{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New;}
{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol;}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings;}{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}
{\f36\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}
{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f435\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f436\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\f438\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f439\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f440\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f441\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\f442\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f443\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f455\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}{\f456\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}
{\f458\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f459\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f460\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}{\f461\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}
{\f462\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f463\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f775\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}{\f776\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}
{\f778\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f779\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f782\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}{\f783\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}
{\f795\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\f796\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\f798\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\f799\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\f802\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\f803\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255;\red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;
\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0;\red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;\red79\green129\blue189;}{\*\defchp }{\*\defpap 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\stylesheet{\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext0 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Normal;}{\s1\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw15\brsp20 \wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 heading 1;}{
\s2\qc \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 heading 2;}{\s3\qj \li0\ri0\sb200\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\f36\fs24\cf17\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink47 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 heading 3;}{\*\cs10 \additive \ssemihidden \spriority0 Default Paragraph Font;}{\*
\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblind0\tblindtype3\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv 
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext11 \ssemihidden \spriority0 Normal Table;}{
\s15\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls13\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext15 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Number;}{\s16\qj \li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext16 \ssemihidden \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Body Text;}{\s17\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri686\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls3\pnrnot0\pndec }\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin686\lin1418\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext17 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 First Indent;}{\s18\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tx567\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext18 \sautoupd \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Title Case;}{
\s19\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp240 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp240 \tx5103\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext19 \sautoupd \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Waistband;}{\*\cs20 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\cf2 \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \spriority0 \styrsid1799356 Hyperlink;}{
\s21\qj \li0\ri0\sl-220\slmult0\widctlpar\tx709\pvpg\phpg\posx2302\posy14113\dxfrtext181\dfrmtxtx181\dfrmtxty181\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon15 \snext21 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 solicitors;}{\s22\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext22 \slink51 \styrsid15870731 header;}{\s23\ql \fi-3969\li5387\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5387\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon18 \snext23 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Matter;}{\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext24 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Body;}{\s25\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon18 \snext25 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Suppression;}{\*\cs26 \additive \f0\fs22 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Party ref;}{
\s27\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext0 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 AlignRight;}
{\s28\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4320\tqr\tx8640\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext28 \ssemihidden \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 footer;}{\s29\qj \fi210\li0\ri0\sa120\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext29 \ssemihidden \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Body Text First Indent;}{\*\cs30 \additive \fs22 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Party name;}{
\s31\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f2\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext31 \ssemihidden \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Plain Text;}{\s32\qj \fi-709\li709\ri0\sb360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault{\*\pn \pnlvlbody\ilvl0\ls11\pnrnot0\pndec }
\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext32 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Bullets;}{\s33\qj \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar
\tqr\tx8222\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \caps\fs24\ul\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext33 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Heading;}{
\s34\qj \li0\ri0\sb360\keepn\widctlpar\tx5103\tqr\tx8222\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon33 \snext15 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Justice;}{\s35\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext35 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Name Suppression;}{\*\cs36 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 page number;}{\s37\qj \li0\ri0\keepn\widctlpar
\tqr\tx8222\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon33 \snext37 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Role;}{
\s38\qj \li0\ri0\sb480\sa240\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext15 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Subheading;}{\s39\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext39 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Appearances1;}{\s40\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs18\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext40 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 FooterMNC;}{\s41\ql \fi-2552\li3970\ri0\widctlpar
\tx3969\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3970\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext41 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Matter1;}{
\s42\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar\tx709\tx1418\tx2126\tx2835\tx3544\tx4253\tx4961\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin686\lin709\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext42 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Quotations;}{\s43\ql \fi-2552\li3970\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx3969\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin3970\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon41 \snext43 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Matter2;}{\s44\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext44 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Party Name Criminal;}{\s45\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext45 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Versus;}{\s46\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext46 \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 Party Type Criminal;}{\*\cs47 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f36\fs24\cf17 \sbasedon10 \slink3 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority0 \styrsid15870731 
Heading 3 Char;}{\s48\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 
\sbasedon0 \snext48 \slink49 \spriority0 \styrsid11033683 footnote text;}{\*\cs49 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \slink48 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid11033683 Footnote Text Char;}{\*\cs50 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super 
\sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid11033683 footnote reference;}{\*\cs51 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24 \sbasedon10 \slink22 \slocked \styrsid223694 Header Char;}{
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext52 \slink53 \spriority0 \styrsid796659 
endnote text;}{\*\cs53 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon10 \slink52 \slocked \spriority0 \styrsid796659 Endnote Text Char;}{\*\cs54 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super 
\sbasedon10 \spriority0 \styrsid796659 endnote reference;}}{\*\listtable{\list\listtemplateid-726744732\listsimple{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1492\jclisttab\tx1492\lin1492 }{\listname ;}\listid-128}{\list\listtemplateid-2023222846\listsimple{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03[\'00];}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\i0\f0\fs24\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-709\li709\jclisttab\tx709\lin709 }{\listname ;}\listid18825586}{\list\listtemplateid913993714\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc3
\levelnfcn3\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134165\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2
\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2
\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2
\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid175313521}
{\list\listtemplateid750413342\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc3\levelnfcn3\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134165\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid329990283}{\list\listtemplateid422864700\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134167\'02\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li776\lin776 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1496\lin1496 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2216\lin2216 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2936\lin2936 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3656\lin3656 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4376\lin4376 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5096\lin5096 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5816\lin5816 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6536\lin6536 }{\listname ;}\listid437483588}{\list\listtemplateid-200144624\listsimple{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-709\li709\jclisttab\tx709\lin709 }{\listname ;}\listid485322998}{\list\listtemplateid67698703\listsimple{\listlevel\levelnfc0
\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listname ;}\listid743381751}
{\list\listtemplateid-1807297142\listsimple{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'00.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \s17\fi-360\li360
\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listname ;}\listid830756388}{\list\listtemplateid1223481696\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid622208718
\'01-;}{\levelnumbers;}\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691
\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693
\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689
\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691
\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693
\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698689
\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698691
\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid67698693
\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1224951876}{\list\listtemplateid1992606558{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0
