotum Greek{\*\falt \'b5\'b8\'bf\'f2};}{\f503\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Dotum Tur{\*\falt \'b5\'b8\'bf\'f2};}{\f506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Dotum Baltic{\*\falt \'b5\'b8\'bf\'f2};}
{\f511\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 SimHei Western{\*\falt \'ba\'da\'cc\'e5};}{\f521\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 MingLiU Western{\*\falt \'b2\'d3\'a9\'fa\'c5\'e9};}{\f541\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Gulim Western{\*\falt \'b1\'bc\'b8\'b2};}
{\f539\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Gulim CE{\*\falt \'b1\'bc\'b8\'b2};}{\f540\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Gulim Cyr{\*\falt \'b1\'bc\'b8\'b2};}{\f542\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Gulim Greek{\*\falt \'b1\'bc\'b8\'b2};}
{\f543\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Gulim Tur{\*\falt \'b1\'bc\'b8\'b2};}{\f546\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Gulim Baltic{\*\falt \'b1\'bc\'b8\'b2};}{\f549\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Century CE;}
{\f550\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Century Cyr;}{\f552\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Century Greek;}{\f553\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Century Tur;}{\f556\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Century Baltic;}
{\f568\fbidi \froman\fcharset222\fprq2 Angsana New (Thai);}{\f578\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Cordia New (Thai);}{\f599\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Sylfaen CE;}{\f600\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Sylfaen Cyr;}
{\f602\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Sylfaen Greek;}{\f603\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Sylfaen Tur;}{\f606\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Sylfaen Baltic;}{\f679\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}
{\f680\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f682\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f683\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f686\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}
{\f687\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\f691\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Western;}{\f689\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS CE;}{\f690\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Cyr;}
{\f692\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Greek;}{\f693\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Tur;}{\f694\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Hebrew);}
{\f695\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Arabic);}{\f696\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS Baltic;}{\f697\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Vietnamese);}
{\f698\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Arial Unicode MS (Thai);}{\f699\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE{\*\falt Cambria};}{\f700\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr{\*\falt Cambria};}
{\f702\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek{\*\falt Cambria};}{\f703\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur{\*\falt Cambria};}{\f706\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic{\*\falt Cambria};}
{\f707\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese){\*\falt Cambria};}{\f709\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f710\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f712\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f713\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f716\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f717\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}{\f719\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Tahoma CE;}{\f720\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Tahoma Cyr;}{\f722\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Tahoma Greek;}
{\f723\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Tahoma Tur;}{\f724\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Tahoma (Hebrew);}{\f725\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Tahoma (Arabic);}{\f726\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Tahoma Baltic;}
{\f727\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Tahoma (Vietnamese);}{\f728\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Tahoma (Thai);}{\f1201\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 @Batang Western;}{\f1199\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 @Batang CE;}
{\f1200\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 @Batang Cyr;}{\f1202\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 @Batang Greek;}{\f1203\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 @Batang Tur;}{\f1206\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 @Batang Baltic;}
{\f1211\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 BatangChe Western;}{\f1209\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 BatangChe CE;}{\f1210\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 BatangChe Cyr;}{\f1212\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 BatangChe Greek;}
{\f1213\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 BatangChe Tur;}{\f1216\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 BatangChe Baltic;}{\f1221\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 @BatangChe Western;}{\f1219\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 @BatangChe CE;}
{\f1220\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 @BatangChe Cyr;}{\f1222\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 @BatangChe Greek;}{\f1223\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 @BatangChe Tur;}{\f1226\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 @BatangChe Baltic;}
{\f1231\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 Gungsuh Western;}{\f1229\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Gungsuh CE;}{\f1230\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Gungsuh Cyr;}{\f1232\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Gungsuh Greek;}
{\f1233\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Gungsuh Tur;}{\f1236\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Gungsuh Baltic;}{\f1241\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 @Gungsuh Western;}{\f1239\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 @Gungsuh CE;}
{\f1240\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 @Gungsuh Cyr;}{\f1242\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 @Gungsuh Greek;}{\f1243\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 @Gungsuh Tur;}{\f1246\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 @Gungsuh Baltic;}
{\f1251\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 GungsuhChe Western;}{\f1249\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 GungsuhChe CE;}{\f1250\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 GungsuhChe Cyr;}{\f1252\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 GungsuhChe Greek;}
{\f1253\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 GungsuhChe Tur;}{\f1256\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 GungsuhChe Baltic;}{\f1261\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 @GungsuhChe Western;}{\f1259\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 @GungsuhChe CE;}
{\f1260\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 @GungsuhChe Cyr;}{\f1262\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 @GungsuhChe Greek;}{\f1263\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 @GungsuhChe Tur;}{\f1266\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 @GungsuhChe Baltic;}
{\f1288\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 DokChampa (Thai);}{\f1311\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 @Gulim Western;}{\f1309\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 @Gulim CE;}{\f1310\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 @Gulim Cyr;}
{\f1312\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 @Gulim Greek;}{\f1313\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 @Gulim Tur;}{\f1316\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 @Gulim Baltic;}{\f1321\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 GulimChe Western;}
{\f1319\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 GulimChe CE;}{\f1320\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 GulimChe Cyr;}{\f1322\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 GulimChe Greek;}{\f1323\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 GulimChe Tur;}
{\f1326\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 GulimChe Baltic;}{\f1331\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 @GulimChe Western;}{\f1329\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 @GulimChe CE;}{\f1330\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 @GulimChe Cyr;}
{\f1332\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 @GulimChe Greek;}{\f1333\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 @GulimChe Tur;}{\f1336\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 @GulimChe Baltic;}{\f1341\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 @Dotum Western;}
{\f1339\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 @Dotum CE;}{\f1340\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 @Dotum Cyr;}{\f1342\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 @Dotum Greek;}{\f1343\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 @Dotum Tur;}
{\f1346\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 @Dotum Baltic;}{\f1351\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 DotumChe Western;}{\f1349\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 DotumChe CE;}{\f1350\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 DotumChe Cyr;}
{\f1352\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 DotumChe Greek;}{\f1353\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 DotumChe Tur;}{\f1356\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 DotumChe Baltic;}{\f1361\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 @DotumChe Western;}
{\f1359\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 @DotumChe CE;}{\f1360\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 @DotumChe Cyr;}{\f1362\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 @DotumChe Greek;}{\f1363\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 @DotumChe Tur;}
{\f1366\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 @DotumChe Baltic;}{\f1369\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Impact CE;}{\f1370\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Impact Cyr;}{\f1372\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Impact Greek;}
{\f1373\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Impact Tur;}{\f1376\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Impact Baltic;}{\f1429\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Lucida Console CE;}{\f1430\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Lucida Console Cyr;}
{\f1432\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Lucida Console Greek;}{\f1433\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Lucida Console Tur;}{\f1441\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Malgun Gothic Western;}{\f1451\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 @Malgun Gothic Western;}
{\f1461\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Meiryo Western;}{\f1459\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Meiryo CE;}{\f1460\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Meiryo Cyr;}{\f1462\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Meiryo Greek;}
{\f1463\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Meiryo Tur;}{\f1466\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Meiryo Baltic;}{\f1471\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 @Meiryo Western;}{\f1469\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 @Meiryo CE;}
{\f1470\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 @Meiryo Cyr;}{\f1472\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 @Meiryo Greek;}{\f1473\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 @Meiryo Tur;}{\f1476\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 @Meiryo Baltic;}
{\f1481\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Meiryo UI Western;}{\f1479\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Meiryo UI CE;}{\f1480\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Meiryo UI Cyr;}{\f1482\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Meiryo UI Greek;}
{\f1483\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Meiryo UI Tur;}{\f1486\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Meiryo UI Baltic;}{\f1491\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 @Meiryo UI Western;}{\f1489\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 @Meiryo UI CE;}
{\f1490\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 @Meiryo UI Cyr;}{\f1492\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 @Meiryo UI Greek;}{\f1493\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 @Meiryo UI Tur;}{\f1496\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 @Meiryo UI Baltic;}
{\f1511\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Microsoft JhengHei Western;}{\f1512\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Microsoft JhengHei Greek;}{\f1521\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 @Microsoft JhengHei Western;}
{\f1522\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 @Microsoft JhengHei Greek;}{\f1531\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 Microsoft YaHei Western;}{\f1529\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Microsoft YaHei CE;}{\f1530\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Microsoft YaHei Cyr;}
{\f1532\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Microsoft YaHei Greek;}{\f1533\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Microsoft YaHei Tur;}{\f1541\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 @Microsoft YaHei Western;}{\f1539\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 @Microsoft YaHei CE;}
{\f1540\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 @Microsoft YaHei Cyr;}{\f1542\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 @Microsoft YaHei Greek;}{\f1543\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 @Microsoft YaHei Tur;}{\f1551\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 @MingLiU Western;}
{\f1561\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 @PMingLiU Western;}{\f1571\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 MingLiU_HKSCS Western;}{\f1581\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 @MingLiU_HKSCS Western;}{\f1591\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 MingLiU-ExtB Western;}
{\f1601\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 @MingLiU-ExtB Western;}{\f1611\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 PMingLiU-ExtB Western;}{\f1621\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 @PMingLiU-ExtB Western;}{\f1631\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 MingLiU_HKSCS-ExtB Western;}
{\f1641\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 @MingLiU_HKSCS-ExtB Western;}{\f1661\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 @MS Gothic Western;}{\f1659\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 @MS Gothic CE;}{\f1660\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 @MS Gothic Cyr;}
{\f1662\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 @MS Gothic Greek;}{\f1663\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 @MS Gothic Tur;}{\f1666\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 @MS Gothic Baltic;}{\f1671\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 MS PGothic Western;}
{\f1669\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 MS PGothic CE;}{\f1670\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 MS PGothic Cyr;}{\f1672\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 MS PGothic Greek;}{\f1673\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 MS PGothic Tur;}
{\f1676\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 MS PGothic Baltic;}{\f1681\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 @MS PGothic Western;}{\f1679\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 @MS PGothic CE;}{\f1680\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 @MS PGothic Cyr;}
{\f1682\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 @MS PGothic Greek;}{\f1683\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 @MS PGothic Tur;}{\f1686\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 @MS PGothic Baltic;}{\f1691\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 MS UI Gothic Western;}
{\f1689\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 MS UI Gothic CE;}{\f1690\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 MS UI Gothic Cyr;}{\f1692\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 MS UI Gothic Greek;}{\f1693\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 MS UI Gothic Tur;}
{\f1696\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 MS UI Gothic Baltic;}{\f1701\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 @MS UI Gothic Western;}{\f1699\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 @MS UI Gothic CE;}{\f1700\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 @MS UI Gothic Cyr;}
{\f1702\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 @MS UI Gothic Greek;}{\f1703\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 @MS UI Gothic Tur;}{\f1706\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 @MS UI Gothic Baltic;}{\f1711\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 @MS Mincho Western;}
{\f1709\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 @MS Mincho CE;}{\f1710\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 @MS Mincho Cyr;}{\f1712\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 @MS Mincho Greek;}{\f1713\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 @MS Mincho Tur;}
{\f1716\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 @MS Mincho Baltic;}{\f1721\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 MS PMincho Western;}{\f1719\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 MS PMincho CE;}{\f1720\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 MS PMincho Cyr;}
{\f1722\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 MS PMincho Greek;}{\f1723\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 MS PMincho Tur;}{\f1726\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 MS PMincho Baltic;}{\f1731\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2 @MS PMincho Western;}
{\f1729\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 @MS PMincho CE;}{\f1730\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 @MS PMincho Cyr;}{\f1732\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 @MS PMincho Greek;}{\f1733\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 @MS PMincho Tur;}
{\f1736\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 @MS PMincho Baltic;}{\f1759\fbidi \fnil\fcharset238\fprq2 Nyala CE;}{\f1763\fbidi \fnil\fcharset162\fprq2 Nyala Tur;}{\f1766\fbidi \fnil\fcharset186\fprq2 Nyala Baltic;}
{\f1789\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Segoe Script CE;}{\f1790\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Segoe Script Cyr;}{\f1792\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Segoe Script Greek;}{\f1793\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Segoe Script Tur;}
{\f1796\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Segoe Script Baltic;}{\f1799\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Segoe UI CE;}{\f1800\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Segoe UI Cyr;}{\f1802\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Segoe UI Greek;}
{\f1803\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Segoe UI Tur;}{\f1805\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Segoe UI (Arabic);}{\f1806\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Segoe UI Baltic;}{\f1807\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Segoe UI (Vietnamese);}
{\f1809\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Segoe UI Semibold CE;}{\f1810\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Segoe UI Semibold Cyr;}{\f1812\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Segoe UI Semibold Greek;}{\f1813\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Segoe UI Semibold Tur;}
{\f1816\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Segoe UI Semibold Baltic;}{\f1817\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Segoe UI Semibold (Vietnamese);}{\f1819\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Segoe UI Light CE;}
{\f1820\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Segoe UI Light Cyr;}{\f1822\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Segoe UI Light Greek;}{\f1823\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Segoe UI Light Tur;}{\f1826\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Segoe UI Light Baltic;}
{\f1827\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Segoe UI Light (Vietnamese);}{\f1841\fbidi \fnil\fcharset0\fprq2 @SimSun Western;}{\f1851\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 NSimSun Western;}{\f1861\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 @NSimSun Western;}
{\f1871\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 SimSun-ExtB Western;}{\f1881\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 @SimSun-ExtB Western;}{\f1919\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif CE;}{\f1920\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif Cyr;}
{\f1922\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif Greek;}{\f1923\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif Tur;}{\f1924\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif (Hebrew);}
{\f1925\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif (Arabic);}{\f1926\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif Baltic;}{\f1927\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif (Vietnamese);}
{\f1928\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Microsoft Sans Serif (Thai);}{\f1939\fbidi \fnil\fcharset238\fprq2 Ebrima CE;}{\f1943\fbidi \fnil\fcharset162\fprq2 Ebrima Tur;}{\f1946\fbidi \fnil\fcharset186\fprq2 Ebrima Baltic;}
{\f1954\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Gisha (Hebrew);}{\f1978\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Leelawadee (Thai);}{\f1985\fbidi \fnil\fcharset178\fprq2 Microsoft Uighur (Arabic);}{\f2025\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Andalus (Arabic);}
{\f2029\fbidi \fscript\fcharset238\fprq2 Arabic Typesetting CE;}{\f2033\fbidi \fscript\fcharset162\fprq2 Arabic Typesetting Tur;}{\f2035\fbidi \fscript\fcharset178\fprq2 Arabic Typesetting (Arabic);}
{\f2036\fbidi \fscript\fcharset186\fprq2 Arabic Typesetting Baltic;}{\f2045\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Simplified Arabic (Arabic);}{\f2055\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Simplified Arabic Fixed (Arabic);}
{\f2059\fbidi \fnil\fcharset238\fprq2 Sakkal Majalla CE;}{\f2063\fbidi \fnil\fcharset162\fprq2 Sakkal Majalla Tur;}{\f2065\fbidi \fnil\fcharset178\fprq2 Sakkal Majalla (Arabic);}{\f2066\fbidi \fnil\fcharset186\fprq2 Sakkal Majalla Baltic;}
{\f2075\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Traditional Arabic (Arabic);}{\f2161\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 FangSong Western;}{\f2171\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 @FangSong Western;}{\f2181\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 @SimHei Western;}
{\f2191\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 KaiTi Western;}{\f2201\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1 @KaiTi Western;}{\f2218\fbidi \froman\fcharset222\fprq2 AngsanaUPC (Thai);}{\f2228\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 Browallia New (Thai);}
{\f2238\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 BrowalliaUPC (Thai);}{\f2248\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 CordiaUPC (Thai);}{\f2258\fbidi \froman\fcharset222\fprq2 DilleniaUPC (Thai);}{\f2268\fbidi \froman\fcharset222\fprq2 EucrosiaUPC (Thai);}
{\f2278\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 FreesiaUPC (Thai);}{\f2288\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 IrisUPC (Thai);}{\f2298\fbidi \froman\fcharset222\fprq2 JasmineUPC (Thai);}{\f2308\fbidi \froman\fcharset222\fprq2 KodchiangUPC (Thai);}
{\f2318\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 LilyUPC (Thai);}{\f2321\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq1 DFKai-SB Western;}{\f2331\fbidi \fscript\fcharset0\fprq1 @DFKai-SB Western;}{\f2339\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Lucida Sans Unicode CE;}
{\f2340\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Lucida Sans Unicode Cyr;}{\f2342\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Lucida Sans Unicode Greek;}{\f2343\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Lucida Sans Unicode Tur;}
{\f2344\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Lucida Sans Unicode (Hebrew);}{\f2346\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Lucida Sans Unicode Baltic;}{\f2349\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial Black CE;}{\f2350\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Black Cyr;}
{\f2352\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Black Greek;}{\f2353\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Black Tur;}{\f2356\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Black Baltic;}{\f2359\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Candara CE;}
{\f2360\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Candara Cyr;}{\f2362\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Candara Greek;}{\f2363\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Candara Tur;}{\f2366\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Candara Baltic;}
{\f2367\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Candara (Vietnamese);}{\f2369\fbidi \fscript\fcharset238\fprq2 Comic Sans MS CE;}{\f2370\fbidi \fscript\fcharset204\fprq2 Comic Sans MS Cyr;}{\f2372\fbidi \fscript\fcharset161\fprq2 Comic Sans MS Greek;}
{\f2373\fbidi \fscript\fcharset162\fprq2 Comic Sans MS Tur;}{\f2376\fbidi \fscript\fcharset186\fprq2 Comic Sans MS Baltic;}{\f2379\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Consolas CE;}{\f2380\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Consolas Cyr;}
{\f2382\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Consolas Greek;}{\f2383\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Consolas Tur;}{\f2386\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Consolas Baltic;}{\f2387\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Consolas (Vietnamese);}
{\f2389\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Constantia CE;}{\f2390\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Constantia Cyr;}{\f2392\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Constantia Greek;}{\f2393\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Constantia Tur;}
{\f2396\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Constantia Baltic;}{\f2397\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Constantia (Vietnamese);}{\f2399\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Corbel CE;}{\f2400\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Corbel Cyr;}
{\f2402\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Corbel Greek;}{\f2403\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Corbel Tur;}{\f2406\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Corbel Baltic;}{\f2407\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Corbel (Vietnamese);}
{\f2409\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Medium CE;}{\f2410\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Medium Cyr;}{\f2412\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Medium Greek;}
{\f2413\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Medium Tur;}{\f2416\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Medium Baltic;}{\f2419\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset238\fprq2 Gabriola CE;}{\f2420\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset204\fprq2 Gabriola Cyr;}
{\f2422\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset161\fprq2 Gabriola Greek;}{\f2423\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset162\fprq2 Gabriola Tur;}{\f2426\fbidi \fdecor\fcharset186\fprq2 Gabriola Baltic;}{\f2429\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Georgia CE;}
{\f2430\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Georgia Cyr;}{\f2432\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Georgia Greek;}{\f2433\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Georgia Tur;}{\f2436\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Georgia Baltic;}
{\f2439\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Palatino Linotype CE{\*\falt Palatino};}{\f2440\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Palatino Linotype Cyr{\*\falt Palatino};}{\f2442\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Palatino Linotype Greek{\*\falt Palatino};}
{\f2443\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Palatino Linotype Tur{\*\falt Palatino};}{\f2446\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Palatino Linotype Baltic{\*\falt Palatino};}{\f2447\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Palatino Linotype (Vietnamese){\*\falt Palatino};}
{\f2449\fbidi \fnil\fcharset238\fprq2 Segoe Print CE;}{\f2450\fbidi \fnil\fcharset204\fprq2 Segoe Print Cyr;}{\f2452\fbidi \fnil\fcharset161\fprq2 Segoe Print Greek;}{\f2453\fbidi \fnil\fcharset162\fprq2 Segoe Print Tur;}
{\f2456\fbidi \fnil\fcharset186\fprq2 Segoe Print Baltic;}{\f2459\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Trebuchet MS CE;}{\f2460\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Trebuchet MS Cyr;}{\f2462\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Trebuchet MS Greek;}
{\f2463\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Trebuchet MS Tur;}{\f2466\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Trebuchet MS Baltic;}{\f2469\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Verdana CE;}{\f2470\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Verdana Cyr;}
{\f2472\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Verdana Greek;}{\f2473\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Verdana Tur;}{\f2476\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Verdana Baltic;}{\f2477\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Verdana (Vietnamese);}
{\f2489\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri Light CE;}{\f2490\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Light Cyr;}{\f2492\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Light Greek;}{\f2493\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Light Tur;}
{\f2496\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Light Baltic;}{\f2497\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri Light (Vietnamese);}{\f2499\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Haettenschweiler CE;}{\f2500\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Haettenschweiler Cyr;}
{\f2502\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Haettenschweiler Greek;}{\f2503\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Haettenschweiler Tur;}{\f2506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Haettenschweiler Baltic;}{\f2509\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Book Antiqua CE;}
{\f2510\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Book Antiqua Cyr;}{\f2512\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Book Antiqua Greek;}{\f2513\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Book Antiqua Tur;}{\f2516\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Book Antiqua Baltic;}
{\f2519\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Century Gothic CE;}{\f2520\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Century Gothic Cyr;}{\f2522\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Century Gothic Greek;}{\f2523\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Century Gothic Tur;}
{\f2526\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Century Gothic Baltic;}{\f2529\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Garamond CE;}{\f2530\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Garamond Cyr;}{\f2532\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Garamond Greek;}
{\f2533\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Garamond Tur;}{\f2536\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Garamond Baltic;}{\f2539\fbidi \fscript\fcharset238\fprq2 Monotype Corsiva CE;}{\f2540\fbidi \fscript\fcharset204\fprq2 Monotype Corsiva Cyr;}
{\f2542\fbidi \fscript\fcharset161\fprq2 Monotype Corsiva Greek;}{\f2543\fbidi \fscript\fcharset162\fprq2 Monotype Corsiva Tur;}{\f2546\fbidi \fscript\fcharset186\fprq2 Monotype Corsiva Baltic;}
{\f2609\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Bookman Old Style CE;}{\f2610\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Bookman Old Style Cyr;}{\f2612\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Bookman Old Style Greek;}{\f2613\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Bookman Old Style Tur;}
{\f2616\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Bookman Old Style Baltic;}{\f2649\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Century Schoolbook CE;}{\f2650\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Century Schoolbook Cyr;}
{\f2652\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Century Schoolbook Greek;}{\f2653\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Century Schoolbook Tur;}{\f2656\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Century Schoolbook Baltic;}
{\f2779\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Book CE;}{\f2780\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Book Cyr;}{\f2782\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Book Greek;}
{\f2783\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Book Tur;}{\f2786\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Book Baltic;}{\f2789\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Demi CE;}
{\f2790\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Demi Cyr;}{\f2792\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Demi Greek;}{\f2793\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Demi Tur;}
{\f2796\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Demi Baltic;}{\f2799\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Demi Cond CE;}{\f2800\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Demi Cond Cyr;}
{\f2802\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Demi Cond Greek;}{\f2803\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Demi Cond Tur;}{\f2806\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Demi Cond Baltic;}
{\f2809\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Heavy CE;}{\f2810\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Heavy Cyr;}{\f2812\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Heavy Greek;}
{\f2813\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Heavy Tur;}{\f2816\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Heavy Baltic;}{\f2819\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Medium Cond CE;}
{\f2820\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Medium Cond Cyr;}{\f2822\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Medium Cond Greek;}{\f2823\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Medium Cond Tur;}
{\f2826\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Franklin Gothic Medium Cond Baltic;}{\f2849\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Gill Sans MT CE;}{\f2859\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Gill Sans MT Condensed CE;}
{\f2869\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Gill Sans Ultra Bold CE;}{\f2879\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Gill Sans Ultra Bold Condensed CE;}{\f2889\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Gill Sans MT Ext Condensed Bold CE;}
{\f3079\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Tw Cen MT CE;}{\f3089\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Tw Cen MT Condensed CE;}{\f3099\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Tw Cen MT Condensed Extra Bold CE;}
{\f3183\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Bodoni MT Poster Compressed Tur;}{\f3409\fbidi \fscript\fcharset238\fprq2 Mistral CE;}{\f3410\fbidi \fscript\fcharset204\fprq2 Mistral Cyr;}{\f3412\fbidi \fscript\fcharset161\fprq2 Mistral Greek;}
{\f3413\fbidi \fscript\fcharset162\fprq2 Mistral Tur;}{\f3416\fbidi \fscript\fcharset186\fprq2 Mistral Baltic;}{\f3601\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Western;}{\f3599\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS CE;}
{\f3600\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Cyr;}{\f3602\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Greek;}{\f3603\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Tur;}
{\f3604\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Hebrew);}{\f3605\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Arabic);}{\f3606\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS Baltic;}
{\f3607\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Vietnamese);}{\f3608\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset222\fprq2 @Arial Unicode MS (Thai);}{\f3609\fbidi \fnil\fcharset238\fprq2 ZWAdobeF CE;}{\f3610\fbidi \fnil\fcharset204\fprq2 ZWAdobeF Cyr;}
{\f3612\fbidi \fnil\fcharset161\fprq2 ZWAdobeF Greek;}{\f3613\fbidi \fnil\fcharset162\fprq2 ZWAdobeF Tur;}{\f3614\fbidi \fnil\fcharset177\fprq2 ZWAdobeF (Hebrew);}{\f3615\fbidi \fnil\fcharset178\fprq2 ZWAdobeF (Arabic);}
{\f3616\fbidi \fnil\fcharset186\fprq2 ZWAdobeF Baltic;}{\f3617\fbidi \fnil\fcharset163\fprq2 ZWAdobeF (Vietnamese);}{\f3629\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Arial Narrow CE;}{\f3630\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Arial Narrow Cyr;}
{\f3632\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Arial Narrow Greek;}{\f3633\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Arial Narrow Tur;}{\f3636\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Arial Narrow Baltic;}{\f3669\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 MS Reference Sans Serif CE;}
{\f3670\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 MS Reference Sans Serif Cyr;}{\f3672\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 MS Reference Sans Serif Greek;}{\f3673\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 MS Reference Sans Serif Tur;}
{\f3676\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 MS Reference Sans Serif Baltic;}{\f3677\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 MS Reference Sans Serif (Vietnamese);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE{\*\falt Cambria};}
{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr{\*\falt Cambria};}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek{\*\falt Cambria};}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur{\*\falt Cambria};}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic{\*\falt Cambria};}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese){\*\falt Cambria};}
{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
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{\leveltext\'03(\'05);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li4320\jclisttab\tx0\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'03(\'06);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li5040\jclisttab\tx0\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'03(\'07);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li5760\jclisttab\tx0\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'03(\'08);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li6480\jclisttab\tx0\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1019700355}{\list\listtemplateid-1121140342{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
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\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'01);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li1440\jclisttab\tx0\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'02);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li2160\jclisttab\tx0\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li2880\jclisttab\tx0\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'04);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}
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\'03(\'01);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li1440\jclisttab\tx0\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'03(\'02);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li2160\jclisttab\tx0\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\cf0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li2880\jclisttab\tx0\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'04);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}
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\'01\'00;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'03[\'01];}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li1440\jclisttab\tx0\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'03(\'02);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li2160\jclisttab\tx0\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\cf0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li2880\jclisttab\tx0\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'04);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}
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\'03(\'01);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li1440\jclisttab\tx0\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'03(\'02);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li2160\jclisttab\tx0\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\cf0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-720\li2880\jclisttab\tx0\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'04);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4479630\charrsid7669635 IN THE HIGH COURT OF }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9333869\charrsid7669635 THE COOK ISLANDS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4479630\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9333869\charrsid7669635 HELD AT RAROTONGA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4479630\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086333\charrsid7669635 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13057548\charrsid7669635 CIVIL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086333\charrsid7669635  DIVISION)
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13057548\charrsid7669635 OA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11086333\charrsid7669635  No.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13057548\charrsid7669635 1/11}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350878\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15095696\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350878\charrsid7669635 IN THE MATTER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13057548\charrsid7669635 of Sections 3, 9, 11 and 13 Declaratory Judgments Act 1994}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16470830\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16384741\charrsid7669635 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8350878 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16135351\charrsid7669635 IN THE MATTER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2908617\charrsid7669635 of C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13057548\charrsid7669635 ook Islands National Superannuation Fund Act 200}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2908617\charrsid7669635 0}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13057548\charrsid7669635  and the Cook Islands Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1187312\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14180289\charrsid7669635 
\par BETWEEN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13057548\charrsid7669635 MINISTER OF COOK ISLANDS NATIONAL SUPERANNUATION FUND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14180289\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13057548\charrsid7669635 Plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid76428\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14180289\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16135351\charrsid7669635 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13057548\charrsid7669635 ARORANGI TIMBERLAND LIMITED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4928998\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13057548\charrsid7669635 First Defendant
\par 
\par AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13057548\charrsid7669635 ANDY OLAH}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13057548\charrsid7669635 
\par Second Defendant
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10124043\charrsid7669635 
\par AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10124043\charrsid7669635 MANEA FOODS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10124043\charrsid7669635 
\par Third Defendant
\par 
\par AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10124043\charrsid7669635 BECO LIMITED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10124043\charrsid7669635 
\par Fourth Defendant
\par 
\par AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10124043\charrsid7669635 JAMES BEER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10124043\charrsid7669635 
\par Fifth Defendant
\par 
\par AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10124043\charrsid7669635 SUPER BROWN LIMITED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10124043\charrsid7669635 
\par Sixth Defendant
\par 
\par AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10124043\charrsid7669635 RAINA TRADING LIMITED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10124043\charrsid7669635 
\par Seventh Defendant
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5069640\charrsid7669635 {\*\bkmkstart Stopintitulling}
{\*\bkmkend Stopintitulling}
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 Date of Hearing:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2099782\charrsid7669635 22, 25-28 November 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 
\par 
\par Counsel:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2099782\charrsid7669635 K Saunders (Solicitor-General) and 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 MJ Ruffin for plaintiff
\par T Arnold for the defendants
\par 
\par Judgment:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 31}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2099782\charrsid7669635  January 2014}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635  (NZT)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 Introduction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5069640 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [1]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 
This proceeding concerns the constitutionality of the Cook Islands National Superannuation Act 2000}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635  (the Act) which established a n}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 ational }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 uperannuation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 cheme for the Cook Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15740633\charrsid7669635  (the Scheme)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 The issues that are now for resolution by the Court first arose in the context of criminal enforcement proceedings inst}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15740633\charrsid7669635 ituted against certain employers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635  for failing to pay employer contributions.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 These employers ar
gued, by way of defence, that the Act was unconstitutional.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15423376 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [2]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 
In the face of that challenge, the plaintiff (the Mi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15740633\charrsid7669635 nister in charge of the S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 cheme under the Act) brought an application seeking a declaratory judgment on 25 November 2011.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 wo defendants were cited.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 Over time, further defendants have been joined.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 
My understanding is that all of the defendants now face criminal enforcement proceedings }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 mentioned above.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 At earlier stages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635  different counsel appeared for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 the defendants }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 but, from around August 2013, Mr\~Arnold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635  has}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635  acted for all.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 There is no particular reason to distinguish as between the different defendants who effectively }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 have the same interest for the purpose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635  of this proceeding.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15740633\charrsid7669635 For reasons of convenience}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15740633\charrsid7669635  I will treat the defendants as if they are one party only.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15740633\charrsid7669635 Thus, references in this Judgment to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15740633\charrsid7669635 \'93each of the parties\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15740633\charrsid7669635 