{\leveltext\'03[\'00];}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \jclisttab\tx360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \li709\jclisttab\tx1069\lin709 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\hres0\chhres0 \li1418\jclisttab\tx2138\lin1418 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'03);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \li2126
\jclisttab\tx2486\lin2126 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'04);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \li2835\jclisttab\tx3195\lin2835 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'05);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \li3544\jclisttab\tx4264\lin3544 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0
\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \li4253\jclisttab\tx4613\lin4253 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \li4961\jclisttab\tx5321\lin4961 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \li5670\jclisttab\tx6390\lin5670 }{\listname ;}\listid1241403401}{\list\listtemplateid1912667050\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134167\'02\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134167\'02\'01);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1311058741}
{\list\listtemplateid429788466\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid622208718\'01-;}{\levelnumbers;}\loch\af0\hich\af0\dbch\af0\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134147\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\lin1440 }
{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134149\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel
\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134145\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23
\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134147\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134149\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134145\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134147\'01o;}{\levelnumbers;}\f2\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134149\'01\u-3929 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f10\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1315064733}{\list\listtemplateid117202870\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134167\'02\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1429\lin1429 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2149\lin2149 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2869\lin2869 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3589\lin3589 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360
\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134167\'02\'04);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4309\lin4309 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360
\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li5029\lin5029 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360
\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5749\lin5749 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360
\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6469\lin6469 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360
\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li7189\lin7189 }{\listname ;}\listid1372412413}{\list\listtemplateid177930102\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134167\'02\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1429\lin1429 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2149\lin2149 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2
\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2869\lin2869 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3589\lin3589 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0
\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li4309\lin4309 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li5029\lin5029 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5749\lin5749 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li6469\lin6469 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li7189\lin7189 }{\listname ;}\listid1481385425}
{\list\listtemplateid749093094{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03[\'00];}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \s15\jclisttab\tx360 }{\listlevel
\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'01);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-708\li1417\jclisttab\tx1417\lin1417 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2
\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-709\li2126\jclisttab\tx2126\lin2126 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'03);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-363\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0
\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'04);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-357\li1797\jclisttab\tx1797\lin1797 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1
\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'05);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-363\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-357\li2517\jclisttab\tx2517\lin2517 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-363\li2880\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers
\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-357\li3237\jclisttab\tx3237\lin3237 }{\listname ;}\listid1570731623}{\list\listtemplateid2090362102{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0
\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03[\'00];}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext
\'02\'01);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\jclisttab\tx720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'02);}{\levelnumbers
\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1080\jclisttab\tx1080\lin1080 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'03);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\jclisttab\tx1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'04);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1800\jclisttab\tx1800\lin1800 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'03(\'05);}{\levelnumbers\'02;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 
\fi-360\li2160\jclisttab\tx2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2520
\jclisttab\tx2520\lin2520 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880
\jclisttab\tx2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3240
\jclisttab\tx3240\lin3240 }{\listname ;}\listid1705397378}{\list\listtemplateid1821396864\listsimple{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}
\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listname ;}\listid1866820699}{\list\listtemplateid1530163790\listhybrid{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134167\'02\'00);}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li720\lin720 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'01.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li1440\lin1440 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'02.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li2160\lin2160 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'03.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li2880\lin2880 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'04.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li3600\lin3600 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'05.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li4320\lin4320 }{\listlevel\levelnfc0\levelnfcn0\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134159\'02\'06.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5040\lin5040 }{\listlevel\levelnfc4\levelnfcn4\leveljc0\leveljcn0\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134169\'02\'07.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-360\li5760\lin5760 }{\listlevel\levelnfc2\levelnfcn2\leveljc2\leveljcn2\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\lvltentative\levelspace360\levelindent0{\leveltext
\leveltemplateid336134171\'02\'08.;}{\levelnumbers\'01;}\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \hres0\chhres0 \fi-180\li6480\lin6480 }{\listname ;}\listid1881940327}{\list\listtemplateid-1114104384\listsimple{\listlevel\levelnfc23\levelnfcn23\leveljc0\leveljcn0
\levelfollow0\levelstartat1\levelspace0\levelindent0{\leveltext\'01\u-3913 ?;}{\levelnumbers;}\f3\fbias0\hres0\chhres0 \s32\fi-360\li360\jclisttab\tx360\lin360 }{\listname ;}\listid2020501934}}{\*\listoverridetable{\listoverride\listid18825586
\listoverridecount0\ls1}{\listoverride\listid743381751\listoverridecount0\ls2}{\listoverride\listid830756388\listoverridecount0\ls3}{\listoverride\listid1705397378\listoverridecount0\ls4}{\listoverride\listid-128\listoverridecount0\ls5}
{\listoverride\listid1866820699\listoverridecount0\ls6}{\listoverride\listid485322998\listoverridecount0\ls7}{\listoverride\listid1705397378\listoverridecount0\ls8}{\listoverride\listid1241403401\listoverridecount0\ls9}{\listoverride\listid1241403401
\listoverridecount0\ls10}{\listoverride\listid2020501934\listoverridecount0\ls11}{\listoverride\listid830756388\listoverridecount0\ls12}{\listoverride\listid1570731623\listoverridecount0\ls13}{\listoverride\listid329990283\listoverridecount0\ls14}
{\listoverride\listid1881940327\listoverridecount0\ls15}{\listoverride\listid1311058741\listoverridecount0\ls16}{\listoverride\listid1570731623\listoverridecount9{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat\levelstartat1}{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat\levelstartat1}
{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat\levelstartat1}{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat\levelstartat1}{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat\levelstartat1}{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat\levelstartat1}{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat\levelstartat1}{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat
\levelstartat1}{\lfolevel\listoverridestartat\levelstartat1}\ls17}{\listoverride\listid175313521\listoverridecount0\ls18}{\listoverride\listid1481385425\listoverridecount0\ls19}{\listoverride\listid1372412413\listoverridecount0\ls20}
{\listoverride\listid1315064733\listoverridecount0\ls21}{\listoverride\listid437483588\listoverridecount0\ls22}{\listoverride\listid1224951876\listoverridecount0\ls23}}{\*\revtbl {Unknown;}}{\*\pgptbl {\pgp\ipgp2\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp58\itap0\li1440\ri720
\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp96\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp8\itap0\li2160\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp58\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp56\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp43\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp0\itap0\li0\ri0
\sb0\sa0}{\pgp\ipgp32\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp27\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp79\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp58\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp91\itap0\li2160\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp72\itap0\li720\ri720
\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp42\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp8\itap0\li2160\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp8\itap0\li1440\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp84\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp97\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp58\itap0\li1440
\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp17\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp16\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp30\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp8\itap0\li1440\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp91\itap0\li2160\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp28\itap0
\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp42\itap0\li2160\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp8\itap0\li1440\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp96\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp91\itap0\li1440\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp89\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp73
\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp42\itap0\li1440\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp66\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp10\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp67\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp22\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp
\ipgp8\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp61\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp91\itap0\li1440\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp96\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp0\itap0\li0\ri0\sb0\sa0}{\pgp\ipgp92\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp
\ipgp42\itap0\li2160\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp86\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp20\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp0\itap0\li0\ri0\sb0\sa0}{\pgp\ipgp8\itap0\li1440\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp33\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp
\ipgp48\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp91\itap0\li2160\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp47\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp96\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp68\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp47\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}
{\pgp\ipgp8\itap0\li1440\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp93\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp0\itap0\li0\ri0\sb0\sa0}{\pgp\ipgp95\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp90\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp91\itap0\li1440\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp
\ipgp59\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp8\itap0\li1440\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp76\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp88\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp58\itap0\li1440\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp13\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}
{\pgp\ipgp25\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp8\itap0\li1440\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp8\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp57\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp51\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp91\itap0\li2160\ri720\sb100
\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp96\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp58\itap0\li1440\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp91\itap0\li1440\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp96\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp8\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp44\itap0\li720\ri720
\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp69\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp18\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp91\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp63\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp8\itap0\li2160\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp40\itap0\li720
\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp58\itap0\li1440\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp24\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp8\itap0\li1440\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp42\itap0\li1440\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp8\itap0\li1440\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp0\itap0
\li0\ri0\sb0\sa0}{\pgp\ipgp91\itap0\li2160\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp8\itap0\li2160\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp75\itap0\li720\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp8\itap0\li2160\ri720\sb100\sa100}{\pgp\ipgp0\itap0\li0\ri0\sb0\sa0}{\pgp\ipgp4\itap0\li720\ri720
\sb100\sa100}}{\*\rsidtbl \rsid465\rsid19879\rsid30511\rsid74262\rsid83374\rsid88233\rsid88994\rsid136810\rsid140449\rsid143843\rsid159185\rsid213694\rsid222609\rsid223694\rsid225928\rsid335216\rsid338029\rsid343446\rsid349431\rsid407602\rsid419629
\rsid472392\rsid487135\rsid527179\rsid537965\rsid548569\rsid600357\rsid796104\rsid796659\rsid811553\rsid853109\rsid919265\rsid942831\rsid947221\rsid989862\rsid1049216\rsid1067358\rsid1069842\rsid1074312\rsid1122050\rsid1146041\rsid1192316\rsid1210208
\rsid1252547\rsid1254139\rsid1259146\rsid1261070\rsid1275195\rsid1314289\rsid1328704\rsid1392849\rsid1398852\rsid1407377\rsid1526857\rsid1529131\rsid1539394\rsid1579736\rsid1583633\rsid1601529\rsid1639164\rsid1644633\rsid1663006\rsid1713034\rsid1720622
\rsid1787499\rsid1788232\rsid1789711\rsid1799308\rsid1799356\rsid1836605\rsid1846524\rsid1904161\rsid1909440\rsid1927491\rsid1930362\rsid1933280\rsid1974560\rsid1979989\rsid1982229\rsid1985152\rsid1992697\rsid2042368\rsid2056429\rsid2100064\rsid2104704
\rsid2109195\rsid2122964\rsid2125054\rsid2180767\rsid2191413\rsid2194751\rsid2246816\rsid2313749\rsid2323956\rsid2326358\rsid2375501\rsid2432492\rsid2443356\rsid2519782\rsid2558828\rsid2559052\rsid2563760\rsid2581825\rsid2582295\rsid2582668\rsid2583615
\rsid2642374\rsid2653003\rsid2701118\rsid2705362\rsid2718384\rsid2761926\rsid2776610\rsid2778431\rsid2782206\rsid2783375\rsid2819601\rsid2822605\rsid2832340\rsid2839591\rsid2841784\rsid2888682\rsid2899158\rsid2911664\rsid2949879\rsid3036881\rsid3041275
\rsid3043649\rsid3081568\rsid3081984\rsid3102553\rsid3104737\rsid3148411\rsid3159881\rsid3162305\rsid3212922\rsid3219477\rsid3227733\rsid3290332\rsid3346027\rsid3367724\rsid3433260\rsid3495772\rsid3499673\rsid3551930\rsid3552569\rsid3557766\rsid3615079
\rsid3620151\rsid3628088\rsid3634754\rsid3679423\rsid3681155\rsid3692602\rsid3702379\rsid3755637\rsid3807918\rsid3813952\rsid3833768\rsid3887637\rsid3894889\rsid3946123\rsid3959557\rsid3962599\rsid3962823\rsid3964408\rsid4027851\rsid4070527\rsid4083913
\rsid4092615\rsid4157937\rsid4201111\rsid4217337\rsid4266372\rsid4272675\rsid4277322\rsid4333900\rsid4346040\rsid4402733\rsid4420532\rsid4462074\rsid4485516\rsid4533639\rsid4615290\rsid4619549\rsid4673186\rsid4674209\rsid4718836\rsid4718862\rsid4719833
\rsid4727666\rsid4735597\rsid4737714\rsid4739794\rsid4740847\rsid4741293\rsid4855175\rsid4915579\rsid4930584\rsid4932500\rsid4995298\rsid4999091\rsid5001946\rsid5013036\rsid5013060\rsid5132093\rsid5134288\rsid5178750\rsid5185115\rsid5191179\rsid5251343
\rsid5275470\rsid5318089\rsid5402589\rsid5450928\rsid5453159\rsid5468373\rsid5528114\rsid5530695\rsid5531638\rsid5534561\rsid5573892\rsid5576129\rsid5581312\rsid5589366\rsid5711104\rsid5718569\rsid5776802\rsid5908814\rsid5910877\rsid5913756\rsid5917435
\rsid5987596\rsid5989585\rsid6047886\rsid6048229\rsid6054932\rsid6114127\rsid6167840\rsid6173216\rsid6180231\rsid6232825\rsid6236711\rsid6256048\rsid6257304\rsid6301766\rsid6358077\rsid6373285\rsid6376519\rsid6378295\rsid6424132\rsid6434140\rsid6436067
\rsid6448068\rsid6490408\rsid6503543\rsid6510628\rsid6555362\rsid6557557\rsid6569557\rsid6581970\rsid6627982\rsid6635670\rsid6639416\rsid6640929\rsid6650764\rsid6691357\rsid6711869\rsid6840722\rsid6881297\rsid6889856\rsid6895460\rsid6949656\rsid6959140
\rsid6968773\rsid6972469\rsid6974436\rsid6977534\rsid7029695\rsid7038278\rsid7079070\rsid7093157\rsid7098683\rsid7152591\rsid7175413\rsid7210788\rsid7211888\rsid7278568\rsid7278715\rsid7285474\rsid7287181\rsid7291105\rsid7303478\rsid7362211\rsid7364955
\rsid7370656\rsid7432983\rsid7433989\rsid7476004\rsid7484360\rsid7494700\rsid7544336\rsid7619617\rsid7634635\rsid7678298\rsid7807699\rsid7815817\rsid7817724\rsid7818419\rsid7825417\rsid7864348\rsid7872984\rsid7886845\rsid7930590\rsid7938538\rsid7943946
\rsid7955746\rsid8011097\rsid8013324\rsid8016325\rsid8023917\rsid8069198\rsid8149242\rsid8158092\rsid8194566\rsid8194823\rsid8201489\rsid8257734\rsid8259943\rsid8286612\rsid8339518\rsid8399001\rsid8406464\rsid8409497\rsid8416867\rsid8591323\rsid8613550
\rsid8654888\rsid8657756\rsid8661749\rsid8738847\rsid8785197\rsid8798467\rsid8799482\rsid8847590\rsid8865974\rsid8916597\rsid8918430\rsid8924727\rsid8933741\rsid8980483\rsid9001119\rsid9050295\rsid9051292\rsid9111541\rsid9116803\rsid9138442\rsid9184371
\rsid9196863\rsid9201081\rsid9262489\rsid9269362\rsid9318388\rsid9319952\rsid9391273\rsid9438931\rsid9441836\rsid9456139\rsid9461437\rsid9469412\rsid9504075\rsid9506545\rsid9516114\rsid9518161\rsid9523707\rsid9580967\rsid9585017\rsid9713429\rsid9729129
\rsid9731165\rsid9731626\rsid9766879\rsid9844755\rsid9855854\rsid9859195\rsid9862330\rsid9900498\rsid9911568\rsid9916881\rsid9917815\rsid9971225\rsid9981035\rsid9985685\rsid9986340\rsid9987235\rsid10059336\rsid10106330\rsid10107125\rsid10111659
\rsid10121312\rsid10122910\rsid10169071\rsid10253415\rsid10254869\rsid10293812\rsid10296260\rsid10317082\rsid10367356\rsid10370816\rsid10376344\rsid10377399\rsid10423558\rsid10438015\rsid10493922\rsid10505185\rsid10509245\rsid10514668\rsid10516634
\rsid10516694\rsid10575440\rsid10577109\rsid10619025\rsid10689315\rsid10709340\rsid10758449\rsid10769265\rsid10819312\rsid10834266\rsid10888942\rsid10889742\rsid10894748\rsid10895642\rsid10905947\rsid10948251\rsid10956266\rsid10964409\rsid11015140
\rsid11024277\rsid11033683\rsid11082361\rsid11099638\rsid11105316\rsid11144817\rsid11157295\rsid11166056\rsid11280501\rsid11284049\rsid11291696\rsid11292609\rsid11296605\rsid11300129\rsid11303683\rsid11357494\rsid11367613\rsid11405749\rsid11407244
\rsid11408618\rsid11410505\rsid11489967\rsid11546415\rsid11546807\rsid11565042\rsid11605279\rsid11623479\rsid11679588\rsid11696252\rsid11745755\rsid11755695\rsid11761646\rsid11763305\rsid11821740\rsid11822657\rsid11869730\rsid11875794\rsid11949485
\rsid11951899\rsid12015450\rsid12064578\rsid12068572\rsid12078659\rsid12088206\rsid12146329\rsid12199242\rsid12255493\rsid12275892\rsid12325095\rsid12337841\rsid12342500\rsid12391285\rsid12396023\rsid12408701\rsid12465650\rsid12475287\rsid12478316
\rsid12484342\rsid12520536\rsid12538848\rsid12541616\rsid12609350\rsid12649135\rsid12726734\rsid12727018\rsid12729055\rsid12734973\rsid12737049\rsid12743212\rsid12791414\rsid12809811\rsid12845216\rsid12919051\rsid12939539\rsid12981924\rsid12994376
\rsid13001423\rsid13044397\rsid13057183\rsid13061883\rsid13066343\rsid13070100\rsid13072818\rsid13127746\rsid13137431\rsid13138830\rsid13178734\rsid13190193\rsid13240079\rsid13311609\rsid13333460\rsid13335149\rsid13335280\rsid13383741\rsid13435538
\rsid13441058\rsid13457978\rsid13460875\rsid13461870\rsid13463439\rsid13506320\rsid13515255\rsid13520685\rsid13521201\rsid13527810\rsid13529715\rsid13532597\rsid13579897\rsid13580059\rsid13641702\rsid13646117\rsid13699035\rsid13702038\rsid13714043
\rsid13769391\rsid13847116\rsid13857832\rsid13896728\rsid13919720\rsid13966460\rsid13969009\rsid14029618\rsid14043400\rsid14057308\rsid14104094\rsid14174925\rsid14174953\rsid14223914\rsid14242688\rsid14244531\rsid14252888\rsid14314860\rsid14358913
\rsid14365085\rsid14373004\rsid14377091\rsid14380843\rsid14421316\rsid14427438\rsid14431276\rsid14438343\rsid14448338\rsid14485910\rsid14486065\rsid14491582\rsid14494456\rsid14569410\rsid14578285\rsid14637462\rsid14641469\rsid14693969\rsid14700202
\rsid14706125\rsid14710872\rsid14746874\rsid14760141\rsid14767883\rsid14772561\rsid14815902\rsid14832370\rsid14836735\rsid14903951\rsid14904340\rsid14961626\rsid14969997\rsid15015103\rsid15025401\rsid15034709\rsid15088446\rsid15090852\rsid15091356
\rsid15093613\rsid15095251\rsid15143674\rsid15145075\rsid15150444\rsid15222436\rsid15234024\rsid15271786\rsid15273300\rsid15299507\rsid15407619\rsid15408585\rsid15415595\rsid15423510\rsid15476450\rsid15496624\rsid15496736\rsid15536217\rsid15541971
\rsid15559980\rsid15560892\rsid15604135\rsid15609748\rsid15629600\rsid15676967\rsid15694778\rsid15729626\rsid15743970\rsid15745124\rsid15755721\rsid15756652\rsid15799482\rsid15801614\rsid15814584\rsid15814980\rsid15824149\rsid15870731\rsid15875166
\rsid15887429\rsid15946043\rsid15948424\rsid16000718\rsid16001953\rsid16004550\rsid16006479\rsid16021281\rsid16023392\rsid16068066\rsid16133060\rsid16136203\rsid16146654\rsid16200285\rsid16258097\rsid16259344\rsid16270181\rsid16283506\rsid16331389
\rsid16335465\rsid16341373\rsid16349610\rsid16384724\rsid16401060\rsid16406306\rsid16452400\rsid16452586\rsid16456453\rsid16457912\rsid16461537\rsid16520003\rsid16536010\rsid16542602\rsid16544574\rsid16595661\rsid16610313\rsid16656282\rsid16677064
\rsid16714186}{\mmathPr\mmathFont34\mbrkBin0\mbrkBinSub0\msmallFrac0\mdispDef1\mlMargin0\mrMargin0\mdefJc1\mwrapIndent1440\mintLim0\mnaryLim1}{\info{\title JudgmentTemplate}{\author MoJ}{\operator sam_f}{\creatim\yr2014\mo5\dy7\hr15\min40}
{\revtim\yr2014\mo5\dy7\hr15\min40}{\printim\yr2013\mo8\dy28\hr15\min36}{\version2}{\edmins1}{\nofpages33}{\nofwords15399}{\nofchars77192}{\*\company NZ Govt}{\nofcharsws92407}{\vern32773}}{\*\xmlnstbl {\xmlns1 http://schemas.microsoft.com/office/word/200
3/wordml}}\paperw11906\paperh16838\margl2268\margr1440\margt1276\margb1418\gutter0\ltrsect 
\widowctrl\enddoc\aenddoc\trackmoves0\trackformatting1\donotembedsysfont0\relyonvml0\donotembedlingdata1\grfdocevents0\validatexml0\showplaceholdtext0\ignoremixedcontent0\saveinvalidxml0\showxmlerrors0
\aftnnar\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\hyphcaps0\formshade\horzdoc\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1701\dgvorigin1984\dghshow0\dgvshow0
\jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale200\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\nolnhtadjtbl\nojkernpunct\rsidroot12199242\utinl \fet1{\*\wgrffmtfilter 013f}\ilfomacatclnup0
{\*\docvar {Appearances}{C:\'5cDocuments and Settings\'5cBARLOPE\'5cLocal Settings\'5cTemporary Internet Files\'5cContent.MSO\'5c47B238C5.docx??????U?????\'8a???????????U?????\'8a???????????q?????x????????????)??????????????????D?????????????????????????????