 assumes there are two parties with the defendants being a collective whole.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15740633 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [3]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 
The application raises difficult and important issues.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 
In all respects, these have tested the ability of the Court \endash  which operates on the basis of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606444\charrsid7669635  Judges sitting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635  part-time and has limited resources \endash  to resolve the dispute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 The process has been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434\charrsid7669635  greatly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635  assisted by the plaintiff engaging experienced New Zealand counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434\charrsid7669635 
, Mr\~Ruffin,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434\charrsid7669635 by }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Arnold }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434\charrsid7669635 acting for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434\charrsid7669635 the defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434\charrsid7669635 ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434\charrsid7669635 
Both counsel have undertaken an enormous amount of work and have reviewed relevant cases from around the world.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434\charrsid7669635 I am grateful for their assistance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 Further, the Ministry }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 obtained }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 extra funding so that I could attend in Rarotonga for the sole purpose of conducting the trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126\charrsid7669635 The application }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref373309034}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [4]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
The application for declaratory judgment sought relief in very broad terms declaring that the Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \'93
does not breach the Constitution of the Cook Islands in any way\'85\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 Some thirteen specific grounds were then set out including clause 1.7 in the following terms:
{\*\bkmkend _Ref373309034} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \'93[The Act is binding because] contributions to the [fund] by employers and emplo
yees are exempt from the provisions of Article 40(1) because such contributions are a tax, duty or rate as provided in Article 40(2)(a).\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [5]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 I immediately observe that the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 primary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 form 
of relief sought by the plaintiff is too broad.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
It is not competent for a Court, in the air, to declare that an Act is constitutional.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 Prima facie, an Act is assumed to be constitutional.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 Over}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  time, the plaintiff }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15740633\charrsid7669635 has }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid740932\charrsid7669635 come}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  to accept this proposition as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15740633\charrsid7669635  have}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  the defendants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 As will be seen, Mr\~Arnold }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15740633\charrsid7669635 has }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 effectively assumed the role of plaintiff challenging the constitutionality of the Act with the plaintiff then defending that constitutionality.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [6]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 In July 2013 Mr\~
Arnold, who was then acting for the first and second defendants only, filed a notice of opposition.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 Then, in August 2013, having taken over conduct of the case for all defendants, he filed a further notice of opposition in mirror terms.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [7]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 I set out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635  below}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 , in more detail, some of the procedural steps undertaken}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635  which may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
help record the history of this proceeding.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 As will be}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 come}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
 apparent, I commenced management of the proceeding in August 2013 and was immediately concerned that the application, and notice of opposition, did not adequately define the dispute (at that point to be determined}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635  by the Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  in two stages as will be explained).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 From that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635  time}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  on, I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 directed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 counsel to agree a Statement of Issues which properly }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 established}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  the ambit of the matters in dispute.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 is turned out to be a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 useful exercise because it forced each party to confront }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 its}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
 respective case by reference to the position of the other.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
Over time, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 and during the course of the hearing itself, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 the Statement of Issues }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 has been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  refined and, ultimately, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 has }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid740932\charrsid7669635 become}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  a substitute for pleadings at the hearing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [8]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 At risk of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 inaccurate summary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 and for the purposes of introduction only, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 there are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606444\charrsid7669635 five}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  key steps to this proceeding.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635 
In this summary, I refer to provisions of the Constitution which are set out below at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635  REF _Ref378751329 \\r \\h }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10047958\charrsid7669635 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600330037003800370035003100330032003900000000}}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6033527\charrsid7669635 [36]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\pgnrestart\pgnstarts0\linex0\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid543618\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 First,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635  does}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635  Article 64(1)(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635  of the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 , in its reference to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 \'93security of the person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635 thereby }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 incorporate the notion of social security}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 ?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 Is the Act unconstitutional as being in breach of such an interpretation of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 C}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 onstitution?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [9]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 Secondly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 , is the Act unconstitutional by reference to Articles 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635 (1)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  and 64}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 (1)(c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  of the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635  dealing with rights to property}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 ?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 In order to address these arguments, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 it is necessary to analyse the S}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 cheme in order to see whether there is a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
taking}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635 or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635 acquisition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635 or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 deprivation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 of property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 or both.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 If so, prima facie the Act is unconstitutional}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635  (subject to the third step below)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 .. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [10]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 Thirdly, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 n relation to Article 64(1)(c), there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 an overriding obligation of proportionality}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606444\charrsid7669635  under Article 64(2)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 There must be a balance taken between the importance of the public purposes served by the Act and the effect on persons of the means selected to achieve those public purposes.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [11]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 Fourthly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 , and if the Act is found to be unconstitutional}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 in terms of Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 is it saved by Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 (2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  which provides that the State can tax its citizens}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 ?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 This requires analysis of the contributions made by emp}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1208171\charrsid7669635 loyers and employees under the S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
cheme to ascertain whether they amount to a tax.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606444\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [12]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606444\charrsid7669635 
Fifthly, there is the question of remedies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606444\charrsid7669635 
Mr Arnold does not seek to have the entire Act discarded because he accepts there is much good in what it is attempting to do.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606444\charrsid7669635 Rather, his goal is to achieve }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 remedies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606444\charrsid7669635  so that Parliament, with the guidance of the Court, can amend the Act to make it constitutional.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 Counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606444\charrsid7669635 
 did not spend a great deal of time addressing remedies and there will need to be another hearing on that topic as I describe below.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 Procedural history}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [13]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 Shortly after the application 
was filed in February 2011 it was called before Hugh Williams J who gave preliminary directions on 6 April 2011.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 There were further call-throughs in May and July 2011.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [14]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
In the period March to October 2011 the plaintiff filed a series of affidavits in support of the application.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 Thereafter, and through until June 2012, there was little activity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 In June 2012, the plaintiff filed several more affidavits making a total of six filed to that point.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 There was then a call-through before Hugh Williams\~J o
n 21 June 2012 and he gave various directions including that the defendants were now to file their affidavits.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [15]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
The defendants did not immediately do this.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
On 3 August 2012 Mr\~Arnold filed what he described as an updating memorandum reporting to the Court on a variety of matters including his preliminary views on the legal issues.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 He also said he was not ready to file his affidavits in reply.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635 Somewhat optimistically, h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 e suggested a timetable culminating in a hearing before the Chief Justice in September 2012.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [16]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 The defendants }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 still }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
did not file affidavits and there was then a further gap in proceedings through until May 2013.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 On 6 May}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635  2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  the plaintiff filed a memorandum seeking allocation of a fixture and other directions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Arnold immediately responded.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 He also applied for discovery against the plaintiff.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [17]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
On 29 May 2013 the matter came before Hugh Williams\~J once again and he made a detailed Minute setting out the procedural history to that point which included a telephone conference on 21 May 2013.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
He directed that the file should be placed before him for a further conference in the July 2013 sitting.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [18]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
On 26 July 2013 the Judge commenced hearing the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 defendants\rquote  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 discovery application but during the course of the day it became common ground that the better way to address the matter was to split the case into two parts with the first }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 stage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635  (dealing with the tax issue)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  being heard by me in the September 2013 sitting.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 It was anticipated that the first week of that sitting would be taken up with hearing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 stage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  one of the case followed by the discovery application.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
It was then understood that the discovery application might change shape depending on the outcome of stage one.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 The Judge issued a detailed Minute on 26 July 2013.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [19]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 
In the period July/August 2013 the defendants filed some nineteen affidavits including a lengthy affidavit from Mr\~Trevor Clark}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635  on 23 July 2013.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref377975894}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [20]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 Following the issue of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  Minute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635  dated 26 July 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 , I commenced management of the file.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 I was present in the Cook Islands on 9 August 2013 on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635  other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
 official business and took the opportunity of meeting with counsel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 I had spent several hours beforehand familiarising myself with the issues on the file (with which I had not previously engaged).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
I was immediately concerned that the splitting of the trial might be counterproductive but acknowledged that both the Judge and counsel had evidently believed it to be the best approach.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 Part of my concern reflected the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 absence of any clear identification}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  of the issues.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
For the first time, I introduced the notion of a Statement of Issues which thereafter became the process to define the dispute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 {\*\bkmkend _Ref377975894} }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref377466818}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [21]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
Following the conference on 9 August 2013 I produced a series of Minutes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 This reflected an intense period of management of the file during which the parties were filing submissions on the assumption that I would determine stage one of the proceeding.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 Indeed, Mr\~Arnold\rquote 
s submissions were filed on 9 August 2013, the same day as the conference mentioned above.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 I had not had a chance to read the submission prior to that conference but did so thereafter.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 These submissions plainly assumed that the Act was prima facie unconstitutional.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Arnold said:{\*\bkmkend _Ref377466818} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid6773050 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \'93
It is common ground between the parties that the contributions under the Act amount to a compulsory taking of property in the form of monies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 The Crown asserts that those are taken by way of tax."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [22]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635 
Although not explicit in the above quote, the then assumption of the parties was that the Act was prima facie in breach of Article 40(1) as amounting to a taking without compensation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 Presumably, this flowed from the decision of the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 Nyambirai v National Social Security Authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 
 [1996] 1 LRC 64, a decision discussed in more detail below.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 The parties, in that case, assumed that the superannuation contributions amounted to a compulsory acquisition.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635 As will be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635 come}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635  apparent from the matters discussed in this Judgment, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 whether that is so here }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635 is a fairly large assumption.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635 Moreover, having made such an assumption, and then turned}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635  to the tax issue, the parties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635 
 ignored the effect of Article 64(1)(c).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635 In oth
er words, if there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635 
 an assumed breach of Article 40(1) did that also speak in terms of Article 64(1)(c)?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635 Although I did not fully appreciate these}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635  and other subtleties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635  immediately, I had concerns in relation to the making of such an important assumption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635  in relation to Article 40(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [23]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 When I subsequently received the plaintiff
\rquote s submissions on or about 23 August 2013 my preliminary intuition that Mr\~Arnold had overstated the matter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 (see }
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635  REF _Ref377466818 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10047958\charrsid7669635 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003300370037003400360036003800310038000000ff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6033527\charrsid7669635 [21]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\pgnrestart\pgnstarts0\linex0\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid543618\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635  above) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 was proved correct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 I do not say that in any way critical of Mr\~Arnold.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 I think, in part, it reflects the plaintiff\rquote s changing appreciation of his case.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15423376 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [24]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 As it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606444\charrsid7669635  had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  bec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606444\charrsid7669635 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
me increasingly clear to me that the perceived benefits of splitting the trial were dissipating, I convened a telephone conference of counsel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 By this time counsel appreciated the problem and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 
 it was common ground that the o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 rders splitting the trial needed to be set aside.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
The detail of this is recorded in Minute (No. 4) which I issued in Rarotonga on 12 September 2013.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [25]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
The upshot of all of that was that the hearing scheduled to commence on Monday 9 September 2013 (of stage one) did not proceed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 Instead, I was told that discovery and disclosure (under the Official Information Act) were all now agreed and were well underway.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 I was not required to make formal orders.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 There was then an extensive discussion as to the issues in dispute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 Counsel undert
ook to reduce these issues into the form of an agreed Statement of Issues recording, to the extent necessary, any divergent views within the one document.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 A further draft of this was discussed between counsel and me on Thursday 12 September 2013.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 At that
 point I made directions that the Statement of Issues was to be finalised and then regarded as final from 4 October 2013.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 Any amendments thereafter could only occur by consent or, in the absence of consent, by Order of the Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [26]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434\charrsid7669635 Pursuant to agreed timetable orders}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434\charrsid7669635 
 submissions and case books were prepared and exchanged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434\charrsid7669635 
The defendants\rquote  submissions exceeded 200 pages and the plaintiff\rquote s exceeded 100 pages.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 The defendants then replied at length.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434\charrsid7669635 There were nine separate case books and, during the course of the hearing, further materials were handed up from time to time.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 
A large proportion of these authorities were reported in the series, Law Reports of the Commonwealth (LRC).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 The Superannuation Scheme }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  Introduction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [27]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 It }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 needs to be noted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 , at
 the outset, that there is an existing form of welfare benefits in the Cook Islands for those persons over the age of 60.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 This is paid pursuant to the Welfare Act 1989.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 Presently, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 pensioners }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 are paid some $100 per week irrespective of their means.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 It is generally recognised that this is a very low level of support.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 Nevertheless, it appears there is concern as to whether even this level of support }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 can be sustained by the Cook Islands }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 in the long term.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 This entitlement sits outside the Scheme which I am to address and discuss below.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 
As I understand it, though, one of the legislative intentions was that the Scheme, over time, would replace the current welfare payments.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3620126 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [28]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 
Mr Ruffin submitted that the status quo should be assumed to prevail.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 That is, in assessing the constitutionality of the Act I should assume that the current system of welfare}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635  would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635  continue.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 
He submitted that, if and when the current system is terminated, the issue may then be reviewed by the Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Arnold rejected such a narrow approach.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 So do I.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 I believe it would be artificial to ignore both the stated parliamentary intention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606444\charrsid7669635  to discontinue the existing scheme}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 
 and the economic realities facing the Cook Islands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 
Consequently, I have not assumed the continuation of the existing welfare arrangements}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [29]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 The details of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 proposed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 
superannuation scheme emerged in the late 1990s and thereafter matured fairly quickly into legislation which came into force on 24 November 2000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 A core concept within the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635 Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635  was that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635 assets }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 would be held pursuant to a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606444\charrsid7669635 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 rust }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606444\charrsid7669635 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 eed with the Public Trustee (of New}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606444\charrsid7669635  Zealand) as the Trustee.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606444\charrsid7669635 The d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 eed itself appears to have been drafted once the Act was in force and is dated 19 September 2001}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606444\charrsid7669635  (the Trust Deed or the Deed)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 It is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635  common ground that the entire S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 heme (that is the Act, the Deed and other relevant materials) were drafted by experts in New Zealand.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid345639\charrsid7669635 
The various personnel involved in the drafting of the Scheme are recorded in Hansard at pages 825 and 845 (second reading on 23 November 2000).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [30]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306\charrsid7669635 Affidavits filed by both the plai}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 ntiff and the defendants record}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 
 something of the political and cultural environment in which the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 cheme had its provenance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 The defendants, in particular, paint a picture of financial crisis in the 1990s said to be due to Government maladministration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 Strictly speaking, the admissibility of this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 sort of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 
material is problematic because it records a variety of opinions and perspectives on matters that go wider than might usually be considered when interpreting legislation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 
Both parties, however, submitted that I should read these affidavits (plus exhibits) for a variety of reasons.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 For example, it was said that many of the matters covered were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 in the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635  nature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635  of materials of which}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635  a Judge might ordinarily be expected to take judicial notice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 However, in the case of the Cook Islands, with itinerant Judges, there was a concern that Judges might not have the necessary background.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13789306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [31]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 In a broad sense, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 evidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635  in the affidavits }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12083511\charrsid7669635 does}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635  correspond with my ow
n knowledge and experience of the Cook Islands which extends back some fifteen or so years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 I intend no disrespect to the deponents if I do not specifically refer to their evidence but, ultimately, I do not think this case is to be resolved by detailed an
alysis of the affidavits.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 
I also observe that the speeches recorded in Hansard (during the various readings of the Bill which culminated in the Act) appear to me broadly consistent with what is set out in those affidavits and, indeed, what can be distille
d from construing the Act itself.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [32]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 While it is not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16450209\charrsid7669635 , as a matter of law,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 
 automatic that a Court should have regard to Hansard, both parties directed my attention to Hansard}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16450209\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635  each emphasising those portions believed to assist their respective cases.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 It is clear that many }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16450209\charrsid7669635 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 embers of Parliament anticipated there would be at least some amendment to the Act over the first few years of its life.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 Teething problems were anticipated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 It is also clear that the Act had been passed at co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 nsiderable speed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 Indeed, the O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 pposition expressly compla}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 ined about that.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 Although the O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 
pposition, ultimately, supported the Bill, it does appear there was a general appreciation on both sides of the House that there would be further amendments to the Act in due course.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 The nature of those amendments does not appear to have been explored.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [33]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 It }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16450209\charrsid7669635 is now}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635  common ground th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 at the hybrid structure of the S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 cheme \endash  that is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635  a mixture of statute and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635  of a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635  private law trust deed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635  providing for separate accounts for each member}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 
 but not guaranteed by the Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635  \endash  is unique to the Cook Islands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 
The parties have made extensive inquiries amongst other Pacific countries including Australia and New Zealand, and also further afield.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 They have not been able to locate a superannuation scheme directly equivalent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [34]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 
There are various reports before the Court as to the current state of the Fund.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 Presently, there is some $64m investe}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1208171\charrsid7669635 d and some 7,000 members.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1208171\charrsid7669635 The S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 cheme has been progressively rolled out so that not all employers and employees within the Cook Islands are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 yet }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 covered by it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 
Since the question of constitutionality of the Act has been raised, there have been no further members introduced pending resolution of the case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 The Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [35]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 The Cook Is
lands became self governing in 1965.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635  Constitution }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 came in to being }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 by way of the Cook Islands Constitution Act 1964 (NZ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref378751329}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [36]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 
The main Articles in the Constitution which are relevant are those numbered 40, 64 and 65 and I now set }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 out }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 material extract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168\charrsid7669635 :{\*\bkmkend _Ref378751329} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 \'9340(1)\tab 
No property shall be taken possession of compulsorily, and no right over or interest in any property shall be acquired compulsorily, except under the law, which of itself or when read with any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8601363\charrsid7669635 other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635  law \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s26 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s26\ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\ilvl5\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 Requires the payment within a reasonable time of adequate compensation therefor; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s26\ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s26 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s26\ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\ilvl5\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 
Gives to any person claiming that compensation, a right of access, for the determination of his interest in the property and the amount of compensation, to the High Court; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s26\ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s26 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s26\ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\ilvl5\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 
Gives to any party to proceedings in the High Court relating to such a claim the same rights of appeal as are accorded generally to parties to civil proceedings in that court sitting as a Court of original jurisdiction. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s26\ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 

\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 (2)\tab Nothing in this Article shall be construed as affecting any general law \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 (a)\tab For the imposition or enforcement of any tax, rate or duty; or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid7669635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 \'85 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 (g)\tab Relating to trusts and trustees; or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 \'85\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 \'9364(1)\tab It is hereby recognised and declared th
at in the Cook Islands there exist, and shall continue to exist, without discrimination by reason of race, national origin, colour, religion, opinion, belief, or sex, the following fundamental human rights and freedoms \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12858497 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s26 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s26\ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\ilvl7\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 he right of the individual to
 life, liberty, and security of the person, and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with law;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s26\ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s26 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s26\ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\ilvl7\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 
The right of the individual to equality before the law and to the protection of the law;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s26\ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s26 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s26\ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\ilvl7\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 
The right of the individual to own property and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with law:
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 \'85
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2914526\charrsid7669635 (2)\tab 
It is hereby recognised and declared that every person has duties to others, and accordingly is subject in the exercise of his rights and freedoms to such limitations as are imp
osed, by any enactment or rule of law for the time being in force, for protecting the rights and freedoms of others or in the interests of public safety, order, or morals, the general welfare, or the security of the Cook Islands..\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2914526 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2914526\charrsid7669635 65(1)\tab 
Subject to subclause (2) of this Article and to subclause (2) of Article 64 hereof, every enactment shall be so construed and applied as not to abrogate, abridge, or infringe or to authorise the abrogation, abridgement, or infringement of any of the right
s or freedoms recognised and declared by subclause (1) of Article 64 hereof, \'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12858497 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2914526\charrsid7669635 (2)\tab 
Every enactment, and every provision thereof shall be deemed remedial, whether its immediate purpose is to direct the doing of anything that the enacting authority deems to b
e for the public good, or to prevent or punish the doing of anything it deems contrary to the public good, and shall accordingly receive such fair, large, and liberal construction and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8662005\charrsid7669635 interpretation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2914526\charrsid7669635  as will best ensure the attainment [[of the object] of th
e enactment or provision thereof according to its true intent, meaning and spirit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8662005\charrsid7669635 ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2914526\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-720\li2880\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8662005\charrsid7669635 \'85\'94 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12858497\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [37]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12858497\charrsid7669635 In addition, the defendants refer to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12858497\charrsid7669635 
 Articles within the Constitution at the point the tax argument is addressed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12858497\charrsid7669635 I will set out those provisions at that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16450209\charrsid7669635 stage}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12858497\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13438168 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [38]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 
Article 64 was added to the Constitution by way of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid543618\charrsid7669635 ninth a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 mendment in 1981.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 It is common ground that this was based on the Canadian Bill of Rights 1960.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [39]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 Articles 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635  and 64}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 (1)(c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 , taken together, are generally referred to as a double property guarantee.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 
This format appears to have been common in post-colonial Lancaster House type constitutions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 This is discussed in a helpful }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434\charrsid7669635 book}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635  placed before the Court by the plaintiff, Constitutional Property Clauses by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434\charrsid7669635 J }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 van der Walt (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 Kluwer Law International, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 1999).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 The relationship between Articles 40(1) and 64(1)(c) is complex and was the subject of much argument during the hearing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 I need to make various findings on that relationship and this is discussed in more detail below.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [40]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 Van 
der Walt discusses the balancing of interests between }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16450209\charrsid7669635 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6825056\charrsid7669635 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 s power of e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 minent domain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635  on the one hand and the private property rights of a citizen of the other.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434\charrsid7669635 This reflects the recognised power of expropriation \endash  the power to take property subject to the payment of compensation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 The State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 s power of eminent domain can be contrasted with a State}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 police-powers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635  which, as the name, suggests, are of a different character.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434\charrsid7669635 These powers exist at the other end of the scale.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434\charrsid7669635 
An example would be regulations limiting the use of property for various health or safety reasons.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434\charrsid7669635 At this end of the spectrum, the exercise of such powers would not necessarily engage the interest of the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8327434\charrsid7669635 Broadly speaking, though, a
 provision such as Article 64(1)(c) more naturally focuses on the exercise of a State\rquote s police-powers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12858497\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [41]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12858497\charrsid7669635 
It is common ground that the relationship between Article}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12858497\charrsid7669635  64 and 65 has been addressed by the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12858497\charrsid7669635 Clarke v Karika}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12858497\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9836724\charrsid7669635 [1985] LRC (Const) 732 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12858497\charrsid7669635 and that that decision is binding upon me.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 
In reality, though, the Court of Appeal touched very lightly upon the issues now before the Court and I will need to make a more complete analysis than did the Court of Appeal in the earlier case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 The Court of Appeal was concerned as to the effect of Articles 64 and 65 on }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3039011\charrsid7669635 pre-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 existing legislation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 That problem does not arise in the present case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12858497 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [42]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 
Prior to the commencement of the hearing, the parties had put an interpretation issue before the Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 The issue was whether Article 64(2), which obviously qualifies Article 64(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3934600\charrsid7669635 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635  also qualified Article 40(1).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 The plaintiff argued that it did; the defendants said that it did not.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 Having heard argument from Mr\~Arnold, Mr\~Ruffin accept}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 ed
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635  that the defendants\rquote  approach was correct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 
Moreover, both parties came to accept that the proportionality argument (previously identified as a separate issue) was really another way of stating the balancing exercise inherent within Article 64(2).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267\charrsid7669635 I discuss this in more detail later.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16590267 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [43]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 
In terms of Article 39(4) the Court has power to declare an Act invalid on the basis that it is inconsistent with the Constitution and there is an echo of this in Article 41(1) which also speaks of inconsistency with the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 Interestingly, these }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 terms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635  were not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 used }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 by the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 Clarke v Karika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635  which spoke in terms of declaring contravening legislation }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 \'93inoperative\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 The Court set out Article 39 (see page 741)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3039011\charrsid7669635  but did not specifically refer to Article 39(4)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 
I note, in passing, that Article 64 as set out in the report of that decision appears to be in error.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 Constitution }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 the Act \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 Interpretation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635  Principles}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [44]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 
In order to address this application I need to undertake an interpretation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16450209\charrsid7669635 exercise}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635  in relation both to the Constitution and to the Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 hat exercise is not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635  necessarily to be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635  conducted discretely.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 For example, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 n construing the Act, it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 may be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 necessary to have regard to the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635  as is discussed below}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [45]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 
In this case, the defendants do not contend for a settled and established meaning of the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 Although there has been some brief discussion of Article 64 by the Court of Appeal (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 Clarke v Karika }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 noted above) there is no suggestion that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 the current }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 
application is to be resolved by following earlier Cook Island precedent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [46]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 Starting, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 then}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 , with the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 
As a written document it is uncontroversial to say that it should be interpreted both textually and contextually \endash  much as a Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 wou
ld approach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635  interpretation of a statute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 At a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 first}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635  level, it is a matter of determining what the words mean.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [47]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 Tom Allen\rquote 
s book, The Right to Property }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 
 Commonwealth Jurisdictions (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 Cambridge University Press, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 2000)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635  provides a useful overview of how constitutional interpretation has altered over the years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 He points to a general trend of legalistic interpretation which then, in the 1970s, gave way to a more generous and open interpretation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 It is common ground that
 this sort of interpretation is appropriate in this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 
Relevant authorities are now discussed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [48]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 Lord Diplock, presiding in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 Hinds v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635  [1976] 1 All ER 353, discussed how }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635  should be interpreted at pages 359 and 360.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 He said: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 \'93
A written constitution, like any other written instrument affecting legal rights or obligations, falls to be construed in the light of its subject-matter and of the surrounding circumstances with reference to which it was made\'85}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 They}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 relevant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 constitution
s] differ fundamentally in their nature from ordinary legislation passed by the Parliament of a Sovereign State.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 They embody what is in substance an agreement reached between representatives of the various shades of political opinion in the State as to th
e structure of the organs of government through which the plenitude of the sovereign power of the State is to be exercised in future.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 All of them were negotiated as well as drafted by persons nurtured in the tradition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16450209\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635  of that branch of the common law of 
England that is concerned with public law and familiar in particular with the basic concept of separation of legislative, executive and judicial power as it had been developed in the unwritten constitution of the United Kingdom\'85\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [49]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 Some twenty years later, Lord Woolf in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 La Compagnie Sucriere v Mauritius }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 
[1995] 3 LRC 494, 500}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3490226\charrsid7669635 
 endorsed two principles based on earlier dicta }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1387233\charrsid7669635 of Lord\~Wilberforce}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635  in the importan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635  case of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 Minister of Home Affairs v Fisher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635  [1980] AC 319 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1387233\charrsid7669635 who}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635  had}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1387233\charrsid7669635  emphasised: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1387233 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1387233\charrsid7669635 \'93\'85
two principles which have to be applied when interpreting constitutional provisions of this nature: the first being that they should be given a generous rather than a legalistic interpretation while at the same time giving effect to the purpose for which 
they were enacted; the second being that respect must still be paid to the language used, while at the same time taking into account the traditions and usages which give meaning to that language.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1387233 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [50]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 
There are some fundamental constitutional principles which underpin the above discussion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 For example, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 requirement that a statute be interpreted consistent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 ly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635  with the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635  if at all possible}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635  reflects the role of the state to safeguard and promote the interests of its citizens.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 This was stated at least as long ago as the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 ighteenth }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 entury by William Blackstone when he said: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 \'93
For the principal aim of society is to protect individuals in the enjoyment of those absolute rights which were vested in them by the immutable laws of nature...\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [51]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635  High Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 of New Zealand }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 Solicitor General v Miss Alice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635  [2007] 2 NZ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635 L}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 R 783 observed:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 \'93
It is the constitutional role of the State, represented by the Crown, to safeguard and promote the interests of its citizens.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 It has no other justification...\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 (paragraph [41])}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [52]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 Even more recently, the Privy Council in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 PSAB v Maraj}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635  [2010] UKPC 29 said: }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 \'93
The constitutionality of a Parliamentary enactment is presumed unless it is shown to be unconstitutional...}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 In short, in interpreting these provisions, the Bo
ard should assume that Parliament intended to legislate for a purpose which is consistent with the fundamental rights and not in violation of them.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [53]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 Lord Cooke
 sitting as a member of the House of Lords in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635  Daly v Secretary of State }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 [2001] 2 AC 532 spoke of the fundamental rights affirmed by constitutions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 At paragraph [30] he said: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 \'93
The truth is, I think, that some rights are inherent and fundamental to democratic civilised society.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 Conventions, constitutions, Bills of Rights and the like respond by recognising rather than creating them.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16450209\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [54]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16450209\charrsid7669635 
Mr Arnold submitted that the general thrust of these authorities, which is to give constitutions a generous interpretation, does not necessarily also guide interpretation in relation to limitations contained within }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 these }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16450209\charrsid7669635 constitutions \endash  limitations which c
ut back the fundamental rights identified.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 Lord\~Reed in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 Bank Mellat v HM Treasury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 
 [2013] UKSC 39, [68] emphasised that fundamental right}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635  should only be restrained as necessary \endash  and no further.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16450209 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [55]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 
Here, an important part of the contextual interpretation issue is to note that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 Article}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635  64 is modelled on the Canadian Bill of Rights}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635  1960}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635  (replaced by the Charter in 1982, as it happens).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 Both parties approach the case on the basis that Canadian jurisprudence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1387233\charrsid7669635 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635  important and that, it seems to me, must be so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 Canadian }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 cases refer to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 need to interpret }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 a c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 onstitution as a living document}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 
 (as opposed to an historical artefact frozen in time)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 This is specifically acknowledged in the decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 Gosselin v Quebec (Attorney General)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 
 [2002] 4 SCR 429, a decision strongly relied upon by the defendants in this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 While }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 Gosselin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635  is not the onl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 y source of such dicta}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306\charrsid7669635 , the majority }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 decision at [82] can be noted for its refer
ence to the need to interpret a constitution as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 \'93a living tree capable of growth and expansion within its natural limits\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid619306 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [56]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 The dissenting Judge in that case, Arbour
\~J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12876616\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635  put it in this way: }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 \'93
The doctrine of the constitution }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1387233\charrsid7669635 as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 
 a living tree mandates that narrow technical approaches are to be eschewed... It also suggests that the past plays a critical but non-exclusive role in determining the content of the rights and freedoms granted by the Charter.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 The tree is rooted in past 
and present institutions but must be capable of growth to meet the future.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635  (paragraph [317]) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3934600\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [57]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3934600\charrsid7669635 
In other words, it would be mistake to regard a constitution as frozen or its content as having been exhaustively defined in earlier cases.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3934600\charrsid7669635 Gosselin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3934600\charrsid7669635  shows that the Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635  of Canada}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3934600\charrsid7669635 
 is inclined to keep an open mind about the future but, then, to choose its cases carefully.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3934600\charrsid7669635 Developments are not to be rushed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3934600 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [58]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 
In other jurisdictions (the USA, for example) some Judges do not treat constitutions as living documents.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 Without engaging with such reasoning, however, I state my preference for the Canadian }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 approach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635  which I adopt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [59]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 Part of the relevant context}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 , too,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635  is that of international law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 The Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 Reyes v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 [2002] UKPC 11 (a mandatory death penalty case) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 observed: }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 \'93
....The Courts will not be astute to find that a Constitution fails to conform within international standards of humanity and individual right, unless it is clear, on a proper interpretation of the Constitution, that it does.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 (paragraph 28)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [60]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 While the double negative}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635  in the extract above}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 
 presents its own difficulties, the short point is that a Court should assume that a constitution is intended to conform with international standards of humanity and individual rights.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 
I think it is common ground that the Cook Islands Constitution should be interpreted in a way reflective of both international law and common law fundamental rights. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [61]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 In summary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635  I believe the Constitution should be interpreted: }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [a]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 
by reference to the words actually used and their context;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [b]\tab}generous}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 ly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635  rather than }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10706018\charrsid7669635 legalistically}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 ; 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [c]\tab}as a living document;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [d]\tab}consistently with international law and international standards of humanity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [62]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 
Turning, then, to the Act and its interpretation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 
The usual principles of statutory interpretation apply.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1387233\charrsid7669635 
Other than in relation to section 21(2) t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 here is no particular controversy in that regard, as will be seen shortly.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382\charrsid7669635 
But there is an overarching obligation to interpret the Act, if at all possible, in a way consistent with the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12725382 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [63]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 
Article 65, of course, applies to the interpretation of a statute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635 A statute}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635  is to be given a fair}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635  large and liberal interpretation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 There is no particular controversy about that in this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [64]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 To what extent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 , if at all,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635  should the Court defer to the legislature?}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14952833\charrsid7669635 In interpreting the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14952833\charrsid7669635 , the Court is not expected to defer to the legislature.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14952833\charrsid7669635 As Bastarache\~J put it in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14952833\charrsid7669635 Gosselin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635  v Quebec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14952833\charrsid7669635 : }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14952833\charrsid7669635 \'93
....In this case, the Government claims that the group that it is in fact trying to protect is the very same group whose rights have b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 een infringed.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 This should militate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14952833\charrsid7669635  against an overly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 def}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14952833\charrsid7669635 erential approach.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14952833\charrsid7669635 If the Government wishes to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 
help people by infringing their constitutional rights, the Courts should not, given the peculiarities o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635 f such an approach, be overly deferential}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635  in assessing the objective of the impugned provision or whether the means used were minimally impairing to the right in question.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 paragraph [262]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14952833 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [65]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 
The short point is that, if the Court concludes that the Act infringes the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635  it cannot shy away from that conclusion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 Notwithstanding the above, there is a suggestion that there should be some deference and this emerges from the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 Nyambirai v National Social Security Authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635  [1996] 1 LRC 64, 72.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Ruffin accepted that if I found that the Act
 was unconstitutional then no rule of deference was available to save it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 The Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635  interpretation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [66]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 
The Cook Islands National Superannuation Act 2000, in conjunction with the relevant Trust Deed (discussed below)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1387233\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635  establishes the Superannuation Fund.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 Althou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1387233\charrsid7669635 gh established by statute, the F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 und itself is private in that it is organised by reference to the Trust Deed and the Public Trustee (created by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635  a New Zealand statute) is the t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 rustee of that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 rust.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [67]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 Perhaps
 unsurprisingly, the Act is reasonably detailed and some parts might even be described as complex.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 But}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1387233\charrsid7669635 , with the exception of section 21(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3934600\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635  there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1387233\charrsid7669635 are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 no particular interpretation difficulties facing the Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 The defendants\rquote  objections (discussed below
) are fairly evident and not in dispute (in an interpretation sense).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [68]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 The Superannuation Sc}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 heme is a defined contribution s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 
cheme in that the amount to be paid by employees and employers is defined in the statute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 It is not, though, a defined benefit scheme.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 Put simply, the various benefits available (section 18) will ultimately depend upon the success of the Trustee\rquote s investment skills.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [69]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 
The Act defines the Fund in section 2 as meaning: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 \'93The Cook Islands National Superannuation Fund established by the Trust Deed.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 
Section 17 then provides that all contributions are to be paid into the Fund and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 \'93credited to the account of the contributor\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635  and then used to make the section 18 benefits available to the member in due course.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [70]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 The provisions
 relating to employee contributions can be found in section 36 et seq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 Section 36 provides that employees who are employed in the Cook Islands by a Cook Island employer (or who are employed outside the Cook Islands while resident there) shall make contrib
utions to the Fund unless excluded by section 37.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 
Section 38 provides for the transfer of existing employee superannuation schemes to that created by the Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 As is noted below, the defendants are critical of the way in which the legislature sought to squeeze out existing superannuation schemes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 
Section 39 sets out the percentage rate of contribution and section 41 provides that employee contribution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635  shall be made by way of deduction by the employer.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 If the employer does not do that, section 43 sets out the obligations upon the employee to make the contributions directly.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [71]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 
The obligation of employers is then set out in section 44 et seq.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 By the time of the hearing it was accepted that employer contributions, made in relation to the employment of employees, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635  a term of individual employment contracts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 
In other words, at the point the contribution was made by the employer, it became, strictly speaking, the employee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 s property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 That discussion over-simplifies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635  the position but it makes it clear that the Court is focusing primarily upon the employee rather than the employer.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref375296191}{\*\bkmkstart _Ref377541509}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [72]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 Section 53 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 provides }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 
that a contributor is not entitled to withdraw any amount from the Fund other than in terms of that contributor\rquote s entitlement to receive benefits.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 Section 53(3) provides an exception to this in the case of employees employed for terms of less than three years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635  in terms of section 52(2) (migrant workers)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 In their case, they can withdraw contributions when they leave the country.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 The catch to this, though, is that the employer contri}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 butions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3934600\charrsid7669635  then}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635  are paid into a reserve}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635  fund (which is described in the Trust Deed).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 {\*\bkmkend _Ref375296191}{\*\bkmkend _Ref377541509} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [73]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 Migrant
 workers are not necessarily required to take this step.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 
Section 54 provides that they have the option of leaving both their contributions and those of their employer in the Fund notwithstanding that they have left the country.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 One of the criticisms made by the defendants focuses upon what is said to be the plight }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 
migrant workers which is caused by section 53.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565\charrsid7669635 
This is discussed further below.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8980565 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [74]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 
The Act also contains provisions as to the content of the Trust Deed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 For example, pursuant to section
 20 there are various provisions implied into the Trust Deed including that the Trustee shall exercise the usual care, diligence and skill of a prudent and professional provider of Trustee services.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 Moreover, by means of regulation, there is scope for the
 legislature to imply further terms into the Trust Deed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 
The scope to do this is of uncertain dimension but the potential certainly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3934600\charrsid7669635 exists}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 I believe that the power to regulate should be interpreted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 pursuant}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635  to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3934600\charrsid7669635 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3934600\charrsid7669635 jusdem g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 eneris}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635  rule by reference to sub-clauses (a) and (b) immediately preceding it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3934600\charrsid7669635 I do not need to reach a final view on this.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3934600\charrsid7669635 The fact remains that no such regulations have been promulgated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [75]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 
Section 21 allows the Trust Deed to be amended but section 21(2) contains a qualification upon that.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 This provides: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 \'93
An amendment to the Trust Deed shall not adversely affect a contributor\rquote s right or claim to benefits or the amount of those benefits that have accrued up until the date of the amendment...\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref377374724}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [76]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 The defendants su
bmit that the above provision provides far less protection than, at first sight, it might be thought.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 The section falls naturally into two parts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 First, it says that amendments shall not adversely affect a contributor\rquote s right or claim to benefits.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Ar
nold rightly says that there is no entitlement to benefits until, prima facie, the contributor reaches retirement age.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 Secondly, there is reference to the amount of benefits }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 \'93
that have accrued up until the date of the amendment\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 This, too, said Mr\~Arnold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635  must refer to the period following retirement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Ruffin, by contrast, submitted there were no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635  such}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635  difficulties in interpreting section 21(2).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 He said that once it was understood that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 \'93
right or claim to benefits\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635  included a future right the section made perfect sense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 I accept his interpretation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 {\*\bkmkend _Ref377374724} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref377374726}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [77]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 As a consequence, I consider that Mr\~Arnold
\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 criticisms of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 
 this section are overdone.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 
I believe the section does provide real protection, particularly when coupled with the provisions of the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 I am reluctant, though, to define the extent of that protection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635  any more}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635  precisely in the absence of particular facts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 
{\*\bkmkend _Ref377374726} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [78]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 
Mr Ruffin emphasised section 30 of the Act, the effect of which is to make earnings in the Fund tax free.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 He spoke of this in terms as a Government contribution to the superannuation scheme.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 I think that is a fair characterisation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [79]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 
Turning, then, to the Trust Deed which was executed as a deed on 19 September 2001.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 At this point of the discussion, I note that I invited the plaintiff to contact the Public Trustee to see if he wished to be involved in this litigation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 I was conscious that I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635 might}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635  be required to interpret some aspects of the Sc
heme and that I would be doing so in the absence both of the Trustee and members.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 I am advised that the Public Trustee declined the Court\rquote s invitation to have any role in the litigation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [80]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 
For the avoidance of doubt, I make it clear that although, necessarily, I am required to analyse the Act and the Trust Deed, nothing that I say in this Judgment is binding upon the Public Trustee and members.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 
If any particular issues arise in the future then they will be resolved by the Court in the usual way.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [81]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 
The Trust Deed provides that contributions are paid into the Fund (clauses 9 and 10).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 They are held to the account of the member prior to that member\rquote s entitlement to receive a benefit (clauses 15 and 18).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [82]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 The member has no right or interest in 
the Fund (clause 4) and has no right to withdraw (clause 47).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 Notwithstanding these limitations, the members\rquote  interest is described as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 \'93fully vested\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635  (clause 69).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Arnold submitted that this did not mean fully vested in an equitable sense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 Rather, thi
s was said to be a term of art in relation to superannuation schemes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Ruffin was inclined to accept that the reference to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 \'93fully vested\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635  should not be understood as an equity lawyer would do so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 He submitted that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635 an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635  appropriate understanding of this provision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 informed by a consideration of the High Court of Australia decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 Finch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635  v Telstra Super Pty Limited}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid735405\charrsid7669635  (2010) ALR 236}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635  discussed below.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [83]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 
The reserve account discussed above in paragraph }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635  REF _Ref377541509 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10047958\charrsid7669635 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003300370037003500340031003500300039000000ff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6033527\charrsid7669635 [72]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\pgnrestart\pgnstarts0\linex0\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid543618\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635  is spelled out in some detail (clauses 27, 28 and 66).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [84]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 
Benefits are provided for in clauses 39, 42 and 44 in particular.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 There is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 provision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635  in clause 67 by which benefits are forfeited.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [85]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 
Finally, in this survey, I note that the rights and obligations of the Trustee, including to an indemnity, can be found in particular in clauses 74, 76, 78 and 79.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2822824\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [86]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2822824\charrsid7669635 Based on the above, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 Mr Arnold for the defendants painted a fairly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 glum}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635  picture of vul
nerable members ripe for exploitation either by the Trustee or, perhaps more ominously, by the Government using powers to amend the legislation or otherwise.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 He also painted a picture of members vulnerable to the vagaries of international investment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 In theory}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 many}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635  (but not all) of the risks painted by him }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 exist}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635 are discussed in more detail below}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 But the fact remains that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635  over the last thirteen years, the Fund has been reasonably successful notwithstanding the GFC.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936\charrsid7669635 The Public Trustee is a highly reputable Trustee.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 The Government has not intervened, despite its powers to do so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 Theory needs to be tempered with reality.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid677275 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 Other Pacific Superannuation Schemes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref375296887}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [87]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 There were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635  number}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635  of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635  Pacific superannuation schemes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635  placed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 
 before the Court and the differences between those schemes, and that of the Cook Islands, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635  strongly emphasised by Mr\~Arnold.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 I will shortly refer to some of the main points made by him.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 First, though, there is a note of caution to be sounded.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 {\*\bkmkend _Ref375296887} }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [88]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 
Details of the different superannuation schemes were put before the Court mainly by means of attaching copies of relevant legislation as exhibits to an affidavit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 In addition, the deponent referred to some materials located on relevant websites.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 
None of this material was mediated through experts in the relevant law of the different countries and there can be no certainty that the various references were complete.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [89]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 