}}
{\*\docvar {DocumentID}{?????????????????????dDownloading Body Corporate 200012 v Registrar of Companies CIV-2010-404-1685.docx??????????????????????????????8?????????????????I?????????????????C??????Bright Green??????????????%????????????????\'8e???????????????????????????????????
???????????\'ffTurquoise????A???????????.????????????????????-??????????????????????????????????????????????????\'ff\'ffPink????????????????????????????????????????????E???????????e???????????<??????\'ffBlue??\'ffRed???????????\'80Dark Blue?????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????\'d2??????????? ???????????\'80Teal???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????\'5c??????????????????Green\'90????Downloading H:\'5cMinutes\'5c2010\'5cCivil\'5cBody Corporate 200012 
v Registrar of Companies CIV-2010-404-1685.docx??????????????????????\'a7???????????????????????????? ?????????\'80\'80Violet?????????????????\'b8???????????d???????????/????????????\'86???????????<???????????@???????????<???????????I??????\'80Dark Red?????????????????????
?? ???????????????????2??????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????Dark Yellow??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????\'80Gray-50%???????????????????\'95???????????????????????????
 ????????\'9a??????????????? ????????v???????????G?????????????????\'c0Gray-25%????????????c???????????M???????????*???????????N??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????Black????????\'a7??????????????????????:??????????????????????????????????Q???
????????>???????????\'8a????????????????????????}}{\*\docvar {DocumentName}{???????}}
{\*\docvar {JudgeName}{??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????~????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????_?????1????????????????????\'80?????????????????????????????????????????\'b2??
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????\'95??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????\'9b???????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????a?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??\'a1??????????????????????????????????????????????????S?????????S???????????????????????????????????????????\'86????????? ????????????1???????S???????????????????????????\'c3???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????\'b6????????????????
???????F????????????????????????s??????????????"?????h?????????????l????????f????????C?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????b??????????????????????????????????????????????a????????????????????????????????????????I???????????????????
????????????????????????????????????????????????????????n????????????B????????????????????????????????????????????????\'97?????????????\'a3?????\'9a????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????1?????????????????????????\'e6??????\'a6\'85?\'95??0?????????????????????????????????????\'a1????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????C?????????????????????
?????????S????????????????\'b0????????r????????????????????????? ?????\'fd?????????????????????l?????????????d??????????????????????????????????????????????,??????\'ff?\'ff????????????\'df(???????????h?@@????`??%??\'d0?@\'a8????\'c8??%????@?????????%????@\'9f??????H?%???@????????%\'d0
??h???%\'d0??h??\'a8?\'98?????\'98\'9f????\'98???????????? $?0??8?H? ? $P?x??\'80?\'90? ? $\'98?\'c0??\'c8?\'d8? ? $\'e0???????? ? $????????? ?\'9f?x\'e0??????????????n? ?B?o0\'e0??????????????n?h ?B??\'a0oh\'e0??????????????n??\'d0 ?B?\'9bG o \'e0??????????????n\'f8?? ?B????o\'d8\'e0??????????????n???? ?B?\'a8$o\'90\'88?\'b1????????m???
?????????????t???????? ??????????b???????n???????????????? ????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????m???????????????????e????QH????????????????????????st????Pf??*??????-????????#????????s??????????????????????????>????rm????D???????????
??0?????????????????????\'80????/\'3b????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ??????????????????????????
???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????? ???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
?????\'80??????????????????????????\'98?????\'80??????????\'80????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????\'80????????????????????\'80????????????????????????????????\'ff???????????????????????????\'80????@\'84???@??0>4c7d1b32?Code???S???????????????????????????
?????????,??????2?????????????0?????????????????a????????????????.??????????????W???????c?????z?????????2?????4????????4????????? ?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????\'96???@??????????????????E???????????????????c????
????????@???\'88??????*\'5cG\'7b000204EF-0000-0000-C000-000000000046\'7d#4.0#9#C:\'5cProgram Files\'5cCommon Files\'5cMicrosoft Shared\'5cVBA\'5cVBA6\'5cVBE6.DLL#Visual Basic For Applications?*\'5cG\'7b00020905-0000-0000-C000-000000000046\'7d#8.4#0#C:\'5cProgram Files\'5cMicrosoft Office\'5cOffice12\'5cMS
WORD.OLB#Microsoft Word 12.0 Object Library\'b8*\'5cG\'7b00020430-0000-0000-C000-000000000046\'7d#2.0#0#C:\'5cWINNT\'5csystem32\'5cStdole2.tlb#OLE Automation\'da*\'5cG\'7b0D452EE1-E08F-101A-852E-02608C4D0BB4\'7d#2.0#0#C:\'5cWINNT\'5csystem32\'5cFM20.DLL#Microsoft Forms 2.0 Object Library?*\'5cG\'7bF25B
C315-25D4-4115-93AB-38D0D753D5E1\'7d#2.0#0#C:\'5cUsers\'5cLorraine\'5cAppData\'5cLocal\'5cTemp\'5cWord8.0\'5cMSForms.exd#Microsoft Forms 2.0 Object Library?????????*\'5cG\'7bCA42222F-A942-4483-A0E5-F6769DC428C5\'7d#1.1#0#C:\'5cProgram Files\'5cCommon Files\'5cDepartment For Courts\'5cJtk\'5cDecisionTem
plate.dll#JTK Decision Wizard?*\'5cG\'7b2DF8D04C-5BFA-101B-BDE5-00AA0044DE52\'7d#2.4#0#C:\'5cProgram Files\'5cCommon Files\'5cMicrosoft Shared\'5cOFFICE12\'5cMSO.DLL#Microsoft Office 12.0 Object Library?*\'5cG\'7bF727FC3C-0F4E-480F-B326-B28191B76CC8\'7d#1.0#0#C:\'5cProgram Files\'5cCommon File
s\'5cDepartment For Courts\'5cJtk\'5cJudicialToolkit.dll#JTK Explorer????????ThisDocument0<4c7d1b32?ThisDocument?????????????????????????????y??Code0>4c7d1b32?Code???S????????????????????????????????????,??????????????????????????????????????\'80?\'a3\'ff? ???C????R????e??
????_???b???\'b2????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????\'80?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????
??????????????????????????????????????D??????????G???????c??e???????????????????????G???????????????????????????S??????d????\'8c????????n??????????????????????????????KBJTK?????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????@
,,\'8e\'8c????H???H????%????????????????????????????????????H??????????????\'98?????????\'a0??????????????????  ?? ???@? ?? ????  ?? ???? ????@? ?? ???? \'98????????????????????????????????  ?? \'a0??\'e8? ?@?  ??  ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ????X? @? ?? ?? \'98???????????????????????
?????\'b8? ?(?  ??  ?? X? ?? ?? ?? \'98????????????????????????????\'d0? ?(?  ??  ?? ?? X? ?? ?? ?? \'98????????????????????X???????@?  ?? ?? ???????`??? ?(? ??  ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?(? ?? ??@? ?? ?? \'98?????????????)?????????????\'8a?  ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? X? ?? ?? ?
? \'98???????????0??????????)???n????????@?  ??  ??  ????  ??\'e8? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? @? (? ?? \'98??????????0?????????)???n?????????@?  ??  ??  ????  ???? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?(? ??  X? ?? ?? \'98?????\'91?\'89?0??????????????n???????\'b8? ?(? ??  ?? X? ?? ?? ?? 