Having sounded that caution, though, some reasonably consistent themes emerged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref378148974}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [90]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 First, other than Papua New Guinea}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635  (and, of course, the Cook Islands)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 
, all of the countries surveyed had some form of Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635  underwriting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635  or support for the relevant scheme.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 This support came in different shapes and sizes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 At one end, perhaps, was that of Tonga where the relevant provision provided that if there was a shortage of necessary funds then a request could be made to the Minister for assistance.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 Other countries had more specific Government obligations.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 Vanuatu, 
for example, in section 18 of the relevant legislation had this obligation:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 {\*\bkmkend _Ref378148974} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 \'93
If the Board is at any time unable to pay any sum which is required to be paid under the provisions of this Act, the sum required shall be advanced to the Board by the Government and the Board shall as soon a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 
 practicable repay to the Government the sum so advanced if required to do so under the terms of the advance.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref377467494}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [91]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 
Many of these provisions are coupled with a minimum rate of return (for example 2\'bd% or 4%).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 Strictly speaking,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635  the combination of these two factors do not amount to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 guarantees but they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 amount to }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395\charrsid7669635 a form of underwriting by the respective Governments.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635 I think it is appropriate to refer to the combination of these features as a guarantee and, as long as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 the term }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635 
is understood in this sense, I will continue to use such a label to describe this type of arrangement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 {\*\bkmkend _Ref377467494} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8806395 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [92]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 
Secondly, some of the countries excluded migrant workers from coverage of the scheme at all or contained provisions allowing them to extract all relevant contributions upon leaving the country concerned.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [93]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 Thirdly, some of t}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635 he countries allowed employees e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 
ffective access to their superannuation funds to pay for education or by way of loans to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 pay for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635  housing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [94]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 
Fourthly, many of the countries allowed members of a scheme to take their contributions with them if permanently leaving the country.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 For example, in Samoa, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 \'93date of entitlement\'94 }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 arrives if a member intends to depart or has departed from Samoa to reside permanently outside Samoa.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref375296904}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [95]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094\charrsid7669635 It should also be noted that Mr\~
Arnold made reference to the fact that most other countries allowed for the existence of multiple superannuation schemes and did not mandate the single compulsory scheme which is that now before the Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 {\*\bkmkend _Ref375296904} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12542094 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid677275\charrsid7669635 World Bank Report: Averting the Old Age Crisis \endash  Policies to Protect the Old and Promote Growth, published by the World Bank, 1994 (OUP)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid677275 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s26\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [96]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 Both parties referred the Court to the World Bank Report as it came to be called.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 This is a substantial document of some }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 200}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635  pages.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 In particular, reference was made to what are called the three pillars of old age income security.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 The first pillar is that of a mandatory publicly managed fund financed through tax.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 The sort of schemes discussed below by reference to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 Nyambirai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 Apostolou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635  are examples of this sort of old age social security.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15867936 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [97]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 
The second pillar is a mandatory but privately managed pillar and it is common ground that the Cook Island}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635  Scheme is of this nature.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [98]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 The third pillar is that of the voluntar
y scheme of which the New Zealand Kiwi Saver is the best example (although, strictly speaking, the New Zealand arrangements are based on both the first and third pillars).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [99]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 The World Bank }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 publication}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635  points out the risks of having single-pillar syste
ms and says that no country has ever tried to use them as such.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 In this context, Mr\~Arnold strongly emphasises that the existing welfare scheme under the Welfare Act 1989 is intended to end at some point.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 As things presently stand, the Welfare Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid740932\charrsid7669635 provides}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635  a first pillar support for the second pillar scheme now under review.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 
For the reasons discussed above, continuation of this support cannot be assumed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [100]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 
Having reviewed the World Bank Report, and also the Constitutions of many Pacific countries, Mr\~Arnold confidently submitted that the Cook Island Scheme was unique.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635 There was no serious opposition to that submission.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 Covenants
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [101]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 
In addition to referring to the World Bank Report, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 both parties also refer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 red}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635  to the I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 nternational }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 ovenant on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12212348\charrsid7669635 Economic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 , Social}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635  and C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 ultur}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 al R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 ights}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635  to which the Cook Islands is a party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 
I received extensive submissions on this covenant but, in the end, and with respect, I do not feel the need to refer expressly to either the covenant or the submissions made in relation to it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [102]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 
Mr Arnold referred to another covenant being the International Covenant on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 rotection of the Rights of all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 igrant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 orkers and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 embers of their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 amilies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 This has not been acceded to by the Cook Islands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 Nevertheless, Mr\~Arnold submitted that Article 32 of this was relevant to the position of migrant workers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 Article 32 provides: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 \'93
Upon the termination of their stay in the State of employment, migrant workers and members of their family shall have the right to transfer their earnings and savings and, in accordance with the applicable legislation of the State\rquote 
s concern, their personal effects and belongings.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [103]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 
Mr Ruffin referred, also, to the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the European Convention for the Protection of Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 An overview of the cases}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 The defendants\rquote  case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [104]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 Mr Arnold argued that the Cook Island}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 
 Scheme is unique in its particular structure.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 
He called it a flawed hybrid in that it breached}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635  some of the principles in the I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 nternational }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 ovenant on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 conomic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 , Social and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 ultural }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 ights introduced above, breached some of the fundamental rights protected by the Constitution, was an ill-conceived departure from the multi-pillar approach advocated by the World Bank}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 
 and was a second pillar structure contrary to the recommendations of the World Bank.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [105]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 The defendants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 
 fundamental objection to the Scheme is said to be as follows: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 \'93It uses S}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 tate compulsion to force contributions into a Fund that, itself, has inherent risk of partial or total failure \endash 
 without the State assuming any responsibility to contributors if that should occur.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [106]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 Hand in hand }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2641166\charrsid7669635 with this fundamental objection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 , was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635  said to be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635  the lack of entrenchment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635 Even if there were a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2641166\charrsid7669635 Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511\charrsid7669635  guarantee }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2641166\charrsid7669635 then, in the absence of entrenchment, the protections might be illusory.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2641166\charrsid7669635 So it was these two aspects \endash  Government guarantee and entrenchment \endash  that the defendants emphasised.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Arnold realistically accepted that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635  in the Cook Islands, old age social security }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 is more likely to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635  focus on th
e second pillar because a single first pillar approach would be beyond the financial means of the country.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [107]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 The defendants had other objections, too.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 First, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 here was the particular case of the migrant workers and what was said to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 
prejudicial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635  to them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 Secondly, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 here was the ability of poor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 er}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 
 members of society to make any contributions at all (and how the requirement to make such contribution could prejudice their ability to feed themselves or their families).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 And}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 , thirdly,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635  there was also the 
collapse of the existing schemes into this new scheme which was criticised.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 But all of these criticisms were subsidiary to the main }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 argument of lack}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635  of government guarantee and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 lack of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 entrenchment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [108]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 Mr Arnold\rquote 
s attack was focused in three particular ways}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 He started with A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 
rticle 64(1)(a) and emphasised that the reference to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 \'93security of the person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635  had a social welfare dimension about it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 He argued for a positive duty to promote social welfare for the elderly as well as a negative obligation not to deprive them of their}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635  autonomy to manage their own affairs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Arnold readily acknowledged that this argument had emerged somewhat late in the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 piece}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 
 and, indeed, it was still developing at the point of the hearing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 While I do not say that is a criticism, it was not always entirely easy to place this argument and identify its individual components.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [109]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 Secondly, Mr\~Arnold focused on A}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 rticle 64(1)(b) and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635  alleged inequality by reference to migrant workers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 While he did not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635 ultimately }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 resile from these arguments, Mr\~Arnold did not pursue them at the hearing, content to leave them to be taken as read.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 
Realistically, he accepted that this argument could more usefully be assessed as part of the third argument now discussed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 That, indeed, is how I approach the argument and I will not specifically address the second argument reserving, to the extent necessary, Mr\~
Arnold the right to advance it more fully if he needs to do so on any subsequent appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [110]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 Thirdly, Mr\~
Arnold focused upon taking or depri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11616636\charrsid7669635 vation of property in terms of A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 rticles 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635  and 64(1)(c).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 Amongst other things, this third argument involved consideration of a proportionality argument as already }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 introduced}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [111]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 
During the course of argument, I put it to Mr\~Arnold that his first argument (based upon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 \'93security of the person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 ) was in many ways radical.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 I suggested it was unlikely to succeed if he failed in relation to this third argument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 In other words, his third argument (based on property) was his strongest and he should focus his efforts upon that.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [112]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 Initially, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 Mr Arnold was not much persuaded by this and held to his first argument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 Indeed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635  he argued that the first and third arguments were strongly interdependent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 He argued that the case was both about security of the person and the enjoyment of property rights needed to achieve the constitutionally guaranteed right of 
security of the person.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 
The two rights were mutually reinforcing, he submitted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 
Over the course of the hearing, however, he retreated somewhat and came to accept that his property argument was his strongest and, moreover, enabled him to advance his arguments as required.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [113]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 Finally, and if there }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 an unconstitutional taking under }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11616636\charrsid7669635 Article}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635  40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14158621\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635  (as he argued), Mr\~Arnold argued that it was not a tax.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 
In this, he was replying to the submissions of the plaintiff, now introduced.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719\charrsid7669635 Plaintiff\rquote s case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [114]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 In dealing with Article 64(1)(a), Mr\~
Ruffin focused upon the definition of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 \'93security of the person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 He submitted, in short, that it could not include dimensions of social welfare in terms of Mr\~Arnold\rquote s argument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 He traversed the relevant Canadian cases which were, he submitted, the best foundation that Mr\~
Arnold could array.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 
Nevertheless, he said that the Canadian Courts had not yet accepted the position contended for by Mr\~Arnold.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 He submitted that this Court should not go further.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 Consequently, the argument based on Article 64(1)(a) should fail.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10180719 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [115]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 
Mr Ruffin spent more time addressing the property arguments advanced by reference to Articles 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635  and 64}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 (1)(c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 He characterised Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635  as recognising the Government\rquote s power of eminent domain.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 He emphasised the law in Australia which required, in order for there to be a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 
 acquisition, that there should be an identifiable recipient (either the State or some other party).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 He said there was no such recipient in this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [116]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 In terms of Article 64(1)(c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635  he submitted there was no depri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 vation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 
Certainly, he submitted there was no basis to argue that the absence of a government guarantee (in the absence of identified loss in the Fund) was relevant to determining whether there was a taking or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635 deprivation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 
He accepted that the absence of a government guarantee might be relevant in undertaking the balancing act under Article 64(2) but said it had no other part to play.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [117]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 He then submitted that if there }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635 were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635  a breach of Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635  by way of the Act, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635 acquisition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 
 (a necessary consequence of such a finding) amounted to a tax and thus fell within one of the limited exceptions in Article 40(2).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 He said that this should be a wide conception of tax.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 In particular, the reference in Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13579902\charrsid7669635 (2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635  to a tax should not be limited by the requirement}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635  of Article 69}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635  (set out at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635  REF _Ref377976282 \\r \\h }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10047958\charrsid7669635 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003300370037003900370036003200380032000000ff}}}{\fldrslt {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6033527\charrsid7669635 [243]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\pgnrestart\pgnstarts0\linex0\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid543618\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635  below)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [118]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 Finally, Mr\~Ruffin addressed th
e question of remedies and I discuss that below.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120\charrsid7669635 First issue \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11616636\charrsid7669635 Article}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120\charrsid7669635  64(1)(a) \endash  security of the person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120\charrsid7669635 Introduction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [119]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120\charrsid7669635 The parties stated their summary of this issue differently.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [120]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120\charrsid7669635 
For the plaintiff, it was a simple issue of whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11616636\charrsid7669635 Article}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120\charrsid7669635  64(1)(a) was relevant to the constitutional challenge and if so how.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [121]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120\charrsid7669635 
For the defendants, it was more nuanced and started by asking whether the Act engaged issues, in particular, of security of the person within the meaning of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11616636\charrsid7669635 Article}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120\charrsid7669635  64(1)(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [122]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120\charrsid7669635 
Following on from that, the defendants asked whether the article conferred either a positive right to security of the person or a right not to be deprived of security of the person except in accordance with law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120\charrsid7669635 In the case of the latter, the defenda
nts then asked whether there was a deprivation and whether, in the circumstances, there was a positive obligation on the State to guarantee the losses which might be suffered by the Fund.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [123]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120\charrsid7669635 As I understand it, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 this first}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120\charrsid7669635  issue comes down to two legal issues.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120\charrsid7669635 First, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 whether the expression }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 \'93security of the person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635  encompasses economic concepts of social security or whether it is more limited to issues associated with the administration of justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635  in the sense of the integrity of the body}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120\charrsid7669635 Secondly, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 whether, in addition to the negative right (not to be deprived etc) there is also a positive right to security of the person.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 Defendants\rquote  arguments}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [124]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 Mr Arnold\rquote 
s main submission is that the Constitution confers a positive right to security of the person that obligates }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 tate, having }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 \'93engaged\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635  the right to security of the person by passing the Act, to guarantee the Fund so as to assure that security of the person.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 Closely related to that is an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 argument that the C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 onstitution confers a negative right not to be deprived
 of security of the person.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 
That right has been infringed by the Act in its compulsory taking of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635 property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635  (both the employee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 s and employer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 s contribution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 ) that is intended for a person\rquote s retirement, the partial or total loss of which cannot be made good by a retired or disabled person without support from the Government.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14171120 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [125]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 The defendants argue}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635  that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 State }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 guarantee mentioned }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3302315\charrsid7669635 earlier (see }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635  REF _Ref378148974 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10047958\charrsid7669635 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003300370038003100340038003900370034000000ff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6033527\charrsid7669635 [90]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\pgnrestart\pgnstarts0\linex0\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid543618\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635  and }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3302315\charrsid7669635  REF _Ref377467494 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10047958\charrsid7669635 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003300370037003400360037003400390034000000ff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6033527\charrsid7669635 [91]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\pgnrestart\pgnstarts0\linex0\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid543618\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3302315\charrsid7669635 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635  should extend to all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635 funds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 
 credited to the account of a contributor, that a capital guarantee and modest inflation adjustment (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635 
it is not clear whether this aspect is still pursued}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 ) is necessary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635  and that the absence of the guarantee is constitutionally objectionable.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [126]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 
Put in other words, the key issue for the defendants: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 \'93...is the State
\rquote s action in depriving persons of autonomy and control of their own property, yet refusing to stand by the consequences of any loss that may result.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [127]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 Mr Arnold accept}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 
 that the starting point for his argument is to ascertain the meaning of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 \'93security of the person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 also accepted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635  that neither the Act nor the Trust Deed speaks in terms of security.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 At this preliminary point it might be observed that this can be contrasted with the situation in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 Apostolou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635  v Republic of Cyprus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635  [1985] LRC (Const) 851}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635  in which the relevant Constitution provided: }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 \'93Every person has the right to a decent existence and for social security.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 
A law should provide for the protection of the workers, assistance of the poor and for a system of social insurance.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [128]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 
Mr Arnold was not daunted by the absence of such an express provision in the Cook Islands Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635  arguing that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 \'93security of the person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635  effectively }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 lead}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635  to the same consequences}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [129]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 Following on from that, if }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 \'93security of the person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 
 does have the meaning contended for by Mr\~Arnold, he then formally ask}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635  whether Parliament engaged with it in legislating for the Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 There seems little doubt that this was the case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 
 (all else to one side)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317\charrsid7669635 In that instance, the question is whether Parliament got it right from a constitutional }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 perspective.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7427317 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [130]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 While Mr\~
Arnold drew on a number of sources for his submission that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 \'93security of the person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635  has a wider rather than narrower meaning, there were two main authorities.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 First, he relied upon the commentaries of Blackstone dating from the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 ighteenth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 entury.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 He said the Blackstone\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 \'93genetic footprint\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635  could be found in legal wri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 
ting thereafter culminating in A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 rticle 64.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 Secondly, he relied upon Canadian jurisprudence and in particular the decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 Gosselin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [131]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 Mr Arnol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 d made the beguiling submission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635  that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 \'93The Cook Islands\rquote  right can be traced directly back from 1981 to 1840 and from there to Blackstone\rquote s description of it in 1766.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [132]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 He went on to submit that}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 \'93....the interrelationship of the rights of personal security and private property long predate Blackstone and his commentaries.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 
From his account, they would appear to have emerged over the 200 years prior as the statute and common law relating to the poor develop from the early 1500s onwards.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3631511 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [133]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 
Indeed, Mr Arnold went back further in time and ultimately went back to the Magna Carta.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [134]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 Despite Mr Arnold\rquote 
s confidence that his argument was well founded, the fact is there is no clear acceptance of which I am aware that the expression }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 \'93
security of the person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635  includes a negative right }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635 let alone a positive right}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351\charrsid7669635  so far as it concerns access to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16020480\charrsid7669635 social security.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16020480\charrsid7669635 I think Mr\~Arnold\rquote s submission can, fairly, be described as radical.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16020480\charrsid7669635 In these circumstances, I }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 questioned whether }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16020480\charrsid7669635 it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635  was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16020480\charrsid7669635  appropriate that a first instance Judge should found a conclusion simply on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635 
basis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16020480\charrsid7669635  of Blackstone\rquote s commentaries.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16020480\charrsid7669635 I put this proposition to Mr\~Arnold and he was largely unmoved by it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16020480\charrsid7669635 He pointed, as one example of Blackstone\rquote s influence, the express reference by Lord Reed in the very recent Judgment of the UK Supreme Court in 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16020480\charrsid7669635 Bank Mellat v HM Treasury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16020480\charrsid7669635 
 [2013] UKSC 39, [68].}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [135]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 
Mr Arnold took the Court through extensive references to Blackstone.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 In short, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 argued that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 \'93security of the person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635  was clearly understood by Blackstone as a reference to the relief of poverty and care of the poor.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7700351 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [136]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 
These deeply considered arguments then culminated in Mr\~Arnold\rquote s reliance upon Canadian jurisprudence in relation to the Canadian Bill of Rights 1960 which was, in 1982, superseded by the Charter of Rights and Freedoms.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 The high point of his argument was the Supreme Court decision of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 Gosselin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635  already mentioned.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Arnold argued that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635  in Canada, the concept of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 \'93security of the person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635  has}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635  been held to extend to rights a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 ffecting a person\rquote s body and health}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 
 and as a right that is protective of the physiological integrity of an individual.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 He submitted that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 Gosselin }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 was a case regarding social welfare (that is correct) and that the circumstances in that case were, subject to two important distinctions, directly relevant to the present case.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 He acknowledged the majority view in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 Gosselin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635  (which is essentially unfavourable to him}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635  despite his endeavours to paint it in a positive light}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 
) and then placed considerable reliance upon the dissenting decision of Arbour\~J from which he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 distilled}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635  some }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 eleven}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635  principles.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 This analysis culminated in a submission that the dissenting Judge\rquote s reasoning supported a submission that the
re was no doubt that there was a positive right to security of the person in the Cook Islands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [137]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 
There was considerable discussion between bench and bar in relation to whether there was both a positive and negative right.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 Prima facie, the words in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11616636\charrsid7669635 Article}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3302315\charrsid7669635 64(1)(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3302315\charrsid7669635 ) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 would suggest there are both.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 But a similar structure in the Canadian Charter has not lead to that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 conclusion}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635  in that country}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 The majority view in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 Gosselin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635  clearly shows }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid740932\charrsid7669635 reluctance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635  on the part of the Court to embrace a positive right \endash  n
o doubt, because that might have unfortunate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635  and unintended}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635  consequences.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [138]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 
Mr Arnold then extensively discussed the negative right and also addressed the question of whether there needed to be actual harm or whether reasonably apprehended harm was sufficient.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8796134\charrsid7669635 He submitted it should be the latter.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 Article 64(1)(a) - t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061\charrsid7669635 he plaintiff\rquote s arguments 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [139]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 Mr Ruffin\rquote 
s submissions focused on the meaning of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 \'93security of the person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 He submitted that, in accordance with Canadian jurisprudence, it should be interpreted to mean physical security of the person or bodily integrity.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 But, however it was defined, it could not include}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635  economic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635  notions of social welfare.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2950061 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [140]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 He noted 
that some of the Canadian cases speak in terms of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 \'93well-being of a natural person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635  and he said that this, too, excluded any sense of social welfare obligations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 He referred to a range of cases decided in Canada between 1979 (at the earliest) and 1993.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 concluded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 
 this discussion by reference to the Supreme Court of Canada decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002\charrsid7669635 Goss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 elin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635  particularly at paragraphs [75]-[83].}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 These paragraphs }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 
 part of the Judgment of the majority in that case which, he submitted, made it clear that the Supreme Court, first, did not accept any positive obligation and, secondly, had not yet accepted a meaning of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 \'93security of the person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635  commensurate with Mr\~Arnold\rquote 
s characterisation of that expression.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347002 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [141]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Ruffin joined with Mr\~
Arnold in accepting that the expression found in both Article}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3302315\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635  64(1)(a) and 64(1)(c) \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 \'93in accordance with law\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 - }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 effectively meant in accordance with principles of fundamental justice as that term appears in the Canadian Charter.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [142]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 Finally, Mr\~
Ruffin referred to the Cook Island legislation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3302315\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635  Ministry of Finance and Economic Management Act 1995-1996}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3302315\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635  in the context of Mr\~Arnold\rquote s submission that there should be a government guarantee in the scheme.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 While this Act was discussed by Mr\~Ruffin at this point in his submissions, I am not
 convinced that this is the appropriate place to consider it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 But, in any event, I am not sure that it is particularly relevant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 This Act is concerned, inter alia, with whether the Government can give guarantees and indemnities (section 60).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 It does not
, however, purport to deal with the situation of whether the Government, by statute, could guarantee or somehow underwrite a superannuation scheme.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514446\charrsid7669635 Article 64(1)(a) \endash  discussion and decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514446 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11226472\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [143]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11226472\charrsid7669635 
I propose dealing with this issue relatively briefly, conscious of my subsequent conclusion that there has been a breach of Article }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 64(1)(c).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 
In those circumstances, I see no need to make a final decision in relation to an argument which, if accepted, would amount to a significant development of the law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 
As I say below, I have reservations about the argument but I think it better to leave a final decision to another case which more directly engages with the issue and where there are no other alternatives.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 Here, Mr\~Arnold\rquote 
s arguments more naturally fall to be determined by reference to Article 64(1)(c) and my preference is to address them at that stage.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514446 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [144]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 However, and in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635  deference }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 to Mr\~Arnold\rquote 
s strongly made argument, I do want to make some observations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 I am also conscious that this matter may go further and that it may be necessary for Mr\~Arnold to revisit the topic in another Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [145]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 
First, I have reservations whether the framers of the Constitution intended the expression }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 \'93security of the person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635  to have the wide-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 ranging economic dimension of social security.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Arnold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 has gone }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14956446\charrsid7669635 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 
 much trouble to draw an historical thread extending over a period of at least 300 years up to 1965 when the Constitution was adopted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 Enlightenment writers plainly had notions of old age security in mind in writing generally about fundamental human rights.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 William Blackstone in his Commentaries (Book 1, Chapter 1) referred to what }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 he said were the three principal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 
 rights being the right of personal security, the right of personal liberty and the right of private property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 In relation to the first (the right of personal security) he said that this consisted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 \'93in a person\rquote s legal and uninterrupted enjoyment of his life, his limbs, his body, his health and his reputation.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 He expanded upon this by saying: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 \'93The law not only regards life and member, and protects every man in the enjoyment of them, but also furnishes him with everything necessary for their support.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [146]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 The reference by Blackstone to}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635  a right to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 
 enjoyment of life finds echo in the other Enlightenment writers referred to by Mr\~Arnold.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 Although not mentioned by counsel it might be observed that there is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 
 an arch that extends from the E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 nlightenment to the present.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 The late }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 Ronald Dworkin, in his }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 more }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 recent writings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 , states}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 
 that one of the two fundamental principles underpinning the law is that each human life}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635  should succeed rather than fail}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635  \endash  that people }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 should }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 live well.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [147]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 But}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635  all of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635  that does not necessarily mean that an expression such as }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 \'93life, liberty and security of the person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 
 intended to bring in economic or property concerns.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 
I immediately accept that, in thinking about quality of life concerns, regard needs to be paid to economic }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 dimensions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 But if }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 \'93security of the person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635  is to extend beyond notions of bodily integrity (associated with health for example) it is difficult to see where the field ends.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 
Ultimately it might be argued that anything that impacts upon the life of a human being is thereby incorporated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635  within Article 64(1)(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 That seems an unlikely proposition.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [148]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 Secondly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 , I note the structure of Article 64(1) and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635  in particular}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635  Article 64(1)(c) with its focus upon property rights.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 The present case shows that at least some aspects of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 social}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635  security can be dealt with by reference to that Article.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 A broad interpretation of Article 64(1)(a) arguably would replace the need for Article 64(1)(c).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 This sort of analysis suggests that the framers of the Constitution intended that }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 \'93security of the person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635  should be rea
d in a narrower sense.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 
I accept, of course, that a Constitution is to be interpreted both by reference to the framers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635  intentions and as a living document.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [149]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 Thirdly, s}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756\charrsid7669635 ection 7 of the Canadian Charter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 
 is in the following terms: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4325756 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 \'93
Everyone has the right to life, liberty and security of the person and the right not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [150]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 
This section in the Charter appears under the heading }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 \'93Legal Rights\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 Section 7 is followed by sections 8-14 dealing with protection against unreaso}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 
nable search and seizure, arbitrary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635  detention and administration of justice topics of that dimension.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 The Canadian cases generally show a narrower interpretation of the expression }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 \'93security of the person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 
 by reference to this context}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 The same cases also discuss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 
 the deliberate decision, in wording section 7 of the Charter, to exclude any reference to property which was contained in section 1(a) of the Canadian Bill of Rights 1960 which was the predecessor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 provision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [151]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 
A number of Canadian cases were cited to me but I propose discussing only the most recent in the series being the Supreme Court of Canada decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 Gosselin v Quebec (Attorney General)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635  [2002] 4 SCR 429.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 This decision is useful for a number of reasons.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 First, it directly concerns social security (although not old age security).}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 Secondly, it specifically addresses the meaning of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 \'93security of the person\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 
 by reference to social security.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 Thirdly, it conta
ins a strongly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 reasoned}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 dissent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635  by Arbour\~
J which, if it had prevailed, would have provided a foundation for the defendants\rquote  case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [152]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 The facts of the case were briefly this.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559\charrsid7669635 
In 1984 the Quebec Government created a new social security scheme which set the base amount of welfare payable to persons under the age of 30 at roughly one third of the base amount payable to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 those 30 and over.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 The purpose of this was to get recipients under 30 into work and training programmes that would make up for the lower
 base payment received by them while, at the same time, teaching them valuable skills in order to get permanent jobs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 The applicant, a welfare recipient, brought a class action challenging the scheme.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4991559 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [153]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 The decision is lengthy.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 In relation to section 7 of the Charter, there was a 7-2 majority.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 
Five of those majority Judges joined in a joint Judgment written by the Chief Justice and the relevant discussion can be found in paragraph}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635  [75]-[84].}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 This part of the Judgment refers to the dominant strand of jurisprudence on section 7 as focusing on an individual\rquote s interaction with the justice system and its administration.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 At paragraph [77]: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 \'93Under this narrow interpretation, s7 does not protect against all measures that might in some way impinge on lif
e, liberty or security, but only those that can be attributed to State action implicating the administration of justice.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [154]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 Then, at paragraph [80]}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 
 the Chief Justice noted that there was still an open question as to whether section 7 protected rights or interest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635  wholly unconnected to the administration of justice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 For example, it was unresolved whether it might protect interests central to personal autonomy such as privacy and economic rights fundamental to human survival.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [155]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 Having recorded those unresolved questi}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 ons, the Judgment then addressed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 , from [81]}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 
 whether section 7 also placed a positive obligation on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 tate to ensure that each person enjoyed life, liberty or security of the person.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 While recognising that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635  one day}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635  section 7 might be interpreted to include positive obligations, the question was whether the present circumstances warranted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 \'93a novel application of s7\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 
 to found a positive obligation to guarantee adequate living standards.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 The Judgment, at [83]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635  concluded that the circumstances did not warrant this course.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [156]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 
For the reasons briefly summarised above, and if required to do so, it is likely I would have rejected this argument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 Ultimately, though, I prefer to express no final view on it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 I am conscious that in the area of constitutional rights, it is unwise to express }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 conclusive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635  views unless that is clearly necessary.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711\charrsid7669635 Here, it is not necessary and I say no more about it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8742711 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514446\charrsid7669635 Second issue \endash  Articles 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514446\charrsid7669635  and 64(1)(c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635  Property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514446 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 Definition of property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [157]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 
Initially, there was dispute between the parties as to whether the superannuation contributions of the employer and the employee were property in terms of the relevant Articles.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 By the time of the hearing, however, both parties accepted that they did amount to property.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 
Moreover, both the contributions of the employee and the employer amounted to property of the employee.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 I proceed on that basis.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514446\charrsid7669635 Defendants\rquote  submissions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514446 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [158]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 
While a number of authorities were relied upon by Mr\~Arnold, and are discussed later, the case at the centre of his argument is the Privy Council decision already introduced, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 La Compagnie Sucriere v Mauritius}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635  [1995}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 ] 3 LRC 494.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 The relevant portions of the Mauritian Constitution were similar although not identical to the equivalent portions of the Cook Islands Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514446 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref373313280}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [159]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 Mr Arnol}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 d\rquote s argument was that the State-mandated superannuation S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 
cheme amounted both to a taking (or acquisition) in terms of Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635  and a deprivation in terms of Article 64(1)(c).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 He referred to a number of authorities to support a proposition that it was not necessary to rely upon one single restriction but, rather, upon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635  an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635  accumulation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635  of minor restrictions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 Sucriere}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635  discusses this at pages 501-503 by reference to a number of earlier authorities including the decision of the US Supreme Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 Pennsylvania}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 Coal v Mahon}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635  (1922) US 393, 415-416.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 There }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 are}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635  similar sta
tements of principle in more recent decisions of the Privy Council being }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 Grape Bay}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635  v Attorney General (Bermuda)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635  [1991] UKPC 43 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 Campbell-R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 odriques}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635  v Attorney General of Jamaica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635  [2007] UKPC 65}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 Canadian authority such as the decision of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 Manitoba Fisheries}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635  v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635  [1979] 1 SCR 101}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635  to similar effect.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 {\*\bkmkend _Ref373313280} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [160]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 
Mr Arnold referred, also, to Australian authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635  although made the point that care needed to be taken for several reasons including the fa
ct that, in Australia, the High Court of Australia had concluded that, in order to show an acquisition, it was necessary that someone had received a corresponding benefit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Arnold submitted that that was not a requirement of the common law and that }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635 there might be a taking or acquisition of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 
property without any other person actually acquiring it or using it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 He spent some time, in reply, developing this argument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [161]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 
He referred, in particular, to the Privy Council decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 Societe United Doc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2053033\charrsid7669635 k}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635  v Government of Mauritius}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 [1985] AC 585}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 and referred to Lord Templeman\rquote s emphasis on the individual\rquote s loss rather than the State\rquote s gain.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 He referred, too, to an article by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 Kevin }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 Gray who said how the Australian jurisprudence had been }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 \'93bedevilled\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635  by the distinction in that country}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14174794\charrsid7669635 : (2007) 24 Environmental and Planning Law Journal 161}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Arnold then expanded upon that by reference to two decisions of the High Court of Australia.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 e referred to Callinan\~ J in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 Smith v ANL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 [2000] HCA 58 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 particularly at paragraphs [155] and [157].}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 He also referred to the Chief Justice in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 Commonwealth v }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 WMC}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635  Resources}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635  (1998) 194 CLR 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 These references, he said, showed that the Australian Judges themselves had considerable reservations and had effectively read down the requirement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 
In Australia it was sufficient if there were some slight or insubstantial acquisition by the Commonwealth or another.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [162]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 Furthermore, in reply, Mr\~
Arnold responded to Mr\~Ruffin\rquote s argument that Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635  on the one hand and Article 64(1)(c) on the other were directed at different concerns.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 In effect, Mr\~Ruffin had argued that the two concepts did not overlap.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Arnold submitted this was fundamentally wrong.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 He illustrated his point by way of a Venn diagram.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 The outer and larger circle was that of deprivation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 Included within that larger set was a smaller subset of taking/acquisition.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref375296990}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [163]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 Based on the authority of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 Sucriere}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 
, and the other cases mentioned above in paragraph }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635  REF _Ref373313280 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10047958\charrsid7669635 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003300370033003300310033003200380030000000ff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6033527\charrsid7669635 [159]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\pgnrestart\pgnstarts0\linex0\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid543618\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 , Mr\~Arnold argued tha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 t the cumulative effect of the S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 cheme amounted to a taking (or acquisition) and also a deprivation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 The argument is multi-pronged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 First, Mr\~Arnold characterised the rights that the members had in the scheme as those of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 \'93mere expectancy\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 He referred to various materials}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635  including by Tom Allen, noting that such rights do not amount to property.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 Put in the language of Callinan\~
J in the High Court of Australia (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635 Smith v ANL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635  at paragraph [194]) the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635  property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635  right possessed by the member before }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 making the contribution}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005\charrsid7669635  was considerably more ample th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 an it was afterwards}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635  \endash  property contributed to the S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 
cheme by way of contribution was replaced by a mere expectancy.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6520005 {\*\bkmkend _Ref375296990}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [164]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 
Secondly, the State (represented variously by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 E}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 xecutive as well as Parliament) retain}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635  significant rights to alter the scheme.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [165]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 
Thirdly, the protection provided by section 21(2) was more illusory than real.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 I have already addressed that argument at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 
 REF _Ref377374724 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10047958\charrsid7669635 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003300370037003300370034003700320034000000ff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6033527\charrsid7669635 [76]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\pgnrestart\pgnstarts0\linex0\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid543618\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635  and }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635  REF _Ref377374726 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10047958\charrsid7669635 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003300370037003300370034003700320036000000ff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6033527\charrsid7669635 [77]}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\psz9\pgnrestart\pgnstarts0\linex0\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid543618\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635  above.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref375296997}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1783484\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [166]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1783484\charrsid7669635 Fourthly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 , the Cook Islands scheme lacked those features otherwise available in the equivalent schemes of other Pacific countries (see discussion above at paragraphs }
{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635  REF _Ref375296887 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10047958\charrsid7669635 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003300370035003200390036003800380037000000ff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6033527\charrsid7669635 [87]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\pgnrestart\pgnstarts0\linex0\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid543618\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 -}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635  REF _Ref375296904 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10047958\charrsid7669635 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003300370035003200390036003900300034000000ff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6033527\charrsid7669635 [95]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\pgnrestart\pgnstarts0\linex0\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid543618\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 ).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 {\*\bkmkend _Ref375296997} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [167]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 In reply, Mr\~
Arnold developed these arguments in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 light}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 
 of the possibility that he needed to show a taking in what he called }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 \'93the classic sense\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 He developed this argument by referring to the compulsory nature of the transaction \endash  what he called a forced exchange.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 The employee\rquote 
s existing property rights were extinguished and new property rights replaced them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 I am by no means certain that these are two discrete approaches.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 They seem to me simply different was of characterising the same fundamental }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [168]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 Against the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635  submissions, Mr\~Arnold submitted that each of Articles 40}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635  and 64(1)(c) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635  engaged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 In terms of Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635  that then required consideration of the tax exception in Article 40(2).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 In relation to Article 64(1)(c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635  that then require}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635  consideration of the balancing exercise inherent in Article 64(2). }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [169]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 In relation to the latter, Mr\~
Arnold focused his submissions around the very recent decision of the UK Supreme Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 Bank Mellat v HM Treasury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635  [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 2013] UK}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 HC 39.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 He emphasised, in particular, paragraph}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635  [20]-[21] of Lord\~Sumption\rquote s speech for the majority.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 He also drew my attention to paragraphs [68]-[76] of Lord Reed\rquote s speech in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 dissent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635  (which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 paragraphs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 , however,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 Lord\~Sumption specifically endorsed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Arnold\rquote 
s particular focus was upon the third and fourth factors being whether a less intrusive measure could have been used without compromising the achievement of the main objective and whether, in an overall balance of the severity of the measure o
n the right of persons to whom it applied, that outweigh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635  the importance of the objective.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 This was a comparison between the rights of the complainant and the rights of others.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 While the State might be a proxy for the rights of others, ultimately this w
as not a comparison between the State as some abstract entity and the complainant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Arnold submitted that, for all the reasons set out above (see in particular paragraphs }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635  REF _Ref375296990 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10047958\charrsid7669635 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003300370035003200390036003900390030000000ff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6033527\charrsid7669635 [163]}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\pgnrestart\pgnstarts0\linex0\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid543618\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 -}{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635  REF _Ref375296997 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10047958\charrsid7669635 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f005200650066003300370035003200390036003900390037000000ff}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6033527\charrsid7669635 [166]}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\pgnrestart\pgnstarts0\linex0\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid543618\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780\charrsid7669635  the proportionality test failed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15743780 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 Articles 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635  and 64(1)(c) \endash  plaintiff\rquote s argument}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [170]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 Mr Ruffin started by addressing Mr\~Arnold
\rquote s argument that, first, there was a positive as well as a negative duty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 In that regard, Mr\~Ruffin referred to the commentator, Van der Walt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635  who at page 12 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 his book }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 asked whether that proposition had any real content.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Ruffin submitted there could be no such positive duty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 The balance of his submissions focused on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 alleged }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 negative duty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [171]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 Mr Ruffin characterised Articles 40}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 
 and 64(1)(c) as two discrete rights intended to deal with different circumstances.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 I asked him to picture these as Venn diagram}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635  in the same way as had Mr\~Arnold.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Ruffin drew them as two entirely separate circles with no overlap.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 He acknowledged that an accumulation of factors making up a deprivation might, as a matter of fact and degree, ultimately become an acquisition.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 
However, at that point, the relevant conduct could no longer be characterised as a deprivation but would, rather, become an acquisition.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 His submission was that Mr\~Arnold\rquote s case should more appropriately be thought of in terms of Article 64(1)(c) rather than under Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 
 (although, of course, he did not concede that Article 64(1)(c) was breached)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [172]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 The plaintiff argued that }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635  was concerned with the State\rquote s power of eminent domain and was primarily concerned with the taking}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635  of tangible property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635  and the giving of compensation for it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 The taking of land by the State under compulsory powers \endash 
 and in exchange giving compensation \endash  was the straightforward example of such powers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635  at work}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [173]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 Mr\~
Ruffin emphasised that for there to be a taking or acquisition under Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635  there needed to be a recipient.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 In that regard, he reviewed the Australian authorities and in particular }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 
Commonwealth v WMC Resources }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 (1998) 194}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 
 CLR 1.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 By reference to this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 and other authorities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 
 he submitted there could be no acquisition of property by the State without a distinct financial benefit being conferred upon the State (or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 an}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 other party) involving some identifiable benefit or advantage relating to the ownership or use of the property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 He submitted that the acquisition, by the Trustee, of the legal interest in the contributions}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635  did not satisfy this requirement.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [174]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 He submitted that, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 n reading cases such as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 Sucriere}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635  or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 Nyambirai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 
it was necessary to appreciate that the Court was, in essence, dealing with applications for compensation in relation to constitutions where the double property guarantee in each case required the payment of compensation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 He contrasted that with the situation in the Cook Islands where only Article 40}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 
 was directly linked to the payment of compensation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 
He submitted that this distinction meant that dicta in these cases should be read carefully.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 It is by no means clear to me that each of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 Sucriere}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 Nyambirai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 did }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 involve applications seeking the payment of compensation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 Sucriere}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 , it seems that the applicants sought a declaration that the legislation contravened the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 Nyambirai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635  they sought redress under section 24(1) of the Constitution (although what that entailed is not clear from the Judgment).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 I agree, though, that in each case, the relevant constitution did link compensation to each of the
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635  two}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635  property guarantees.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [175]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 Turning, then, to Article 64(1)(c), }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Ruffin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 
 submitted that the relevant conduct did not amount to a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4678430\charrsid7669635 deprivation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 For example, he argued that the absence of a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 Government }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 guarantee was irrelevant in the absence of evidence of a loss (and this argument also applied equally to Article 40).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 he act of deprivation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 the compulsory making of a contribution in terms of section 36 of the Act, for example}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635  was the point at which the Court should focus.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 
If there were to be a loss, in the future, then that was not relevant to assessing whether there was an actual deprivation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635  at the time of making }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 contribution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref377468686}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [176]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 He challenged Mr\~Arnold\rquote 
s characterisation of vulnerability on the part of contributors.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 He said that, based on the Australian decision of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 Finch}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 , as discussed in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 Professor }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 Dal Pont}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 \rquote s text, Equity and Trusts in Australia (5ed), chapter 28}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 , members did have an equitable interest which was something more than an expectancy.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 Certainly, their interest was something more than that of a discretionary benefi}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 ciary.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 They could enforce the t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 rust}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 {\*\bkmkend _Ref377468686}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 He also emphasised the obligation upon the Public Trustee to act as a prudent person.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 He said this obligation had real consequences.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [177]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 Mr\~
Ruffin submitted that the protection in section 21(2), although not entrenched, was a real protection.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 He submitted that if the State endeavoured to remove a member\rquote s rights (putting that in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 broadest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635  sense) then the Court would be vigilant to protect them}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635  including by reference to the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [178]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 Mr Ruffin did discuss Article 40(2)(g).}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 
Under questioning by me, he accepted that, ultimately, its ambit was not entirely clear and that his case did not rely on it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635 For example, he was not endeavouring to argue that the Act could be characterised as general law relating to trusts and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 thus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635  somehow sitting outside the effect}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635  of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161\charrsid7669635  Article 40.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [179]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 
By the end of the hearing, both counsel were substantially agreed as to the exercise of the proportionality assessment in terms of Article 64(2).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Ruffin, although rejecting the absence of a guarantee as being relevant to assessing whether there is a de
privation (see above) accepted that it might be relevant in the proportionality assessment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 Articles 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635  and 64(1)(c) \endash  discussion and decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [180]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 first}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635  issue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635  is to identify the relationship }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635  Articles 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635  and 64(1)(c) one to the other.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 In broad terms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635  I need to determine what each Article addresses and whether they are quite discrete or whether and to what extent they overlap.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 
This exercise needs to be undertaken because the defendants claim under both Articles without differentiation on the basis that the two Articles overlap.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [181]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 
Article 40 was in the Constitution when enacted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 
Article 64 was introduced some}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635  15 years later as part of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid543618\charrsid7669635 ninth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid543618\charrsid7669635 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 mendment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 This, it might be thought, supports an argument that the framers of the amendmen
t had particular purposes in mind in introducing it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 
It makes more sense to assume that Article 64(1)(c) was intended to deal with something other than the property concerns already addressed by Article 40.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 Why else would it be added?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [182]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 I accept}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635  Mr\~Ruffin\rquote s submissions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635  that, prima facie, Article 40}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 