?\'98???????????0??????????????)???????\'b8? ?p? ?X? ?? ?? ??  ?? ? \'98?????????????0?????????)???n\'9f? ??????@?  ??  ??  ????  ??\'a0? \'88? ?? ?? ?? ?? ?? }}{\*\docvar {Publish}{w:rsidR}}{\*\docvar {sDecnMaker1}{???????\'c8????? ????????}}
{\*\docvar {sEntry}{???????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????????}}{\*\docvar {sFilenumbers}{??????}}{\*\docvar {sFinalised}{<}}{\*\docvar {sHonourific1}{????\'e1}}
{\*\docvar {Template}{?}}{\*\ftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8799482 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\ftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8799482 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 \chftnsepc 
\par }}{\*\aftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8799482 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\aftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8799482 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 \chftnsepc 
\par }}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\psz9\sbknone\pgnrestart\linex0\headery0\footery543\endnhere\titlepg\sectunlocked1\sectlinegrid360\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid8657756\sftnbj\saftnnar {\footerl \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\pvpara\phmrg\posxc\posy0\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 PAGE  }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid13460875 1}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 
\par 
\par }}{\footerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 
\par 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid796659\charrsid796659 IN THE HIGH COURT OF}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid10905947\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12478316\charrsid796659 THE COOK ISLANDS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10905947\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12478316\charrsid796659 HELD AT RAROTONGA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10905947\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12478316\charrsid796659 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14104094\charrsid796659 CIVIL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12478316\charrsid796659  DIVISION)
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16004550 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14104094\charrsid796659 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid8257734\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14104094\charrsid796659 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8257734\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14104094\charrsid796659  NO.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12478316\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4741293\charrsid796659 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12478316\charrsid796659 /1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid14104094\charrsid796659 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10516634\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16004550 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1799308\charrsid796659 IN THE MATTER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1799308\charrsid796659 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14104094\charrsid796659 Article}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1799308\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14448338\charrsid796659 6}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14104094\charrsid796659 4}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14448338\charrsid796659 (1) of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14104094\charrsid796659 
Cook Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14104094\charrsid796659 Constitution (Bill of Rights); and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14104094\charrsid796659 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid225928\charrsid796659 Electoral Amendment Act 2007}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14104094\charrsid796659 ; and }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid225928\charrsid796659 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid225928\charrsid796659 Incorporated Societies Act 1994; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14104094\charrsid796659  the Declaratory Judgments Act 1994}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14104094 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1799308\charrsid796659 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1799308 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1799308\charrsid796659 IN THE MATTER}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1799308\charrsid796659 of an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16001953\charrsid796659 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1799308\charrsid796659 pplication }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16001953\charrsid796659 for a declaratory judgment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid225928\charrsid796659 on the validity of the Cook Islands Electoral Amendment 2007 against }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16001953\charrsid796659 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid225928\charrsid796659 
Bill of Rights provisions of the Constitution; and
\par an Application for a decl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15743970\charrsid796659 aratory judgment against the unf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid225928\charrsid796659 
air withholding of resignation from the Cook Islands Party Inc.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16001953 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1799308\charrsid796659 BETWEEN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16001953\charrsid796659 NORMAN GEORGE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16001953\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6358077\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16001953\charrsid796659 Member of Parliament for the Teenui}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12146329\charrsid796659 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16001953\charrsid796659 Mapumai Constituency, Atiu}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1799308\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14448338\charrsid796659 Appl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16001953\charrsid796659 ic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14448338\charrsid796659 ant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12478316 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10905947\charrsid796659 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid225928\charrsid796659 ATTORNEY-GENERAL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11357494\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid225928\charrsid796659 Government of the Cook Island}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16001953\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid225928\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid225928\charrsid796659 Avarua, Rarotonga}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6358077\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid225928\charrsid796659 First }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12478316\charrsid796659 Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10905947 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid225928\charrsid796659 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid225928\charrsid796659 RAU NGA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid225928\charrsid796659  as President and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid225928\charrsid796659 TEMU OKOTAI}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid225928\charrsid796659  as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid225928\charrsid796659 General Secretary of the Cook Islands Party Incorporated
\par Second Respondents
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10376344\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11546807\charrsid796659 Hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10905947\charrsid796659 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11357494\charrsid796659 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11033683\charrsid796659 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11357494\charrsid796659  Ju}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16001953\charrsid796659 ly}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11357494\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1254139\charrsid796659 201}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16001953\charrsid796659 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10905947\charrsid796659 
\par 
\par Counsel:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1254139\charrsid796659 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid225928\charrsid796659 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11033683\charrsid796659  N George}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid225928\charrsid796659 , Applicant,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11033683\charrsid796659  in person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10905947\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1254139\charrsid796659 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11357494\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1787499\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid225928\charrsid796659 C Evans}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11410505\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1787499\charrsid796659 for}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid225928\charrsid796659  First}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1787499\charrsid796659  Respondent
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid225928\charrsid796659 Mrs T Browne for Second Respondents
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10905947\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10516694\charrsid796659 Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10905947\charrsid796659 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14252888\charrsid796659 28}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3962599\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6114127\charrsid796659 August}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16001953\charrsid796659  2013}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10905947\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10905947 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10619025 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid796659\charrsid796659 RESERVED JUDGMENT OF HUGH WILLIAMS J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs20\insrsid796659\charrsid10619025 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  At the commencement of the hearing the Judge adv
ised counsel that he chairs the New Zealand Electoral Commission.  No counsel objected to Hugh Williams J hearing the matter.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\ul\insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 {\*\bkmkstart bkBodyStart}{\*\bkmkend bkBodyStart}
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid796659\charrsid796659 A. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9986340\charrsid796659 The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8613550\charrsid796659  Court holds that, in the abstract, the}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9986340\charrsid796659 re }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8613550\charrsid796659 appears to be room for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9986340\charrsid796659 declaration}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8613550\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9986340\charrsid796659  of incompatibility or inconsistency between the terms of the Electoral Amendment Act 2
007 and the freedom of speech and expression }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3962599\charrsid796659 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9986340\charrsid796659  Article 64(1)(}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid3962599\charrsid796659 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9986340\charrsid796659 ) of the Constitution }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8613550\charrsid796659 or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid9986340\charrsid796659 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8613550\charrsid796659 alternatively}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9986340\charrsid796659 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid8613550\charrsid796659 there is a basis for a declaration that the Electoral Amendment Act 2007 is inoperative but, other than that, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9986340\charrsid796659 the application for declaratory judgments 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10111659\charrsid796659 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9986340\charrsid796659  dismissed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8613550\charrsid796659 
 for lack of a factual matrix to which those declarations might apply}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9986340\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16401060\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par B. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9986340\charrsid796659 Costs are to be dealt with in accordance with [1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3962599\charrsid796659 19] - [121}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid9986340\charrsid796659 ] of this Judgment.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 PRELIMINARY}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid11033683\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 [1] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 The intituling}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14569410\charrsid796659  to this Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659  is taken from the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15743970\charrsid796659 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 pplication for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15743970\charrsid796659 D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 eclaratory }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15743970\charrsid796659 J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 
udgments filed on 8 February 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid796659\charrsid10619025 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 
 amended by Minute of this Court dated 19 March 2013 to substitute references to this Court on all documents filed after that date for references to the Court of Appeal on all documents filed before that date}},}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid796659\charrsid796659  by Mr George, a member of the Cook Islands Parliament.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par [2] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 The intituling remains erroneous because:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
this case involves the Constitution and the Electoral Amendment Act 2007 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 2007 Amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10619025 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 ) and should always have only been between Mr George and the Attorney-General.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 No relief was sought \endash  or, in this case, could be sought \endash  against the Cook Islands Party Inc (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 CIP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
) or its officials; the proceeding should have been discontinued against them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 That would h
ave relieved the CIP and the Second Respondents from being put to the cost of defending the proceedings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par c) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 The reference to the Incorporated Societies Act 1908 \endash  not 1994}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid796659\charrsid10619025 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  the Declaratory Judgments Act is also 1908, not 1994}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659  \endash  and the Applicant\rquote 
s claimed resignation from the CIP should similarly have been omitted:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 that Act and that resignation were not engaged in this case.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par d) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 Mr George also suggested in a memorandum filed with his Originating Application - apparently triggered by the proximity of a budget debate - that the entire proceeding could be det
ermined on the papers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
This matter is complex and important. It was wholly unrealistic to suggest it could be determined on the papers without the assistance of oral argument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 [3] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 However, as the intituling indicates and as will be discussed later in this
 judgment, the thrust of the application is for a declaration that the 2007 Amendment is invalid.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par [4] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 Details of the 2007 Amendment are considered later in this judgment but, for these preliminary purposes, it needs to be noted that it came into force on 
15 August 2007; the occasion for the implementation of the procedure it prescribes has not yet been triggered and, for the reasons later discussed, may never be triggered}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid796659\charrsid10619025 \chftn 
{\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  other than possibly because Parliament debates the budget annually}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659  whether in relation to the Applicant or any other Member of Parliament}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14569410\charrsid796659  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14569410\charrsid796659 MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14569410\charrsid796659 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 Thus, as remarked during the hearing, the application is for a declaratory judgment in a vacuum.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2783375\charrsid796659 That, as will appear, is an important caveat.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par [5] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 The role of Courts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4674209\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 
 both generally and in relation to proceedings under the Declaratory Judgments Act 19}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11407244\charrsid796659 08}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11763305\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659  is to adjudicate on legal questions and apply the law as so }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12649135\charrsid796659 found }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 
to existing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4674209\charrsid796659 , pleaded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659  disputes as to facts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 Courts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659  roles }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4674209\charrsid796659 do not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 include the giving of legal opinions in the abstract and in the absence of a factual dispute to which the law can be applied.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par [6] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 It would therefore have been open to the Court to decline to hear this application as there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10111659\charrsid796659 wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 s no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10111659\charrsid796659 evidence of any }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 factual dispute to which }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4674209\charrsid796659 the law, as found,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659  could be applied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10111659\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10111659\charrsid796659 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 ut}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12649135\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659  as no party sought that result, the Court proceeds to deal with the application as best it can.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 However, given the wide spectrum of factual disputes which might, one day, trigger the operation of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4674209\charrsid796659 2007 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 Amendment, there can be no guarantee that the findings in this Judgment will necessarily apply to whatever }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4674209\charrsid796659 future }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 dispute may arise.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 ELECTORAL AMENDMENT ACT 2007