 is concerned with the doctrine of eminent domain \endash  the right of the State to take tangible property subject to the payment of compensation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 That is its central function.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 That is not especially controversial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 What is more difficult is whether that also defines the boundaries of Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 
(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [183]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 Article 40\rquote s use of language }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 \'93taken possession of compulsorily\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635  and 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 \'93acquired compulsorily\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 
 can be contrasted with Article 64(1)(c)\rquote s use of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 \'93deprived\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 It can properly be assumed that the framers of the various provisions chose their words carefully.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 Those words used in Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 (1)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635  are consistent with the expropriation cases of eminent domain.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 These words, too, are consistent with there being both a loss (or deprivation) and a receipt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 That }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 can be contrasted with the use of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 \'93deprived\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 in Article 64(1)(c) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 is more consistent with the notion of police powers where there is }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 then }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 
a balancing exercise between the rights of the individual and the rights }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 and interests }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 of the majority.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [184]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 he Australian Constitution in section 51(x}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 x}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 xi) speaks in terms of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 \'93acquisition of property\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 , broadly corresponding to our Article 40.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 The Australian Courts have generally interpreted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 \'93acquisition\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635  to require a recipient of property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 Simply being deprived of property, in the absence of any beneficiary of that, does not breach the Australian Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [185]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 In a language sense, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 \'93deprived\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 
 appears to be a broader and more generous concept than that of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 \'93taking/acquisition\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092\charrsid7669635 And that lies behind Mr\~Arnold\rquote s submission that taking}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 
/acquisition is a subset of deprivation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 That approach, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 however}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 
, is not supported by a close reading of the important Privy Council decision, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 La Compagnie Sucriere v Mauritius}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635  [1995] 3 LRC 494.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 The case concerned a new statutory obligation imposed upon landowners to re-let farmland (already subject to leases) to sugarcane farmers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 The purpose was to provide those farmers with some security of tenure.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 The landowners argued that 
the Mauritius Constitution contained two relevant provisions which were breached.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 They sought a declaration to that effect.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [186]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 
The two relevant provisions in the Mauritius Constitution were sections 3(c), broadly corresponding to Article 64(1)(c) in our case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 , and}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635  section 8, broadly corresponding with Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635  in our case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 There was a material difference, though, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 section 3(c) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 Article 64(1)(c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 contained a right to compensation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 Ultimately, I do not think t
his difference material but it is always important carefully to analyse relevant constitutions when referring to cases from other jurisdictions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [187]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 
Lord Woolf delivered the advice of the Board (interestingly, Hardie-Boys\~J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635  then}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635  of the New Zealand Court of Appeal also sat).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [188]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 
The preliminary parts of the decision set out the statutory background and the text of sections 3(c) and 8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 On page 500 there is a discussion about interpretation principles which is then followed by a reference to Lord\~Templeman\rquote s speech in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 Societe United Docks v }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 Government of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 Mauritius}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 
 [1985] LRC (Const) 801 which had previously considered sections 3 and 8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 An extract from Lord\~Templeman }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635  set out culminating in this: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 \'93Loss caused by deprivation and destruction is the same in quality and effect as loss caused by compulsory acquisition.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [189]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 
Mr Arnold placed considerable reliance upon this statement but, as I go on to discuss, subsequent Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635  have not taken this to mean that the notions of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 taking}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635  on the one hand and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 deprivation}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635  on the other are necessarily the same.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [190]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 Lord Woolf then discuss}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635  the relationship between sections 3 and 8.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 Notwithstanding Lord\~Templeman\rquote s observation about the relationship between deprivation and acquisition, it is difficult to see that Lord\~Woolf }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 ultimately }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 embrace}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635  such an approach.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 state}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 : }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 \'93
The correct approach is therefore to read section 3(c) and section 8 together, with the relevant language of each section influencing the interpretation of the other.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [191]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \fi-720\li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 Pausing at that point}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635  it might be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2691966\charrsid7669635 respectfully}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635  observed that the direction to read the two provisions together provides no real assistance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 And it is not entirely consistent with the conclusion of that lengthy paragraph: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 \'93
There is therefore a significant distinction between the protection provided by section 3(c) and section 8, notwithstanding their close relationship.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3962092 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [192]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 
This is a critical paragraph in the decision.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 
Lord Woolf speaks of section 3(c) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 
Article 64(1)(c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 
 as being a broader provision than the other but also subject to a broader qualification.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742\charrsid7669635 Part of that reasoning hinges on a slightly different definition }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 \'93property\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 
 in the Mauritius Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 
Even taking that into account, Lord\~Woolf still identifies an important distinction between the two approaches.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16391742 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [193]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 
Ultimately, the Privy Council approached section 3(c) and section 8 differently.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 At page 504, Lord\~Woolf identified that the issue before the Court was more appropriately treated as depending on section 3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 Article 64(1)(c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635  than section 8 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 
Even on a generous interpretation of section 8, it could not be said there was a compulsory taking possession of or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635  an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635  acquiring.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [194]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 he Court ultimately focused on section 3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 Article 64(1)(c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 Later}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635  on page 504 Lord\~Woolf }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 said}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 : }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 \'93
The ownership of land has a multiplicity of incidents and every regulation of those incidents in the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635  public interest does not }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15032483\charrsid7669635 attract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635  a prima facie right to compensation\'85
 However, even assuming that section 3 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 [Article 64(1)(c)] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 
does apply because cumulatively the controls in section 5A [the impugned legislation] amount to a constructive deprivation of property, it by no means follows that section 5A contravenes section 3.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 
The restrictions on the contract of Metayage [the relevant lease] only contravene the protection provided by section 3 if, because of the lack of any provision for compensation, they do not achieve a fair balance between the interests of the community and
 the rights of the individuals whose property interests are adversely affected.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [195]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 The analysis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635  in the case, and the subsequent conclusions, more closely support Mr\~Ruffin\rquote s approach than that of Mr\~Arnold.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 That is, Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635  primarily focuses on a compulsory acquisition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635  of tangible property}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 
 plus compensation and Article 64(1)(c) focuses upon deprivation which may result from a multiplicity of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 factors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635  in any given case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 Broadly speaking, the two situations will not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728181\charrsid7669635 necessarily}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635  overlap.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 It is more likely that one Article will apply}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635  to a given situation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635  and the other will not.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 
Having said that, I think it would be unwise to decide that the two are entirely discrete and will be so in all cases.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 The present facts can, I think, be resolved without needing to reach any final decision on that point which should be left for a case where it must be decided directly.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [196]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 
I refer to two decisions of the Privy Council at this stage.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 First, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 Grape Bay Limited v Attorney General Bermuda }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 [1999] UKPC 43}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795167\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635  a decision concerning legislation preventing McDonalds setting up in Bermuda.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 The issue was whether legislation having that consequence deprived the applicant of property in breach of the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 The challenge ultimately failed on the facts of the case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 The discussion at paragraphs [27]-[29] is, with respect, useful and I now set it out.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 {\*\bkmkstart para27}{\*\bkmkend para27}27.\tab 
It is well settled that restrictions on the use of property imposed in the public interest by general regulatory laws do not constitute a depriv
ation of that property for which compensation should be paid. The best example is planning control (Westminster Bank Ltd. v. Beverley Borough Council [1971] A.C. 508) or in American terminology, zoning laws (Village of Euclid v. Ambler Realty Company (192
6
) 272 U.S. 365). The give and take of civil society frequently requires that the exercise of private rights should be restricted in the general public interest. The principles which underlie the right of the individual not to be deprived of his property w
i
thout compensation are, first, that some public interest is necessary to justify the taking of private property for the benefit of the state and, secondly, that when the public interest does so require, the loss should not fall upon the individual whose p
r
operty has been taken but should be borne by the public as a whole. But these principles do not require the payment of compensation to anyone whose private rights are restricted by legislation of general application which is enacted for the public benefit
.
 This is so even if, as will inevitably be the case, the legislation in general terms affects some people more than others. For example, rent control legislation restricts only the rights of those who happen to be landlords but nevertheless falls within t
he general principle that compensation will not be payable. Likewise in Penn Central Transportation Co. v. City of New York (1978) 438 U.S. 104, the New York City\rquote 
s Landmarks Preservation Law restricted only the rights of those people whose buildings happen
ed to have been designated historic landmarks. Nevertheless the Supreme Court of the United States held that it was a general law passed in the public interest which did not violate the Fifth Amendment prohibition on taking private property without compen
sation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 {\*\bkmkstart para28}{\*\bkmkend para28}28.\tab 
Whether a law or exercise of an administrative power does amount to a deprivation of property depends of course on the substance of the matter rather than upon the form in which the law is drafted. In the leading Canadian case of Man
itoba Fisheries Ltd. v. The Queen (1978) 88 D.L.R. (3d) 462, the Canadian Freshwater Fish Marketing Act, R.S.C. 1970, C.F-13 conferred upon a statutory corporation the monopoly of exporting fish from Manitoba. The appellants had previously been exporting 
f
ish and the effect of the Act was to destroy their business. The Supreme Court of Canada held that they had been deprived of their property, namely, the goodwill of the business, even though that goodwill had not been directly transferred to the corporati
on. The substantial effect was to enable the corporation to acquire their previous customers. Societe United Docks v. Government of Mauritius [1985] A.C. 585
, in which the plaintiffs alleged that their businesses had been destroyed by a monopoly of handling sugar for export conferred upon a s
tatutory corporation, was treated as being in principle a similar case, but the plaintiffs failed on the facts because they were unable to show a causal connection between the establishment of the monopoly and the loss of their businesses.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 {\*\bkmkstart para29}{\*\bkmkend para29}29.\tab 
Their Lordships consider that this case is clearly within the principle of general regulation in the public interest. The prohibition on what for convenience their Lordships will call franchise restaurants applied to everyone in Bermuda. It was highly spe
c
ific in effect, not prohibiting restaurants or any other form of activity other than restaurants operated in a manner which fall within the statutory definition. It affected Grape Bay more than others because they were actually engaged in negotiations wit
h a view to setting up a McDonald\rquote 
s restaurant. But there was no existing business of which they were deprived, as in the Manitoba Fisheries case. Still less was there, as in that case, what amounted in substance to an acquisition of that business by a publ
ic authority. And in the present case, unlike the cases on planning control or landmark preservation orders, Grape Bay did not even own land affected by the restriction. It merely had an option to take a lease.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [197]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 A more recent decision of the Privy Co
uncil also provides insight.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 This is }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 Campbell-Rodriquez v Attorney General of Jamaica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 
 [2007] UKPC 65 which concerned a toll road and whether the institution of a toll infringed the constitutional property protection.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 I set out paragraph [17]: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 \'9317.\tab  
{\*\bkmkstart para17}
It has been generally recognised, both in a long series of cases in the United States and in other jurisdictions, that taking is not limited to direct appropriation, but may encompass regulation of the use of land which adversely affects the owner to a s
ufficiently serious degree: see, eg, Lucas v South Carolina Coastal Council, supra; Penn Central Transportation Company v New York City (1978) 438 US 104. It is equally well recognised that states may pass legislation regulating the use of land in the pub
l
ic interest which does not carry the right to compensation as a taking of property, even though it may have significant adverse economic effects for property owners. The American cases are constantly cited in this context and examples may be found from ot
h
er jurisdictions. It may be necessary to use such authorities with a degree of caution, bearing in mind the differences in wording of the applicable constitutional provisions, but a common thread is visible in a number of developed systems. The principle 
w
as approved by the House of Lords in Belfast Corporation v OD Cars Ltd [1960] AC 490, which was concerned with planning restrictions on the use of land. Viscount Simonds, at p 519, cited with approbation a passage from the judgment of Brandeis J in Pennsy
lvania Coal Co v Mahon (1922) 260 US 393, 417: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601 {\*\bkmkend para17}
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 
"Every restriction upon the use of property imposed in the exercise of the police power deprives the owner of some right ther
etofore enjoyed, and is, in that sense, an abridgment by the State of rights in property without making compensation. But restriction imposed to protect the public health, safety or morals from dangers threatened is not a taking. The restriction here in q
uestion is merely the prohibition of a noxious use."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 
The qualification which Viscount Simonds made was that adumbrated by Holmes J in the same case (260 US 393, 415), that if regulation goes too far it will be recognised as a taking, it being a question of degree.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [198]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 
The relevant constitutional provision in that case was broadly equivalent to our Article 40 and this, of course, framed the discussion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [199]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8205789\charrsid7669635 I rule a line at this}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635  point.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 It seems to me plain that there is a distinction between taking/acquisition on the one hand and deprivation on the other.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 Therefore, I do not accept Mr\~Arnold\rquote 
s submission that taking/acquisition is entirely a subset of deprivation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 That, though, does not necessarily mean that I agree with Mr\~Ruffin\rquote s submission that they are entirely separate concepts with no overlap.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 I now address specific legal issues arising by reference to each of the two Articles.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [200]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 I start with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 The first line of Article 40(1) speaks of property being taken possession of compulsorily.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 This can be contrasted with the second line which goes on to provide that no right over or interest in any property shall be acquired compulsorily.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 
The position of the two approaches must be assumed to refer to different concepts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 Why, otherwise, contain both}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 ?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 Mr\~
Ruffin submitted that the first most sensibly refers to tangible property with the second referring to a broader range of property types.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 I agree.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 The notion of taking possession of property makes most sense in the context of tangible property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 The use of language such as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 \'93
right over or interest in\'85\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635  shows the framers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12275680\charrsid7669635  then}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635  addressing less tangible ownership.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 In my opinion, it is the second expression which is relevant to the present case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 
Henceforth, I will talk in terms of compulsory acquisition rather than taking.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [201]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 
At that point, it is necessary to address the Australian position that compulsory acquisition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635  requires a recipient}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 The first case to address is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 Commonwealth v WMC Resources }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 (1998) 194 CLR 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635  a majority decision of the High Court of Australia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635  in the field of oil exploration permits.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 WMC, an oil expl
orer, sued the Commonwealth seeking a declaration that the statutory attempt to excise certain areas from the permit area was in breach of paragraph 51(xxxi) of the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515\charrsid7669635 In Australia it is established that unless the Commonwealth or some other pe
rson acquires proprietary rights under a law of the Commonwealth there is no acquisition upon which paragraph 51(xxxi)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376\charrsid7669635  attaches.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376\charrsid7669635 In Toohey\~J\rquote s Judgment, the following can be found: }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9453515 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376\charrsid7669635 \'93
At the same time, it is not necessary that what is acquired correspond precisely with what was taken.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376\charrsid7669635 It is enough if it be shown that the Commonwealth acquired an interest in the property of WMC, even though the interest acquired be slight or insubstantial.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [202]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376\charrsid7669635 Two years later, this was followed by }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376\charrsid7669635 Smith v ANL Limited}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376\charrsid7669635  [2000] HCA 58}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376\charrsid7669635 
 a case concerning the statutory withdrawal of common law rights in relation to accidents suffered by seafarers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376\charrsid7669635 This record}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376\charrsid7669635 , too, the need for there to be actual acquisition of some}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635  sort.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635 Callinan\~J at [157] set}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376\charrsid7669635  out an important discussion of section 51(xxxi).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376\charrsid7669635 He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635 made}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376\charrsid7669635  the point that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376\charrsid7669635 narrow view should not be adopted and that the provision may exten}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 d}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376\charrsid7669635  to innominate and anomalous interests.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376\charrsid7669635 He emphasise}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376\charrsid7669635  that there need not be correspondence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 in appearance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635  value or characterisation between
 what has been lost and what has been acquired.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [203]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 
This illustrates that, even in Australia, the need for there to be some correspondence between what has been lost and what has been acquired is approached broadly.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 But the issue remains.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 Should Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635  be interpreted on this basis or should it focus upon identifying the loss only?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [204]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 
On the facts of the case, I do not believe it is necessary to reach a final view on this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635  although, provisionally, I support the Australian approach}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 Here, as will be discussed, I believe it is possible to identify a receipt which, as it happens, is more than slight or insubstantial}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635  (the Australian test)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 The more difficult}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635  (and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6118992\charrsid7669635 critical}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635  issue, though, is to assess whether these circumstances amount t
o an acquisition in the sense contemplated by Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 It is a mixed question of law and fact which I will discuss once I have addressed legal issues arising by reference to Article 64(1)(c).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 It is common ground that if there has been an acquisition in terms of Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 
 then no compensation has been paid and that, subject to considering the tax argument under Article 40(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635  the Constitution has been breached by the Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16464376 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [205]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635  now }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 deal with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635  remaining}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635  legal issues arising under}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 Article 64(1)(c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 here appear to be two to be discussed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 The first concerns whether there is a positive right that is relevant in this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 Article 64(1)(c) speaks of a right to own property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 Here, that right is not challenged.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 The real issue is whether there has been a deprivation in terms of the balance of Article 64(1)(c).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 Therefore, I do not believe it necessary to discuss whether there is a positive right because, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 even }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 if there is, it is not relevant.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [206]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 
Secondly, I address the meaning of the expression }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 \'93except in accordance with law\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635  which appears in Article 64(1)(c) \endash  and also in Article 64(1)(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 As identified by the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 Clarke v Karika}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635  it clearly means more than whether the deprivation occurs pursuant to an act of Parliament.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 If that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635  all it meant then the protection is essentially meaningless}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635  because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 
it would be a simple matter of Parliament usurping the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635  constitutional}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635  right by passing an enactment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 In the end, both parties reached the conclusion that the expression should be interpreted along the lines of the Canadian Charter }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 which use}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 s the qualifier }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 \'93except in accordance with the principles of fundamental justice\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 
By this, the Article would import both procedural and substantive protection.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Arnold argued that subparagraphs (a) and (c) corresponded with Blackstone\rquote s absolute rights and contrasted the relative rights in the other subparagraphs in Article 64.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [207]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896\charrsid7669635 
Ultimately, I do not believe I need to resolve this issue because Mr\~Ruffin did not argue that the case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12022292\charrsid7669635 turned on it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12022292\charrsid7669635 Rather, he said there was no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 acquisition or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12022292\charrsid7669635 deprivation for reasons which I will shortly address.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3096896 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [208]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 Against that background, it 
is necessary to analyse the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635  factual}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 
 matters complained of by the defendants to ascertain whether there is a deprivation, an acquisition, or both.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [209]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 
As noted above, it is assumed that both the employee\rquote s contribution and the employer\rquote s contribution represent relevant property of the employee.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 The contributions are made out of monies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 
 otherwise}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635  payable to the contributor for his or her employment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 
Once the contributions are made to the Fund, the contributing member is left with a future contingent interest \endash  a beneficial interest in trust assets.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 The rights are comparatively limited but a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 re}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635  greater than that of a discretionary beneficiary who simply has a right to call for performance of a trust.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635 In essence, I adopt Mr\~Ruffin\rquote s argument set out at }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635  REF _Ref377468686 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10047958\charrsid7669635 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600330037003700340036003800360038003600000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6033527\charrsid7669635 [176]}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\pgnrestart\pgnstarts0\linex0\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid543618\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12195601\charrsid7669635  above.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [210]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 
Payment of the monies into the Fund constitutes the Trustee as legal owner subject to the terms of the Trust.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Arnold sought to make much of this and it is true that the Trustee has rights to take fees and an indemnity in specified circumstances.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 Nevertheless, there are significant restrictions upon }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635  Trustee and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635 his}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635  acquisition of the legal title is not a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 licence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635  to abuse those assets.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [211]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 
It seems to me that, for an individual contributor, the loss of full ownership of the contributions in exchange for an equitable interest}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635  arguably}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635  amounts to a deprivation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635 There is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635  loss of present enjoyment of the property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 Certainly, that is the case in relation to the member}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 s own contributions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 It is not immediately obvious that the same conclusion arises in relation to employer contributions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 After all, in the absence of the Act, these would not be made at all.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 
Nevertheless, I think that the employer contributions, too, can properly be thought of in terms of deprivation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 Although the obligation to pay them arises under the Act, they are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 a component }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 of the contract of employment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref378751739}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [212]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635 Having said that, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 ny superannuation scheme, analysed simplistically, could be characterised in terms of deprivation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 
After all, it is about deferring the present enjoyment of earnings in order to provide future benefits at retirement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 There is a cost (the deprivation) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635 but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635  ther}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 e is also a benefit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 In a well-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 designed superannuation scheme, thought must be given to the relationship between the deferment of present expenditure in favour of the benefits of retirement income.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635 In my opinion, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 he fact, alone, that a member may exchange full ownership of contributions for an equitable interest in a fund is not, without more, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 usefully characterised as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 a deprivation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 or loss}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635  for constitutional purposes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 his assumes that the superannuation scheme has adequately met the ba
lance between the present and the future.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 I now address that}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 {\*\bkmkend _Ref378751739} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [213]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 I start with the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635  lack of a Government guarantee.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 Or, more precisely, the absence of provisions comparable to those }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16394187\charrsid7669635 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635  other relevant constitutions in which the State will provide advances to the superannuation scheme in case of need.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 These powers are generally coupled with a minimum rate of return.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 
By a combination of these features, the member gains greater certainty of outcome than is the case for the current Scheme which does not have these features.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 Of course, this assumes the Government can }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 (}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 and does}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635  stand behind its obligations in any given case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 While that assumption needs to be made, I believe that such a guarantee does need to be assessed in the mix.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 Coupled with this, is the lack of entrenc}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 hment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 Even if the Act provided}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635  for a Government guarantee, that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 could}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635  be removed by simple majority in the absence of entrenchment.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 
Realistically, then, I think the two need to be considered together and I do so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [214]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 
Mr Ruffin strongly argued that the absence of a guarantee was not relevant to assessing whether there was a deprivation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 He said that until a loss occurred, the absence of the guarantee had no tangible effect.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 There was no loss.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 This, I think, is far too literal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 In simple economic terms, there is a difference between loaning money to someone without a guarantee and a situation where the loan is supported by a guarantee.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 That hardly seems controversial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 If it were otherwise, why would banks generally seek guarantees of personal loans?}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [215]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 In my opinion, it is}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635  largely}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635  irrelevant whether loss has actually occurred.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 That is a matter of quantification.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 Rather, what we are talking about is economic risk.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 In my opinion, Mr\~Arnold is right to submit th
at the lack of a guarantee, together with the lack of entrenchment, is directly relevant to assessment of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 the defendants\rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635  claim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635  of deprivation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid612035 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5449685\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [216]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5449685\charrsid7669635 
The other features relied upon by the defendant were said to be secondary to the above points but were, nonetheless, important.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5449685\charrsid7669635 First, there is the fact that a member\rquote 
s contributions may be locked for a period of 40 years or more assuming the employee becomes a member at the commencement of his or her employment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5449685\charrsid7669635 Unlike other Pacific schemes there is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 then }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5449685\charrsid7669635 no scope in the Cook Island}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5449685\charrsid7669635  Scheme for members to access funds for any purposes prior to their entitlement to a benefit at retirement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5449685\charrsid7669635 There is no scope to borrow money for housing or to use money for education purposes.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5449685\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [217]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5449685\charrsid7669635 Secondly, a migrant worke
r leaving the jurisdiction can take their contributions but, in doing so, will lose those made by the employer.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 As already noted, section 53(2) provides for the case of migrant workers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 I gain the impression that the provisions in section 53(3), which allow a migrant worker to take his or her contributions but not the employer}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 
s, was actually seen as a concession to the position of migrant workers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 It recognised it would not be fair to lock them in.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 But it is by no means clear to me why migrant workers should lose their employer contributions in those circumstances.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 hatever the reason, dispossessing migrant workers of their employer contributions seems both unnecessary and unfair.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [218]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 
A citizen who is permanently leaving the Cook Islands is not entitled to withdraw their contributions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14549503\charrsid7669635 They are locked in until the age of retirement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5449685 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5449685\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [219]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5449685\charrsid7669635 
Thirdly, for the poorer members of society it was said that making any payment at all would be a struggle and the resulting benefit (in due course) would be equally small and of little value.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5449685\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [220]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5449685\charrsid7669635 