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par [7] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 The 2007 Amendment insert}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2783375\charrsid796659 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659  a new Part 9A }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4674209\charrsid796659 into the Electoral Act 2004}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10111659\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10111659\charrsid796659 U}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 nder the heading }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 
Party Integrity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10111659\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10111659\charrsid796659 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4674209\charrsid796659 t }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 consist}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4674209\charrsid796659 s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659  of sections 105A-D.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par [8] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9731626\charrsid796659 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 ection 105A first defines }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659  in the following terms:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 (a)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 an expression of no confidence in Cabinet under Article 14(3)(b) of the Constitution;
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 
an issue which the Prime Minister has declared to be an issue of confidence under Article 14(3)(b) of the Constitution;
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 (c)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 the provision of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid796659 supply by way of appropriation;"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 political party for which the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15801614\charrsid796659 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 ember of Parliament was elected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9985685\charrsid796659  as the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 political party appearing as required by section 45(7) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4674209\charrsid796659 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4674209\charrsid796659 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 rincip}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4674209\charrsid796659 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 l Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4674209\charrsid796659 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9985685\charrsid796659  against the name of the member }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4674209\charrsid796659 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 n the nomination paper}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659  nominating }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11407244\charrsid796659 the member}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 
 as a can}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13769391\charrsid796659 didate at h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11407244\charrsid796659 is or h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13769391\charrsid796659 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11407244\charrsid796659 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13769391\charrsid796659  election.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 [9] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13769391\charrsid796659 Sections 105B and C then read:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 105B. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 Consequence of member ceasing to support political party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659  - The seat of a member, other than a member elected as inde}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4674209\charrsid796659 pendent, shall become vacant if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 (a) upon a vote in Parli
ament on an issue of confidence, the member fails to support the majority of the parliamentary members of the political party for which the member was elected; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 (b) the parliamentary leader of that political party delivers to the Speaker a written notice that complies with section 105C.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 105C. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 Notice from parliamentary leader of part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid4674209\charrsid796659 y}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 
 - A written notice under section 105B(b) must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\tx810\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 
(a) be signed by the parliamentary leader of the political party for which the member who is the subject of the notice was elected and by not less than two-thirds of the parliamentary members (inclusive of the leader) of that political party; and}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 (b) be addressed to the Speaker; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 (c) be accompanied by a statement that complies with section 105D.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx810\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 [10] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2783375\charrsid796659 Section 105D}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13769391\charrsid796659  states:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13769391 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 105D. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 Form of statement to be made by parliamentary leader}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 
 - The statement referred to in section 105C(c) must be in writing and signed by the parliamentary leader concerned and by not less than two-thirds of the parliamentary members of that political party, and must }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid796659 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 
(a) state that the member concerned has failed upon a vote in Parliament on an issue of confidence, to support the majority view of the parliamentary members of the political party for which the member was elected and that the parliament
ary leader has delivered to the member concerned, written notice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 (i)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 informing the member that the parliamentary leader considers that section 105B(a) applies to the member and the reasons for that opinion; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12520536 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 (ii)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 advising the member that he or she h
as 7 working days from the date of receiving the notice to respond to the matters raised in the notice by notice in writing addressed to the parliamentary leader; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536\charrsid796659 
(b) state that, after consideration of the conduct of the member and his or her response
 (if any) by the parliamentary members of the political party for which the member was elected, the parliamentary leader of that party confirms that not less than two-thirds of the parliamentary members (inclusive of the leader) of the party have agreed t
hat notice should be given by the parliamentary leader under section 105B(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12520536 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 [11] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13769391\charrsid796659 The wording, operation and reach of those provisions is considered later in this judgment.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 PLEADINGS
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 [12] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 In his application Mr George sought a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 declaration that the Electoral Amendment Act 2007 is invalid}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659  and, in what appear}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11407244\charrsid796659 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659  to be a second application, a declaration that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699\charrsid796659 :}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10377399\charrsid796659 
the Applicant will not, by voting against the members of Parliament who are members of the Cook Islands Party Incorporated on an issue of confidence
, be a member who has failed to support the majority of the parliamentary members of the political party for which the member was elected pursuant to section 105B of the Electoral Act 2004.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 [13] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699\charrsid796659 After setting out the factual grounds for the application }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2783375\charrsid796659 (}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699\charrsid796659 including that the ballot paper}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1713034\charrsid796659 for his candidacy}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699\charrsid796659  for the Teenui}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2783375\charrsid796659 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699\charrsid796659 
Mapumai Constituency on Atiu had the CIP logo alongside his name}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2783375\charrsid796659 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699\charrsid796659  Mr George pleaded that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4740847\charrsid796659 2007 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699\charrsid796659 Amendment was unworkable, contradictory and unconstitutional.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par [14] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15150444\charrsid796659 Mr George argued that t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699\charrsid796659 he pleas of unworkability and contradictoriness w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4740847\charrsid796659 ere}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699\charrsid796659  supported by the fact that although MPs are free to vote as they see fit on an}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9731626\charrsid796659 y}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699\charrsid796659  issue and thus may not all vote the same way, MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4740847\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699\charrsid796659 
 cannot know whether they have voted with the majority of the members of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4740847\charrsid796659 their}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699\charrsid796659 
 party until the results of the vote are known}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11407244\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699\charrsid796659  by which time it may be too late for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9731626\charrsid796659 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699\charrsid796659 ember to rectify exposure to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4740847\charrsid796659 2007 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7807699\charrsid796659 Amendment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12919051\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par [15] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1789711\charrsid796659 There is little in that submission since, as Mr George acknowledged during argument, any MP is entitled to call for a division on any vote.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1789711\charrsid796659 
In any event, although Mr George claims never to have participated in CIP caucuses since the last general election, participation in caucus discussions would normally be a prelude to a vote in the House so all}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12649135\charrsid796659  that party\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1789711\charrsid796659  MPs would be aware of their party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1789711\charrsid796659 s stance on the particular }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1789711\charrsid796659 issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1789711\charrsid796659 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par [16] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699\charrsid796659 The plea of unconstitutionality was said to arise because it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2783375\charrsid796659 wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7807699\charrsid796659 s argued the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4740847\charrsid796659 2007 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699\charrsid796659 
Amendment deprived MPs of their right to choose which way they will vote on an issue and could bring about a forced vacancy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15801614\charrsid796659 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7807699\charrsid796659  seats in Parliament in the event of disagreements within a political party.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699\charrsid796659 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4740847\charrsid796659 2007 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699\charrsid796659 Amendment was also said to be unconstitutional as breaching or infringing Article 13 of the Constitution }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9051292\charrsid796659 by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699\charrsid796659  giv}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4740847\charrsid796659 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7807699\charrsid796659 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4740847\charrsid796659 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7807699\charrsid796659  the Prime Minister of the day power to declare seats in Parliament vacant}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659  even if he or she no longer commands the support of a majority of MPs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10889742\charrsid10889742 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883  the plea is incorrect. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 The 2007 Amendment applies
 to all parties in Parliament, not merely the Government and it is for the Speaker, not the Prime Minister, to declare seats vacant under the Amendment.}}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid11303683\charrsid10889742  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3557766\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par [17] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 Mr George also pleaded that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4740847\charrsid796659 2007 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 
Amendment transgresse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9051292\charrsid796659 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659  the plenipotentiary power of Parliament appearing in Article 39(1)(3) of the Constitution }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9051292\charrsid796659 because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4740847\charrsid796659  it is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659  not for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4740847\charrsid796659 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8023917\charrsid796659 peace, order and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 
good govern}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1407377\charrsid796659 ment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659  of the Cook Islands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 Because, Mr George argued, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4740847\charrsid796659 2007 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 Amendment does not amend or extend the Constitution, it is invalid because it is inconsistent with and contrary to that document.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4740847\charrsid796659 Though}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659  the Constitution was argued to be consistent with the Westminster Parliamentary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1407377\charrsid796659 s
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 ystem, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4740847\charrsid796659 2007 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 
Amendment was pleaded to be inconsistent with that system because, under }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15801614\charrsid796659 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659  First Past the Post (}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 FPP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 ) voting system}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15801614\charrsid796659  used in the Cook Islands }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 the electorate }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4740847\charrsid796659 vo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 tes for the member}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9985685\charrsid796659 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par [18] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13769391\charrsid796659 Mr George}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13769391\charrsid796659 s synopsis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid10889742\charrsid10889742 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  ie. the assertion was in his pleadings and submission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14767883 s, not in his sworn affidavit. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 There was no oral evidence at the hearing.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13769391\charrsid796659 then asserted that he has avoided the impact of the 2007 Amendment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11407244\charrsid796659 ever since the 2010 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2783375\charrsid796659 general }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11407244\charrsid796659 election }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13769391\charrsid796659 by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15801614\charrsid796659 debating issues but }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13769391\charrsid796659 being absent from the Chamber \endash  where he would be required to vote on any issue before the House \endash 
 whenever a vote is called for, especially on budgetary matters.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13769391\charrsid796659 
That, Mr George asserted, was a means of proceeding which deprived the electors of the Teenui}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2783375\charrsid796659 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13769391\charrsid796659 
Mapumai electorate of representation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15801614\charrsid796659  in the sense of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13919720\charrsid796659 his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15801614\charrsid796659 voting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13919720\charrsid796659  on their behalf}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13769391\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4737714\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par [19] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4737714\charrsid796659 The Attorney-General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4737714\charrsid796659 
s defence acknowledged the correctness of many of the factual assertions in Mr George}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4737714\charrsid796659 
s application but added that he had asked Parliament to recognise him as an independent MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4737714\charrsid796659 he Speaker had advised the House that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11407244\charrsid796659 deciding on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4737714\charrsid796659 such an application needs to await the outcome of this litigation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13769391\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par [20] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4737714\charrsid796659 Any possible conflict with the fundamental }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8023917\charrsid796659 rights and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4737714\charrsid796659 freedoms listed in Article 64 of the Constitution were, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2783375\charrsid796659 the defence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4737714\charrsid796659 
 pleaded, avoided because the 2007 Amendment was enacted by the procedure for constitutional amendment under Article 41(1).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4737714\charrsid796659 
The Attorney-General then plead}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2783375\charrsid796659 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4737714\charrsid796659 :
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10889742 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668\charrsid796659 
The promotion of views through public debate and participation in free and fair elections are activities that may be subject to reasonable regulation compatible with an open and democratic society.