Fourthly, members of previous schemes lost the benefits of those as a result of the collapse of their schemes by the Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5449685 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5449685\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [221]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5449685\charrsid7669635 
In different ways, these were aspects of what Mr\~Arnold }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 characterised a loss of autonomy.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 I think that is a fair characterisation although some care needs to be taken.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 
As the World Bank report shows, individual citizens need some persuasion (or incentive) to save for their retirement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 There are always things in the short term which seem to take priority over the longer term goals of saving for one}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 s retirement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 That is why Governments tend to make retirement saving compulsory.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 It is, thus, unrealistic to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2776481\charrsid7669635 assume}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635  that employees }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 automatically}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635  suffer some loss of choice or autonomy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635  simply}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635  by being forced to participate in this Scheme.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 In th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2776481\charrsid7669635 e absence of such compulsion, it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635  is unlikely they would participate in any other.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635 Mr\~
Arnold, I think, recognised this in accepting that the Scheme was capable of being remedied \endash  it was not irredeemably bad.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5449685 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [222]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 Nevertheless, the sort of factors described
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635  immediately}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 
 above, coupled with the more important features also described}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635  (lack of guarantee and entrenchment)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 , do in my opinion amount to a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635  prima facie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635  deprivation of property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 I test this against the broad judgement made by Callinan\~J in the High Court of Australia discussed in paragraph}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635  }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635  REF _Ref375296990 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10047958\charrsid7669635 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600330037003500320039003600390039003000000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6033527\charrsid7669635 [163]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\pgnrestart\pgnstarts0\linex0\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid543618\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635  above.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 The employees started with something}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635  (their contributions)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635  and have ended up with a diminished replacement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 Certainly, they still have rights and, in due course, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 are likely to}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635  benefit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [223]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 While }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 I think there is little doubt that these }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635 features}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635  prima facie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 amount to a deprivation in terms of Article 64(1)(c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635  it is far more difficult to characterise them as an acquisition}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 
 in terms of Article 40(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 True, the Trustee acquires a legal interest.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 But the other matters complained of seem even more removed from the notion of an acquisition.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 Ultimately, it seems to me, this must be a matter of judgement informed by the relative purpose}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635  of Articles 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635  and 64(1)(c).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 It is nonsensical to think that the Scheme \endash  if it amounts to a compulsory acquisition 
\endash  would somehow be met by a payment of compensation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635  (as required by Article 40(1))}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 That, of course, would entirely defeat the whole purpose of the Scheme which is to require individuals to save for their retirement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 The Crown contributes to this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635  goal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 
 by way of the tax-free concession but that cannot amount to compensation and, perhaps more importantly, is not intended to do so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [224]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 Because Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635  operates within a framework of a taking}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635  (or acquisition)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635  of property in the context of compensa
tion, I think it is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 necessary closely}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635  t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 o examine the character of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 matters}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635  under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 consideration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 my opinion, it is simply not apt to think of these in terms of Article 40}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9242813 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [225]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 
I recognise that this approach does not initially appear to be consistent with the assumption of the parties made in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 
Nyambirai v National Social Security Authority }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 
[1996] 1 LRC 64 that the compulsory superannuation contributions in that case amounted to a compulsory acquisition of property.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 In that case, and in contrast with the present circumstances, the contributions were paid to the State rather than to the Trustee on behalf of the member.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 This does appear to be a material distinction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635  between the two cases}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid738964 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [226]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 
While I have reached a prima facie conclusion of breach of Article 64(1)(c) I still need to address two issues.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 First, I need to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 weigh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635  the various features of the Act which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635 have le}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 d to my conclusion that there has been a deprivation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 Secondly, I need to address whether the Act as a whole is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635 prima facie 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 unconstitutional or whether there are relevant provisions which can be severed and declared to be invalid.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 Ultimately, these two issues are intertwined.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [227]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 It seems to me inevitable that my }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635 prima facie }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 
conclusion of unconstitutionality must affect the entire Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 That is because the purpose of the Act is to establish}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635  the s}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 uperannuation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 cheme and the various provisions in that Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635  all}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635  go to establish that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 one }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 Scheme.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 It is an indivisible whole.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 The defendants\rquote  complaints focus }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635 both}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635  on actual provisions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635 as well }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 as the absence of other provisions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 As I now describe, it is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635  primarily}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635  the absence of those provisions which gives rise to my conclusion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [228]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 I have little doubt that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635 absence of a Government g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 
uarantee (in the form described above)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3039011\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 
 coupled with the absence of entrenchment, is a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1913109\charrsid7669635 significant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635  flaw.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 That was the defendants\rquote  primary argument and I uphold it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1913109\charrsid7669635 It undermines the trade-off inherent in a superannuation scheme as discussed above.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 The Scheme is compulsory and is effectively the only one available.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 There is a risk that a member\rquote s contributions could be lost in the future \endash 
 and at a time when the member has no realistic ability to recoup those losses.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 Government-financed welfare cannot be assumed to be available}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12212348\charrsid7669635  to fill any gaps}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 All of this amounts to a serious objection.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [229]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 
It is more difficult to be precise about the next layer of objections.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 These focus upon the rights of migrant workers, upon low paid poor persons (and their }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 ability to make contributions) and th
e absence of any provision entitling contributors to access their funds prior to their retirement.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [230]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 
It seems to me that the combination of these factors is relevant to my assessment but they are, assessed cumulatively, of less weight than the primary argument of the defendants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 
I do not think it appropriate that I should draw a bright line describing exactly what amendment to these features would change my opinion of the constitutionality of the Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421\charrsid7669635 Ultimately, that is within the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635 province}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10512341\charrsid7669635  of Parliament.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10512341\charrsid7669635 
I believe I have given enough indications of my concern which will enable Parliament, should it be so minded, to make amendments to the Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10512341\charrsid7669635 In doing so, I believe that Parliament will need to give consideration to the following: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1837421 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [a]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635 the lack of a Government g}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10512341\charrsid7669635 uarantee;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10512341\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [b]\tab}the lack of entrenchment;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10512341\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [c]\tab}
whether migrant works should be subject to the Act at all or whether the existing provisions should be amended;
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10512341\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [d]\tab}whether there should be some right on the part of contributors to access funds bef
ore retirement }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1245986\charrsid7669635 (for example if they leave the Cook Islands permanently, or whether they are needed for housing or education purposes). }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10512341 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1245986\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [231]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1245986\charrsid7669635 For the avoidance of doubt}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1913109\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1245986\charrsid7669635  I do not think that other complaints raised by Mr\~
Arnold must necessarily result in amendment to avoid a conclusion of unconstitutionality.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1913109\charrsid7669635 First, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1245986\charrsid7669635 
hether the poorer members of society can or should make contributions is, I believe, a matter more properly addressed by Parliament than the Courts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1245986\charrsid7669635 Secondly, the fact that this Scheme }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1245986\charrsid7669635  a statutory monopoly is of less moment if the other complaints as above are addressed by Parliament}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1245986\charrsid7669635 hirdly, the existing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 power of Parliament to amend the Scheme unilaterally is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 inevitably }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 diminished or removed in the face of entrenchment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1245986 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [232]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 
Within the broad observations, however, I intend leaving room to Parliament to make appropriate decisions about what amendments (if any) it believes it should make.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 My job is to assess whether the Act, in its current form}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635  is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635 prima facie }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 unconstitutional.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 The Court\rquote s role does not extent to drafting amending legislation should Parliament ch}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 ose to follow that route.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [233]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 
I now turn to address the proportionality argument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 
This requires the Court to balance the prima facie breach of the Constitution identified above against a broader context.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 For the reasons now set out, I do not believe that the prima facie breach is saved by reference to a proportionality argument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [234]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 This }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 discussion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 starts by recognising }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635 that every}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635 citizen }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 has duties to other}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635  citizen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 s.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 In other words, although persons have fundamental rights, they also have correlative duties.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 This underpins the balancing exercise then set out.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 
A person claiming the benefit of fundamental rights may be subject to an enactment (or rule of law) for protecting the rights of others or: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 \'93i}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 n the interests of public safety, order, or morals, the general welfare, or the security of the Cook Islands.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [235]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 In this case, the focus has come upon }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 \'93the general welfare\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 
 of the Cook Islands as being the relevant portion of the above extract relied upon.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 That is, in establishing the Scheme, there needs to be a balance between the rights of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 
 member on the one hand and the general welfare of the Cook Islands on the other.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 It is common ground that there is a public good in the form of a superannuation scheme.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 The defendants do not contend otherwise.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 There is much, they say}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635  in the Scheme to commend it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 Their approach, rather, is to say that the Scheme needs to be fixed up.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [236]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 The balancing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 exercise}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635  
inherent within Article 64(2) has been discussed in a number of cases.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 Initially, the defendants }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 based their approach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635  on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 R v Oakes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635  [1987] LRC (Const) 47, a decision of the Supreme Court of Canada.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 This identified three aspects of the balancing test.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 First, the measures adopted must be carefully designed to achieve the objective in question \endash  they should not be arbitrary, unfair or based on }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 ir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 rational considerations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 Secondly, they should impair as little as possible the right or freedom in question.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 
Thirdly, there must be an overall proportionality between the effects of the measures which are responsible for limiting the constitutional right or freedom and the objective which has been identified as being of sufficient importance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [237]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 
The defendants argued that these considerations should effectively be read into Article 64(2).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 Shortly prior to the hearing, however, the UK Supreme Court issued its decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 Bank Mellat v HM Treasury}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635  [2013] UKSC 39.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 Reference has already been made to this.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 This decision restated the various steps.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 Lord\~Sumption at parag}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 raph [20] set out the majority\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635  test.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 Then, at [74] Lord\~Reed (in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 dissent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 ) set out his formulation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 In substance, this appears to be the same as that adopted by Lord\~
Sumption but both counsel in the present case preferred that formulation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 I observe that Lord\~Sumption specifically endorsed Lord\~Reed\rquote s speech at this part.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 I set out p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 aragraph [74] of the Judgment:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 \'9374.\tab 
{\*\bkmkstart para74}The judgment of Dickson CJ in Oakes provides the clearest and most influential judicial analysis of proportionality within the common law tradition of legal reasoning. Its attraction as a heuristic tool
 is that, by breaking down an assessment of proportionality into distinct elements, it can clarify different aspects of such an assessment, and make value judgments more explicit. The approach adopted in Oakes can be summarised by saying that it is necess
a
ry to determine (1) whether the objective of the measure is sufficiently important to justify the limitation of a protected right, (2) whether the measure is rationally connected to the objective, (3) whether a less intrusive measure could have been used 
w
ithout unacceptably compromising the achievement of the objective, and (4) whether, balancing the severity of the measure's effects on the rights of the persons to whom it applies against the importance of the objective, to the extent that the measure wil
l
 contribute to its achievement, the former outweighs the latter. The first three of these are the criteria listed by Lord Clyde in De Freitas, and the fourth reflects the additional observation made in Huang. I have formulated the fourth criterion in grea
ter detail than Lord Sumption, but there is no difference of substance. In essence, the question at step four is whether the impact of the rights infringement is disproportionate to the likely benefit of the impugned measure.{\*\bkmkend para74}\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [238]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 I now address the four steps.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 
There is no particular dispute or controversy about the first two steps.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 It is accepted by the defendants that the objective of the Act is sufficiently important to justify the limitation of a protected right.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 It is also accepted that there is a rational connection between the Act and its objective.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 
However, it is not accepted that less intrusive measures could have been taken.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 This, directly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635  takes us back to the features discussed above which are said to amount to a deprivation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 In my opinion, it is quite clear that less intrusive measures could have been adopted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 
Most importantly, I believe that by giving a Government guarantee and entrenching the Act, the impairment represented by the Scheme would have been minimised.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 I also think that the absence of any ability to access the monies prior to retirement is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 too restrictive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635  and the position, generally, of migrants is not satisfactory}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 If these concerns are then tested by reference to the fourth factor, which is an overall assessment, I t
hink it is possible to conclude that the impact of the breach of fundamental rights (deprivation of property) is disproportionate to the likely benefit of the impugned measure.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [239]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 
I accept this can only be a matter of judgement but it seems to me that is inherent in a balancing exercise of this sort.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 In short, then, I do not believe that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635  prima facie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635  breach established by reference to Article 64(1)(c) is justified on a proportionality basis.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 In my opinion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635  the Constitution is breach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635  by the Scheme in its current form.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 I repeat that this is not a conclusion stating that the entire Scheme is bad.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 Rather, the appropriate balance between }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 present and future }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635 interests}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635  (see }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635  REF _Ref378751739 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10047958\charrsid7669635 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600330037003800370035003100370033003900000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6033527\charrsid7669635 [212]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\pgnrestart\pgnstarts0\linex0\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid543618\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635  above)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617\charrsid7669635  has not been met in its current form.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11296617 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 Third issue \endash  Article 40(2)(a) \endash  Tax exception}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 An assumption}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [240]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 In order to address this topic it is necessary to assume a breach of Article 40(1).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 That is, that there has been an acquisition of property without compensation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 By necessity, this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 assumes a finding of compulsion which is then carried through into t
he following analysis.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8929161 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [241]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 
Although probably self evident, this argument does not directly impact upon Article 64.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [242]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 
In light of my findings as above, there is no need for me to reach a final view on this argument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 However, in case the matter goes further I set out some observations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 Further articles in the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref377976282}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [243]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 
There are another three articles in the Constitution which are directly relevant to the tax argument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 They are:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 {\*\bkmkend _Ref377976282} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 \'9367\tab There shall be a Cook Islands Government Account and such other public funds or accounts as may be provided by law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 68\tab No taxation shall be imposed except by law. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 69\tab All taxes and other revenues and money raised or received by the Government of the Cook I
slands shall be paid into the Cook Islands Government Account unless required or permitted by law to be paid into any other public fund or account.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 Plaintiff\rquote s submission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [244]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 
The burden of this argument is upon the plaintiff and I start with his submissions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [245]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 
Mr Ruffin commenced with a detailed examination of the Zimbabwean decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075\charrsid7669635 Nyambir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 ai v National Security Authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 
 [1996] 1 LRC 64, a decision of the Supreme Court of Zimbabwe delivered by Gubbay\~CJ.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 He described this as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 \'93the leading case in the point under consideration\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 I accept it as an important and relevant authority.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8530075 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [246]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 
Mr Ruffin also referred to other relevant authority including the European decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 X v The Netherlands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 [1971] YB 14 224}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 However, the majority of his focus came upon two Australian decisions being }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 
Air Caledonie International v Commonwealth of Australia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635  (1988) 165 CLR 462 and the subsequent decision of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 Australian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 Tape Manufacturers Association v Commonwealth of Australia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635  (1993) 176 CLR 480.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 He placed particular emphasis upon the latter}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 , a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 
 case concerning the exaction of compulsory levies upon the sale of blank tapes distributed to copyright holders (which the High Court of Australia said amounted to a tax).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Ruffin acknowledged that the more recent decision of the High Court of Australia in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 Roy Morgan Research Pty Limited v FCT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 
 [2011] HCA 35}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635  had cast doubt on some aspects of those decisions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635  but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635  nevertheless }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 he submitted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 they remained good law in relation to the definition of tax.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [247]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 
Mr Ruffin accepted that the well known dicta of Latham\~CJ in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 Mathews v Chicory Marketing Board }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 (1938) 60 CLR 263 still remained useful: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 \'93
The levy is, in my opinion, plainly a tax.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 
It is a compulsory exaction of money by a public authority for public purposes, enforceable by law, and is not a payment for services rendered.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [248]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 
Mr Ruffin argued that all aspects of this were satisfied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 
He said that the exaction was undertaken by Parliament by means of the Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 He said, too, it was for the public benefit in the sense identified in the World Bank Report that a public superannuation scheme was a public good. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [249]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 He concluded by addressing all permutation
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 
 of the different tests emphasising that there was a compulsory contribution or exaction imposed on and required from the general body of citizens in order to support Government for a public purpose.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [250]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 
Finally, Mr Ruffin was forced to accept that his definition of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 tax}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635  in Article 40(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 , based on the Australian authorities as above, was a broad }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 one}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 He submitted it was broader than that used in Article 69.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 Somewhat faintly he endeavoured to argue that, in Article 69, the adjective }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 \'93
public\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635  did not qualify the noun }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 \'93
account\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 If he were right in this, he submitted, then payment of the contributions into the Fund satisfied the constitutional reference to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635  an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 \'93account\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 The defendants\rquote  argument}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [251]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 Mr Arnold strongly attacked Mr Ruffin
\rquote s argument that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 \'93tax\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 
 in Article 40 was somehow different}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635  (broader)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635  to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 \'93tax\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635  in Article 69.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 submitted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635  that if he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635  right}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635  as to this}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 , then that was the beginning and the end of the matter.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 He said it was inconcei}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 vable that the drafters of the C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 onstitution would use }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 \'93tax\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635  in two different senses.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 He also drew attention to the particular definition, in Australia, of the Consolidated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635  Revenue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635  Fund}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635  in section 81 of the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 This defines the Consolidated Revenue Fund in a very inclusive manner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635 
less prescriptive than }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 the equivalent definition in the Cook Islands Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [252]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 Mr\~
Arnold then addressed the remaining arguments on the assumption that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13984311\charrsid7669635 the above}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635  proposition did not provide a complete answer.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929\charrsid7669635 He argued that the decisions of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 Air Caledonie}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 Australian Tape Manufacturers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635  should }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 be given}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635  little weight in light of the more recent decision of the same Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 
Roy Morgan}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12916929 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [253]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 
Mr Arnold argued that the exception mentioned by Latham\~CJ in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 Mathews v Chicory}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635  set out above for the provision of services applied here.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 He said that a contributor effectively purchased insurance services.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1514446 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [254]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 
Mr Arnold then argued that it was not correct to submit, as Mr\~Ruffin had done, that there was an exaction by Parliament.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 He argued that the enforcement powers of the Board (e.g. section 51) meant that it was the body exacting the compulsory payments.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 He argued}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889\charrsid7669635  it was not a public }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889\charrsid7669635  in terms of the relevant test.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [255]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 Overall, Mr\~
Arnold submitted that it was necessary to stand back and test the sense in which the compulsory contributions were said to be a tax.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 It is a matter of looking at the substance of the exaction rather than the label given to it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 By way of illustration he referred to the recent decision of the US Supreme Court in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 National Federation of Independent Business v }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 Sibelius}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 648 F.3d 1235 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 dealing with the Obama health proposals.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 He submitted that the recognition evidenced in that decision 
that payments of this sort did not amount to a tax was a helpful illustration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [256]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 Mr Arnold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635  tested his submission as above by arguing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 
that if the various contributions did amount to a tax }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 (contrary to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 his submission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 ) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 they were thereby the property of the State \endash  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 which was }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 entirely inconsistent with the Scheme and the intentions of Parliamentarians in setting it up.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 He concluded by submitting that the plain words of the Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 did}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635  not purport to impose a tax and that Parliamentarian}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635  certainly did not speak in those terms when passing the Act.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 
He noted that the funds are not paid into the Cook Islands Government account (see Article}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635  67 and 69) but that, rather, funds are credited to an individual\rquote s account in the Fund}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635  in terms of section 17 of the Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437\charrsid7669635 He entirely rejected any suggestion that the contributions amounted to a tax.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4022437 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889\charrsid7669635 Tax \endash  discussion and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 observations}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [257]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 In light of my finding that Article 40}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 
 is not breached, it is strictly unnecessary for me to address the tax exception in Article 40(2)(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 Nevertheless, and in case the matter goes further, I make some observations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [258]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 
I would not have found that the compulsory payment of contributions to the Fund amounted to a tax in terms of Article 40(2)(a).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\*\bkmkstart _Ref377375833}{\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [259]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 
A useful starting point is the statement of principle by Lathham\~CJ in the Australian case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 Matthews v Chicory Marketing Board (Vic)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  (1938) 60 CLR 263, 276 who spoke of the three features necessa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15079365\charrsid7669635 ry to stamp an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  exaction of money with the character of a tax:
{\*\bkmkend _Ref377375833} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 \'93a}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  compulsory exaction of money by a public authority for public purposes, enforceable by law, and\'85 not a payment for services rendered.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [260]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 
This, of course, is not a statutory definition but it is generally agreed that it highlights the factors that need to be thought about.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [261]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 
The various authorities were analysed by Gubbay\~CJ in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 Nyambirai v National Social Security Authority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  and the Chief Justice summarised the effect of these at page 71 as follows: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 \'93From these authoritie
s the following features which designate a tax may be said to emerge: (i) It is a compulsory and not an optional contribution; (ii) Imposed by the legislature or other competent public authority; (iii) upon the public as a whole or a substantial sector th
ereof; (iv) the revenue from which is to be utilised for the public benefit and to provide a service in the public interest.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [262]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 here was no real contest about the first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 feature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 If }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 a breach of Article 
40(1) had been found then, by definition, there would have been a compulsory acquisition.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 So the question of compulsion was not really in dispute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [263]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 In relation to the second feature, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 it was accepted that the compulsory nature of the contributions flowed directly from the Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Arnold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 
argued that this was not an exaction by Parliament because the enforcement of contributions was left to the Board.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 In my opinion, that is not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 correct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 This is not a case where the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635  key}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  decision-making and levying was left to some other body with a consequence that decisions would be required as to whether that body is a public authority.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 
In the present case, the Act is the authority for the making of compulsory contributions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 The fact that the Board may subsequently be required to enforce those contributions, if they are not made, is simply a machinery provision.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [264]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 The third }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 feature,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 
 that it be imposed upon the public as a whole or as a substantial sector is, too, met in the present case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 A very substantial part of the population }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  intended to be subject to the Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [265]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 That leaves the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 fourth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 feature}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  of the test as to whether the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 exaction }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 is imposed for the public benefit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 This, it seems to me, is where the current issue falls to be decided.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 As will bec