\par Anti-defection laws enable a political party to prevent defections of its elected members, thus ensuring that they continue to support the party under whose aegis they were elected.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668\charrsid796659 It also prevents parties in power from enticing members of small parties to defect from the party.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668\charrsid796659 Where a law prohibits defection that is a lawful prohibition, which must be enforced in the Courts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668\charrsid796659 The Electoral Amendment Act 2007 was Parliament}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668\charrsid796659 s res
ponse to a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668\charrsid796659 pressing and substantial concern in a democratic society}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668\charrsid796659 . }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668\charrsid796659 There is a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668\charrsid796659 rational connection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668\charrsid796659  between the objective and the Act, and the Act is reasonably capable of being viewed as appropriate and adapted to furthering or enhancing the democra
tic process}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668\charrsid796659 The regime enacted impairs the fundamental freedoms affected as little as possible in achieving its purpose.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668\charrsid796659 The proportion of good and bad effects is in favour of the good effects.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 [21] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132\charrsid796659 Mr George}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6424132\charrsid796659 s response, though largely }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11407244\charrsid796659 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132\charrsid796659  pejorative reiteration of his position}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132\charrsid796659  did contain an admission that the 2007 Amendment was passed according to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7278568\charrsid796659 the procedural requirements in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132\charrsid796659 Article 41(1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16006479\charrsid796659 for amending the Constitution}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10889742\charrsid10889742 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5001946 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  plea}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 
ded and conceded by Mr George. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 The concession obviates the need to discuss implied entrenchment.  The final vote was 16-5 in favour of the Amendment, Mr George voting in the minority.}}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16006479\charrsid796659 That notwithstanding}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5001946\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16006479\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132\charrsid796659 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132\charrsid796659 
mendment does not, it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132\charrsid796659 s said, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132\charrsid796659 address party hopping, it just restricts the right of MPs to vote against the budget or to support a vote of no confidence in the Prime Minister by MPs whose political party is in government}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132\charrsid796659 He conclude}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11407244\charrsid796659 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132\charrsid796659 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10889742 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668\charrsid796659 
The Electoral Amendment Act 2007 does not lawfully abridge a memb
ers rights to freedom of speech and association, it prohibits and restricts it completely when it comes to the exercise of voting in relation to the budget or confidence in the Prime Minister, if it is to be a vote against those two subjects.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668\charrsid796659 The penalty of having a member}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10514668\charrsid796659 
s seat being declared vacant as a result of voting against the budget or confidence in the Prime Minister is totally against the Westminster Parliamentary system which our Parliament is modelled on and the Bill of Rights under Articles 6
4(1) and 65 of the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 [22] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132\charrsid796659 Though Mr George initially pleaded the 2007 Amendment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 
breached}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132\charrsid796659  Article}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132\charrsid796659 
 64(1)(a)(b)(d) and (e) and Article 65(1) of the Constitution, pressed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15801614\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132\charrsid796659  during the hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15801614\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132\charrsid796659  he accepted that the only provisions of Article 64 potentially engaged }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16006479\charrsid796659 
in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132\charrsid796659  this litigation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132\charrsid796659 
Article 64(1)(d) as far as it vouchs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 afes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132\charrsid796659  freedom }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15875166\charrsid796659 
of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15801614\charrsid796659 thought and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15875166\charrsid796659 conscience and Article 64(1)(e) which guarantees freedom of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4272675\charrsid796659 religion, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15875166\charrsid796659 speech and expression.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15875166\charrsid796659 
He also accepted that the provisions of Article 64(2) were potentially applicable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15875166\charrsid796659 That Article reads:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6424132\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10889742 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14373004\charrsid796659 (2) }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15875166\charrsid796659 
It is hereby recognised and declared that every person has duties to others, and accordingly is subject in the exercise of his rights and freedoms to such limitations as are imposed, by any enactment or r
ule of law for the time being in force, for protecting the rights and freedoms of others or in the interests of public safety, order, or morals, the general welfare, or the security of the Cook Islands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15875166 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 [23] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15875166\charrsid796659 Of the provisions of Article 65, Mr George}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15875166\charrsid796659 ultimately agreed that the only provisions potentially applicable to this litigation were the introductory words of Article 65(1) and Article 65(2) which read:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10889742 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4201111\charrsid796659 
(1) Subject to subclause (2) of this Article and to subclause (2) of Article 64 hereof, every ena
ctment shall be so construed and applied as not to abrogate, abridge, or infringe or to authorise the abrogation, abridgement, or infringement of any of the rights or freedoms recognised and declared by subclause (1) of Article 64 hereof,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4201111\charrsid796659 ...}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4201111 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10889742 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4201111\charrsid796659 (2) Every 
enactment, and every provision thereof shall be deemed remedial, whether its immediate purpose is to direct the doing of anything that the enacting authority deems to be for the public good, or to prevent or punish the doing of anything it deems contrary 
to the public good, and shall accordingly receive such fair, large, and liberal construction and interpretation as will best ensure the attainment of the object of the enactment or provision thereof according to its true intent, meaning and spirit.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4201111 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid6840722\charrsid10889742 SUBMISSIONS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15875166 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid10889742\charrsid10889742 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 [24] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11407244\charrsid796659 In addition to his pleadings, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6840722\charrsid796659 
Mr George submitted that the independence of MPs is an important aspect of democracy under the Westminster system and all MPs should have the right to exercise independence of conscience.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6840722 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 [25] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6840722\charrsid796659 He submitted that the matters at issue in this proceeding were not matters of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11407244\charrsid796659 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6840722\charrsid796659 arliamentary privilege.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6840722\charrsid796659 Dr}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 aw}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6840722\charrsid796659 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659  on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6840722\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid6840722\charrsid10889742 McGee}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid10619025 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid6167840\charrsid10889742 s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid6840722\charrsid10889742  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid16021281\charrsid10889742 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid6840722\charrsid10889742 arliamentary }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid16021281\charrsid10889742 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid6840722\charrsid10889742 ractice in New Zealand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10889742\charrsid10889742 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid13460875\charrsid6840722 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  Ed (2009), p88-89 }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659  he submitted that Cook Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
 political parties are governed only by the requirements of the Incorporated Societies Act 1908.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
It is the Speaker who monitors Parliamentary membership.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
That may change during a term by death, disqualification, resignation or expulsion from a Members\rquote  initial political party.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
He submitted that, in the absence of an Electoral Commission in the Cook Islands, only the Courts could provide a reviewing role of the activities and conduct of political parties and MPs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 [26] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 Mrs Browne for the CIP - to the extent it was impleaded - adopted Ms Evans}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10889742 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659  submissions for the Attorney-General and the Court accordingly turns to those. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par [27] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
Ms Evans commenced her submissions by suggesting the 2007 Amendment was passed in response to concerns in the community about MPs resigning from the parties for which they had stood in general elections and either bec
oming independents or joining rival political parties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 [28] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 Relying on authorities later discussed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10889742\charrsid10889742 \chftn 
{\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  discussed in detail in the next section of this Judgment}},}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659 
 Ms Evans submitted that whether the anti-defection regime of the 2007 Amendment might so profound}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 ly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5134288\charrsid796659 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659 ffect the political syste}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 m embodied in the Constitution }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659 as to bring into play the doctrine of implied e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659 
trenchment was a matter f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 or}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659  assessment in accordance with international precedent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659 Democratic rights}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659 
 she submitted, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 were to be judged according to whether they amounted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659  to reasonable regulation compatible
 with an open and democratic society}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659 nti-de}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 fec}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659 ti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659  laws }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16021281\charrsid796659 we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659 
re designed to ensure continuing support by MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9580967\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659  for the political party for wh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2519782\charrsid796659 ich}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9580967\charrsid796659 they were}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659 
 elected and to prevent enticements }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2519782\charrsid796659 to defection }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16006479\charrsid796659 by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13066343\charrsid796659  other parties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2519782\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par [29] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8918430\charrsid796659 Echoing the Attorney-General}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8918430\charrsid796659 s pleading, she submitted t}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2519782\charrsid796659 2007 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659 Amendment was Parliament}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659 s response to public concern}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2519782\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13066343\charrsid796659  and there }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2519782\charrsid796659 wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659 s a rational connection between the objective and the Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2519782\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2519782\charrsid796659 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659 h}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2519782\charrsid796659 us}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16006479\charrsid796659 2007 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13066343\charrsid796659 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16006479\charrsid796659 mendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659  was reasonably capable of being viewed as appropriate to the furthering o
f the democratic process, particularly as its regime impaired fundamental freedoms as minimally as possible.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659 The necessary balanc}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2519782\charrsid796659 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659  exercise of good }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2519782\charrsid796659 versus}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659  bad effects fell in favour of the former.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par [30] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659 Both Mr George and Ms Evans drew heavily on the New Zealand response to public concerns }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6167840\charrsid796659 