ome apparent when I discuss the Australian authorities below, it appears to be that, in Australia, there is seen to be a distinction between an exaction for public purposes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635  (which may be a tax)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635  and an exaction said to be in the public interest}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635  (which is not necessarily a tax)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603\charrsid7669635 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1982603 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [266]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 
While it is not a specific feature of the test as stated by Gubbay\~CJ, it seems to me sensible that there should be a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 
final step to be taken by the Court in any assessment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635  which is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635  to stand back and look at the overall character of the payment involved.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [267]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  summary as above largely ignores the qualification introduced by Latham\~CJ referring to the provision of services}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635  (see }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635  REF _Ref377375833 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10047958\charrsid7669635 {\*\datafield 08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600330037003700330037003500380033003300000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6033527\charrsid7669635 [259]}}}\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\pgnrestart\pgnstarts0\linex0\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid543618\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635  above)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 Mr\~Arnold did argue that that qualification was engaged in the present case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 By reference to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 Jones v AMP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 [1994] 1 NZLR 690}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 he characterised the contributions as the purchase of services being insurance services.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 This, I think, is too highly refined}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 
 and I reject it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 But}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 , for all that,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635  do}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  think }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 it is useful to consider }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 the qualification because it forces a Court to look at the character of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 
exaction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [268]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 At this point, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 and before assessing the fourth }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 Nyambirai }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 feature, it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 necessary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 to
 review the three Australian cases which occupied much time at the hearing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 The first is that of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 Air Caledoni}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  International v Commonwealth of Australia }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 (1988) 82 ALR 385.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 The Commonwealth imposed an arrivals tax on all immigrants}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635  to Australia}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  to be collected by the relevant airline.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 
The appellant challenged the constitutionality of this by reference to section 55 of the Constitution which requires that a taxation statute deal with no more than taxation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 This is a provision peculiar to Australia designed to avoid what is described as }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 \'93tacking\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  (page 392).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 The particular }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 constitutional objection is not relevant here but the characterisation of the clearance fee as a taxation is material.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [269]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 
At page 389 the Court acknowledged the dicta of Latham\~CJ mentioned above}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635  in paragraph }{\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635  REF _Ref377375833 \\r \\h }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10047958\charrsid7669635 {\*\datafield 
08d0c9ea79f9bace118c8200aa004ba90b02000000080000000e0000005f00520065006600330037003700330037003500380033003300000000}}}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6033527\charrsid7669635 [259]}}}
\sectd \ltrsect\psz9\pgnrestart\pgnstarts0\linex0\footery567\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid543618\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 It then added three comments, the first of which is relevant: }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 \'93
The first is that it should not be seen as providing an exhaustive definition of a tax.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 Thus, there is no reason in principle a tax should not take a form other than the exaction of money or why the compulsory exaction of money under statutory powers could not be 
properly seen as taxation notwithstanding that it was by a non-public authority or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635  for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  purposes which could not properly be described as public.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [270]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 The conclusion, that the arrivals }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 levy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635  was a tax for constitutional purposes}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 
 does not appear to have been based on such reasoning.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 
That is, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635 the above quoted extract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635  is obiter.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635 As I read page 390 of the r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 eport, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 the actual conclusion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 appears to have been based upon reasonably orthodox grounds.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [271]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 he next decision of the High Court of Australia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635  is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 Australian Tape Manufacturers v Commonwealth}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  [1993] HCA 10.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 This decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  the high point for the plaintiff who argued that the conclusion in that case, that the relevant levies amounted to a tax, was directly analogous to the present case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [272]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 The facts were these.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 Pursuant to the terms of an enactment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 purchasers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  of blank tapes were levied }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 a royalty payment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 and the proceeds distributed by the statutory body}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635  (the collecting society)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 
 directly to copyright holders (and not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 
the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 onsolidated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 evenue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 und).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 This was intended as part of a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 legislative }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 package whereby the copyright protection otherwise available }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 to copyright owners }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 
was removed in the case of home taping of sound recording}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 For present purposes, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 he issue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 whether the levy was a tax for the purposes of section 55 of the Constitution.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 It was argued}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635  by the plaintiffs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 
 that the levy was not a tax on the basis that it was not exacted by a public authority and neither was it exacted for public purposes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 : paragraph [11]
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [273]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635  majority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  Judgment dealt, first, with whether it w
as necessary for the exaction to be undertaken by a public authority.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 The Court concluded that the better view is was that this is not essential to the concept of a tax}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 : paragraph [13]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 The Court then addressed whether it was necessary for the exaction to be for public purposes.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 The Court noted that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  in Australia, payment into the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 onsolidated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 evenue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 
und is regarded as conclusive evidence that a levy is exacted for public purposes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 At paragraph [17] the majority then said: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 \'93
But neither principle nor Australian authority provides any support for the converse proposition that an exaction is not a tax if it is not paid into the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 onsolidated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 evenue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 und.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 The requirement imposed by section 81 of the constitution that all revenue
 or monies raised or received by the Executive Government form one }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 onsolidat}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 d }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 evenue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 und is not, and cannot constitute, a criterion for what is a tax.\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [274]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 
At [20] the majority acknowledged that in one sense the purpose of the levy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  private in that it concern}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  the interests of the two groups only.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 It answered that, though, by saying that the legislative solution to the problem }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 \'93
Proceeds on the footing that it is imposed in the public interest.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 Indeed, the purpose of directing the payment of t
he levy to the collecting society for ultimate distribution of the net proceeds to the relevant copyright owners as a solution to a complex problem of public importance is of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11932341\charrsid7669635 necessity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  a public purpose.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [275]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 
The majority reached the conclusion that the levy was a tax and there was a breach of section 55 of the Constitution as a result.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [276]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 Two of t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 he minority (Dawson and Toohey\~JJ) issued a strongly }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 argued }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 dissent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 They concluded that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 levy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 imposed by the legislation was not an exaction by a publ
ic authority for public purposes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 
See discussion, in particular, at paragraphs [23], [24] and [29].}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 They had reservations about the dicta quoted above from }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 Air Caledonie}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 : paragraphs [24]-[26].}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 They believed t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 hat t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 he body performing the function (the collecting society) was not a public authority but a private organisation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [277]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 McHugh\~
J issued a further dissenting Judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 
He said that a compulsory exaction of money under statutory authority is not by itself sufficient to constitute a payment of tax}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 : paragraph [3]}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 ..}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 He described it as a private scheme designed to compensate the copyright owners.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 That is, the end for which the payment is imposed, was private not public.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 The royalty formed no part of the revenues of the Commonwealth}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 : paragraph [8]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [278]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 Three}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  years ago, the High Court of Australia returned to the issue in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 
Roy Morgan Research v FCT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  [2011] HCA 35.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 This case concerned a superannuation scheme whereby employers were charged a Superannuation Guarantee Charge (SGC) if }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1925537\charrsid7669635 they}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  did not make superannuation payments on account of employees.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 The issue for decision was whether the SGC was a tax.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 The payment of t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 he SGC was to be made into the C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 onsolidated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 evenue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 und.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 The appeal to the High Court was to determine whether the payment was impose
d for public purposes because, it was submitted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635  by the appellant employer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 , it conferred a private and direct benefit on employees.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 The High Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 rejected that argument}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [279]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  majority }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 (Heydon\~J issued a separate but concurring decision) }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 referred both to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 Air }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7355391\charrsid7669635 Caledonie }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 Australian Tape Manufacturers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 Paragraph }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635 37}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220\charrsid7669635  of the majority decision is as follows: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1257657\charrsid7669635 \'93The majority in Tape Manufacturers suggested that it is not essential to the concept of a tax that the exaction should be by a public authority
. That suggestion would constitute a large and controversial step beyond what was said in Matthews. As the reasons of the majority in Tape Manufacturers show, whether that step could or should be taken depends, at least in part, upon what meaning would be
 
given to the expression "non-public" authority if "one of its functions is to levy, demand or receive exactions to be expended on public purposes". It was not necessary to decide that question in Tape Manufacturers and the majority in that case did not do
 
so. Nor is it necessary in this case, given the addition of the proceeds of the Charge to the Consolidated Revenue Fund, to pursue that question, or any broader questions about whether it is essential to the concept of a tax that the exaction should be by
 a public authority.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1257657 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1257657\charrsid7669635 [footnote references omitted]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3893220 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [280]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 Mr Ruffin argued that this}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635  statement}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635  was limited to the consideration of exaction }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 a public authority }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 (or not) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 and that it was not directed at the no
tion of public purposes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 
On its face that appears to be correct.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 
But, equally, I would not be confident that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 Australian Tape Manufacturers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 , so far as it concerned the notion of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 \'93public purposes\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635  is still regarded in Australia as good law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 In that regard, I note }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 paragraph [19] of the majority}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635  Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 paragraph [68] in Heydon\~J\rquote s separate (but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 concurring}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2952499\charrsid7669635 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635  Judgment. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [281]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 High }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 
Court rejected the notion that the SGC was invalid because the legislation conferred a private and direct benefit upon employees.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 Ultimately, the payment of SGC into the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 onsolidated }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 evenue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 F}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 und was sufficient to conclude that the monies were appropriated for public purposes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [282]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 
With respect, the position in Australia appears }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 to be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 rather uncertain and I would be reluctant, on the basis of these cases, to conclude that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 Australian Tape Manufacturers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 
 represents the current Australian approach to the assessment of public purposes for the purposes of characterising }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635  tax.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [283]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 Mr Ruffin submitted that the Scheme was }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 in the public interest }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 
because a mandatory public superannuation scheme is a public good.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 That, of course, is true.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 In one sense,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635  the submission could be criticised as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635  it simply amounts to a proposition that any legislation enacted by Parliament is assumed to be for the public benefit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8401413\charrsid7669635 However, as discussed in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8401413\charrsid7669635 Nyambirai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8401413\charrsid7669635 
, it is plainly arguable that a mandatory public superannuation scheme is a public good.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 It is at this point that the distinction drawn in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 Roy Morgan}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635  between}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635  an exaction in the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635  public interest and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 an exaction for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 publi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 c purposes assume}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635  some importance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [284]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 
As I understand it, this arises from the fact that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635  it can be assumed that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635  legislation will generally be in the public interest.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 However, s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 imply because a payment is comp
ulsory pursuant to legislation does not, without more, make it a tax.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 To use }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 \'93public interest\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635  as the benchmark may then admit too wide}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635  a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635  category of payment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 s as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635  taxes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 This sort of thinking, it would seem, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 lies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635  behind the use of language by Latham\~CJ focusing on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 \'93public purposes\'94}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [285]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 
There is a risk, in all of this, of treating judicial dicta as if they were of statutory significance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809328\charrsid7669635 Consequently, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13990603\charrsid7669635 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 here is a risk, I think, in approaching the question of tax by way of a formulation from cases dealing with situations different to those presently before the Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2952499\charrsid7669635 
In each case, it is necessary to look hard at the character of the payment made and the constitutional arrangements in the relevant country.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13990603\charrsid7669635 In undertaking that exercise here, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 here is something fundamentally counter-intuitive about }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 
the plaintiff\rquote s case: how can }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 a payment made by a contributor into a trust fund to be held, ultimately, for the benefit of that member}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 , be characterised}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2952499\charrsid7669635  as a tax}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 ?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 To characterise this as a tax (which, if nothing else, has a notion of a redistributive transaction) seems inapt.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 I do not believe that even }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 Australian Tape Manufacturers}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13990603\charrsid7669635 would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 support such a conclusion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [286]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 
That, then, brings us, to Article 69 of the Constitution which requires a tax to be paid either into the Government Account or, if permitted by law, into }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 \'93any other public fund or account\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 Mr Ruffin argued that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 \'93public\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635  did not qualify }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 \'93account\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 I reject that.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 It would make no particular sense if payment into any account sufficed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 That would defeat the whole purpose of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 provision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 Perhaps recognising the likelihood of that conclusion, Mr Ruffin\rquote 
s argument was that the notion of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 \'93}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635 
tax}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 \'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635  as in Article 40(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12342195\charrsid7669635 (a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416\charrsid7669635  was broader than that in Article 69.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 That is, he argued it was not f
atal to his argument that the compulsory contributions were not paid into a public account designated as such by law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [287]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 It seems to me inherently unlikely that }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 \'93tax\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 
 would be used in two different senses within the abovementioned Articles.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 The tax exemption in Article 40}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 (2)(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635  is, with respect, a sensible recognition that taxation does not amount to a compulsory acquisition in breach of the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 Where that same Constitution, in another provision, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13990603\charrsid7669635 specifically }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 
provides for the payment of a tax, it seems sensible to regard these provisions as complementary rather than independent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350\charrsid7669635 I would have upheld Mr\~Arnold\rquote s primary submission that the plaintiff\rquote s case on tax falls at the first hurdle.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10317416 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889\charrsid7669635 Fourth issue }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889\charrsid7669635  Remedies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889\charrsid7669635 Parties\rquote  submissions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [288]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889\charrsid7669635 Mr\~
Ruffin made helpful written submission on the topic of remedies referring, first, to a recent decision of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2952499\charrsid7669635  Hugh Williams\~J in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889\charrsid7669635  the High Court of the Cook Islands, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889\charrsid7669635 George v Attorney General}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889\charrsid7669635  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2952499\charrsid7669635 1/13, 28 August 2013) and, secondly, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889\charrsid7669635 the recent New Zealand decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889\charrsid7669635 
Spencer v Attorney General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889\charrsid7669635  [2013] NZHC 2580, a decision the Chief High Court Judge, Winkelmann\~J.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [289]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 
In these authorities one can find reference, first, to
 declarations of invalidity as being the appropriate judicial response to unconstitutional legislation and, secondly, the possibility that such declarations may be suspended for a period to allow Parliament to take appropriate steps to cure any unconstitu
tional legislation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 
Other than drawing these authorities to my attention, however, Mr\~Ruffin did not make detailed submissions as to the appropriate remedies if some or all of Mr\~Arnold\rquote s arguments were upheld.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15606889 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [290]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 Likewise, Mr\~Arnold said little about
 the remedies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 
His primary position was that the Act, as a whole, was unconstitutional (as a fallback, he identified specific sections which were said to be unconstitutional).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 At the same time, though, he stressed that his clients were not seeking the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635 wholesale demolition of the s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 uperannuation Scheme.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 
What he sought was to have Parliament legislate to tidy up what he saw as the flaws in the existing Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 However, he made no submissions as to how remedies might be devised to achieve this end.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [291]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 
Mr Arnold drew my attention to a recent Canadian decision, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 Canada (Attorney General) v Hislop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635  [2007] 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5990937\charrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 SCR 429, which he subsequently supplied to me following the hearing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 Neither he nor Mr\~Ruffin made submissions in relation to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 Hislop}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [292]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 In short,
 neither counsel made comprehensive submissions as to the actual remedies which would be appropriate if the Court upheld some or all of Mr\~Arnold\rquote s arguments.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 Although it was not explicit, I think that both assumed there would need to be a further hearing at the point I issued this Judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s26\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid294809\charrsid7669635 Discussion and decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13584350 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [293]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 
In light of the fact that neither counsel fully addressed me on the topic of remedies I think it inevitable that there should be another hearing in relation to remedies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 This, though, n
eeds to be carefully delineated because, in this Judgment, I have reached certain conclusions which are intended to be definitive.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 There needs to be a clear demarcation between those conclusions (which are now established) and the means by which effect is
 given to those conclusions (yet to be established).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [294]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 
In order to put this in context I need to discuss the authorities.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 As Winkelmann\~J pointed out in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 Spencer v AG}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 , the Canadian case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635  show}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635  that when the Canadian Courts make an order suspending a d
eclaration that is a shorthand for two quite distinct things.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 
First, there is a declaration of invalidity and that is accompanied by, secondly, a simultaneously issued declaration that the Act is nevertheless deemed valid for a fixed period of time.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 She reviewed the authorities supporting this including the Supreme Court of Canada decision }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 Schachter v Canada}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635  [1992] 2 SCR 679.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15347238 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [295]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349\charrsid7669635 Schachter}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1257372\charrsid7669635 , the Court said: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1257372 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1257372\charrsid7669635 \'93Temporarily suspending the declaration of invalidity to give Parliament or the provincial l
egislature in question an opportunity to bring the impugned legislation or legislative provision into line with its constitutional obligations will be warranted even where striking down has been deemed the most appropriate option on the basis of one of th
e above criteria if:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1257372 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1257372\charrsid7669635 A.\~ \tab striking down the legislation without enacting something in its place would pose a danger to the public;}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1257372 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1257372\charrsid7669635 B.\~ \tab striking down the legislation without enacting something in its place would threaten the rule of law; or,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1257372 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1257372\charrsid7669635 C.\~\tab [Not relevant]\'94 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1257372\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11946655\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [296]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11946655\charrsid7669635 
The Court made it clear that these were guidelines only.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11868349 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11946655\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [297]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11946655\charrsid7669635 The more recent decision of }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11946655\charrsid7669635 Hislop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11946655\charrsid7669635 , another decision of the Supreme}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635  Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11946655\charrsid7669635 
 of Canada, contains a more detailed discussion of some of the problems facing a Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635  in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11946655\charrsid7669635  declaring an Act unconstitutional.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11946655\charrsid7669635 Is the Act thereby a nullity from that time onward (prospective) or is it a nullity from the date of its enactment (retroactive)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 ?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11946655\charrsid7669635 If a declaration of invalidity is retroactive it could have dramatic consequences for all those who have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440594\charrsid7669635 acted in reliance upon the assumed validity of the relevant Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440594\charrsid7669635 While, in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440594\charrsid7669635 Hislop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440594\charrsid7669635 , there was a difference of reasoning as between the majority and Bastarache\~J, both agreed that a declaration of invalidity was not automatically to be assumed to be retroactive.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440594\charrsid7669635 The Court would actively need to engage with that issue.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440594\charrsid7669635 
In appropriate circumstances the normal retroactive effect of a judgment may be adjusted to protect other legitimate interests.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440594\charrsid7669635 The use of transition periods and suspended declarations of invalidity are one way of temporarily limiting the retroactive effect of constitutional remedies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440594\charrsid7669635 But, further, the Court may actively require retroactivity to be limited.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440594\charrsid7669635 
Issues such as reasonable reliance, good faith, fairness to litigants and Parliament}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7623337\charrsid7669635 \rquote }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2440594\charrsid7669635 s role are important considerations in making that assessment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11946655 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [298]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 I now turn to this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 First,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635  I believe that my finding in relation to section 64(1)(c) would support a declaration of invalidity of the Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 I will need to be ad
dressed in relation to how such a declaration should be worded but, in broad terms, I believe that such a declaration would be appropriate.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [299]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 
Secondly, I believe that a suspension of such a declaration would be appropriate to allow Parliament to remedy the defects identified by me.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 Of course, Parliament may cho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 se not to do so in which case the declaration}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635  of invalidity}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635  would become effective.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [300]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 
Thirdly, and this is perhaps the most difficult aspect, I would need to address whether the declaration should be retroactive.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 In considering this issue, there may be a distinction to be drawn between the defendants (who are facing criminal proceedings as
 a result of alleged breaches of the Act) and all other members of the Scheme.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 Because I believe the Scheme is, in substance, a public good and that, with amendments, it can be made efficacious, I would be very reluctant to make a declaration of invalidit
y that would unwind the Scheme back to 2000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [301]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 
The position of the defendants, though, is different.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7085721\charrsid7669635 
They are facing criminal proceedings for allegedly breaching the Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 It may be necessary to declare that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 declaration of invalidity is retroactive so far as they are concerned.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [302]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 I have not heard counsel on any of this.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 
I would be most reluctant to reach any final view without full argument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [303]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 
It is, of course, possible that counsel may reach agreement as to the form of remedies without the need for further argument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 If that is so, I am prepared to receive a consent memorandum and, if necessary, convene a telephone conference to discuss same.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [304]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 
I suspect, though, that such agreement may be difficult to achieve and that a hearing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 will}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635  be required.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 I cannot presently see that I would be able to convene such a hearing before the September}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635  2014}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635  sitting in which I am otherwise schedule}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635  to sit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 I am concerned about that delay but I cannot see any realistic alternatives if there is 
to be full argument by counsel in person (which seems to me desirable if consensus is not reached).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [305]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 
If the matter is to be delayed until then various consequences arise.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 First, I specifically acknowledge that Parliament may take the opportunity, in the meantime, to remedy the Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 In that regard I note }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5137264\charrsid7669635 the following }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567\charrsid7669635 evidence before the Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16524567 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [306]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 T
here are references in affidavits before the Court by Mr\~Rasmussen and Mr\~George in their Parliamentary capacities.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 These state that the non-government members would likely support amendments along the lines submitted by Mr\~Arnold.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 For example, at paragraph 82(a) of his affidavit, Mr\~
Rasmussen notes that the Opposition is united in the view that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 \'93
Legislation must be passed \endash  constitutionally entrenched \endash  that recognises member\rquote 
s accounts as being in the nature of private property, incapable of being appropriated for other purposes by a Government act with anything less than a constitutional mandate to do so.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 The Government, in a constitutionally entrenched way, must guarantee the fund \endash 
 as is the case with other similar funds in substantially all other small Pacific Island States.\'94 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [307]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 
I emphasise that I would not see immediate Parliamentary amendment of the Act as a usurpation of the judicial function by Parliament.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 Indeed, I respectfully believe that it would be an appropriate recognition that issues of constitutionality are prima facie matters for Parliament to address.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [308]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 Secondly, I recognise that
 either or both parties may wish to appeal this decision notwithstanding the fact that remedies are not yet complete.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 While it is a matter for the parties, and the Court of Appeal, I believe I would still need to resolve the question of remedies if any appeal is brought.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [309]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 
I direct counsel to confer and to advise the Court within fifteen working days (or such longer period as is agreed between them) as to their preferred way forward.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 I am prepared to convene a telephone conference to discuss these issues if that would assist.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 Costs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [310]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls6\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 
The parties are agreed that costs are reserved for further consideration.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 It may be sensible for counsel to advise their positions on the question of costs as part of the same process identified above.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7669635 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 Tom Weston}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7669635\charrsid7669635 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2774576\charrsid7669635 Chief Justice
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