over MPs defecting from the party for which they were elected, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659 as expressed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8918430\charrsid796659 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13066343\charrsid796659  the Electoral (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2519782\charrsid796659 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13066343\charrsid796659 ntegrity) Amendment Act 2001 (NZ)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid10889742\charrsid10889742 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  11 out of 120 MPs defected between the 1996 and 1999 gen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 eral elections in New Zealand. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 The Integrity Act expired on the date of New Zealand\rquote s 2005 general election.  Possible re-enactment is being considered by NZ\rquote 
s Constitutional Review Group}} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 (the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 Integrity Act}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 ) and the views of the New Zealand Court of Appeal and Supreme Court on that Act as respectively formulated in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid10889742\charrsid10889742 Huata v Prebble}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10889742\charrsid10889742 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  [2004] 3 NZLR 359}} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid10889742\charrsid10889742 Awatere Huata v Prebble}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10889742\charrsid10889742 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  [2005] 1 NZLR 289}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 In his response, Mr George suggested that New Zealand precedent, being under that country}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 s Mixed Member Proportional (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 MMP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 ) voting system, was inapplicable to the Cook Islands FPP system since in the latter the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 candidate has to do his own campaigning in order to get elected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par [31] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 He submitted, though without authority, that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
when it comes to alleged breaches of human rights, the Court is duty-bound to take a stricter interpretation of the law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
, and concluded:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10889742 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
There is no good effect in this amendment, all MPs are frightened of it, it is regularly used by succeeding Prime Minister and party leaders to threaten members of Parliament and particularly those with limit
ed education of which 80 percent of Cook Islands MPs are.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
The threat is very effective and used regularly by political parties to enforce party discipline within the ranks.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid10889742\charrsid10889742 BILLS OF RIGHTS AND WRITTEN CONSTITUTIONS: THE INTERPRETATIVE APPROACH
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 [32] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 As Ms Evans submitted, Courts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10889742\charrsid796659  approach to interpreting written Constitutions in relation to Bills of Rights is as set down by the Privy Council }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid10889742\charrsid10889742 in Hinds v The Queen}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10889742\charrsid10619025 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883  [1976] 1 All ER 353.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  In full, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid8069198 Hinds & Others v The Queen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 ; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid8069198 Director of Public Prosecutions v Jackson}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 , }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid7678298 Attorney-General of Jamaica (Intervener)}}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid2104704\charrsid10619025 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 [33] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9050295\charrsid796659 In that case the Jamaican Parliament pa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16006479\charrsid796659 
ssed a Gun Court Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9050295\charrsid796659 as an ordinary Act of Parliament}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1909440\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9050295\charrsid796659  not pursuant to the special procedure prescribed by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1909440\charrsid796659 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9050295\charrsid796659 onstitution for }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7678298\charrsid796659 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9050295\charrsid796659 cts altering the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1909440\charrsid796659 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9050295\charrsid796659 onstitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9050295\charrsid796659 The Act establish}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16006479\charrsid796659 ed}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9050295\charrsid796659  a new Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13190193\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9050295\charrsid796659  the Gun Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13190193\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9050295\charrsid796659  with power to sit in three divisions presided over by different levels of judicial officers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9050295\charrsid796659 The Act also set out special procedures to be used in the Gun Court and particular punishments on conviction for certain offences.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9050295\charrsid796659 Five persons convicted in the Gun Court challenge their convictions and sentences on the basis that the Gun Court Act was incon
sistent with the Constitution and therefore void.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par [34] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9050295\charrsid796659 Lord Diplock}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10889742\charrsid10889742 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  at 359 speaking for the majority of the Privy Council}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659  held that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 a written Constitution, like any other written instrument affecting legal rights or obligations falls to be construed in the light of its subject matter and of the surrounding
 circumstances with reference to which it was made}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 [35] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 After referring to the evolution of Constitutions given to former Crown colonies and dependencies, his Lordship observed}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10889742\charrsid10889742 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  at 361}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 :}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10889742 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
where, under a Constitution on the Westminster model, a law is made by t
he Parliament which purports to confer jurisdiction on a Court described by a new name, the question whether the law conflicts with the provisions of the Constitution dealing with the exercise of the judicial power does not depend on the label ... which t
he Parliament attaches to ... the law whose constitutionality is impugned.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
It is the substance of the law that must be regarded, not the form.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
What is the nature of the jurisdiction to be exercised by the judges who are to compose the Court to which the new label is attached?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 [36] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 And then, considering the purposes of the Gun Court Act as expressed in its Preamble, Lord Diplock held}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10889742\charrsid10889742 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  at 368-9}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 :

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10889742 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
By s 48(1) of the Constitution the power to make laws for the peace, order and good government of Jamaica is vested in Pa
rliament; and prima facie it is for Parliament to decide what is or is not reasonably required in the interests of public safety or public order.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 Such a decision involves considerations of public policy which lie outside the field of the judicial power and
 may have to be made in the light of information available to a government of a kind that cannot effectively be adduced in evidence by means of the judicial process.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par In considering the constitutionality of the provisions of s 13(1) of the 1974 Act, a court should start with the presumption that the circumstances existing in Jamaica are such that hearings in camera are reasonably required in the interests of \lquote 
public safety, public order or the protection of the private lives of persons concerned in the proceedings\rquote .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
The presumption is rebuttable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 Parliament cannot evade a constitutional restriction by a colourable device (}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid10889742\charrsid10889742 Ladore v Ben}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 nett}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10889742\charrsid10889742 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  [1939] 3 All ER 98 at 105, [1939] AC 468 at 482}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15560892\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15560892\charrsid796659 But in order to rebut }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5776802\charrsid796659 
the presumption, their Lordships would have to be satisfied that no reasonable member of Parliam
ent who understood correctly the meaning of the relevant provisions of the Constitution could have supposed that hearings in camera were reasonably required for the protection of any of the interests referred to; or, in other words, that Parliament in so 
declaring was either acting in bad faith or had misinterpreted the provisions of s 20(4) of the Constitution under which it purported to act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5776802 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5776802\charrsid796659 No evidence has been adduced by the appellants in the instant case to rebut the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3557766\charrsid796659 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5776802\charrsid796659 resumption as respects the interests of public safety and public order.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5776802\charrsid796659 
Unlike the judges of the Court of Appeal, their Lordships have no personal knowledge of public safety and public order.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5776802\charrsid796659 
Unlike the judges of the Court of Appeal, their Lordships have no personal knowledge of the circumstances in Jamaica which gave rise to the passing of the 1974 Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5776802\charrsid796659 They have noted, however, the account contained in the judgment of Luckhoo P in the Court of Appeal of matters of common knowledge of which he felt able to take judicial notice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5776802\charrsid796659 These plainly negative any suggestion that Parliament was acting in bad faith in declaring that s 13 was in the interests of public safety and public order.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15560892 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10889742 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10889742 [37] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5776802\charrsid796659 
Ms Evans also relied on the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7678298\charrsid796659  decision of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5776802\charrsid796659  Privy Council in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\ul\insrsid5776802\charrsid10889742 Attorney-General of Trinidad and Tobago v McLeod}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid10889742 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  PC Appeal 24/1982 11 January 1984 [1985] LRC (Const) 81}} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
where the point in issue was whether an amendment to the Constitution of Trinidad and Tobago was valid because it had not been passed by the special majority of Parliament required by the Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 Mr McLeod had been elected to Parliament but fell out of favour with his party leadership which threatened him with disciplinary proceedings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 He sought a declaration from the High Court restraining the Speaker from making a declaration that he had resigned from or been expelled by the party for which
 he had been a candidate but, after losing at first instance and succeeding on appeal, ironically, Parliament was dissolved, he did not stand for re-election and ceased to have any further interest in the litigation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 That notwithstanding, the Attorney-General for Trinidad and Tobago and the Speaker pursued an appeal, but, as their Lordships observed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid4333900 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  p3}} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
without the advantage of contrary argument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 Of the validity of the anti-defection provisions which underpinned Mr McLeod}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 s litigation, their Lordships held}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid10889742 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  p7}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 :
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10889742 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
Broadly speaking it is those provisions of the Constitution that deal with the institution or characteristics of Parliament, as the organ of the State in which by s 53 is vested the plenitude of the legislative power of the sovereign Republic of Trinidad 
and Tobago, that are protected by entrenchment; those provisions that deal with the qualifications of individuals for membership of either House and with the internal procedure of either House are not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 [38] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 And, with regard to amendments to the Constitution, their Lordships held}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid10619025 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  p3 }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 :
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4333900 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
although supreme the Constitution is not immutable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 As was pointed out in the majority judgment of the Judicial Committee in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid4333900\charrsid4333900 Hinds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659  ... Constitutions on the Westminster model, of which the Constitution of the Republic of Trinid
ad and Tobago is an example, provide for their future alteration by the people acting through their representatives in the Parliament of the State.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 In Constitutions on the Westminster model, this is the institution in which the plenitude of the State}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 s legislative power is vested.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 [39] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 Ms Evans third authority was the 2002 decision of the Constitutional Court of South Africa in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid4333900\charrsid4333900 United Democratic Movement v The President of the Republic of South Africa and Others}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid10619025 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  case CCT 23/02, 4 October 2002; [2003] 4 LRC 98}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5989585\charrsid796659 The case concerned the validity of an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2558828\charrsid796659 anti-defection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5989585\charrsid796659 
 provision which allowed defection at both national and provincial level}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4915579\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5989585\charrsid796659 
 for brief periods during the term of the relevant body.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10577109\charrsid796659 While t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5989585\charrsid796659 
he measure was obviously one which reflected the situation in a nation emerging from the repressive regime o
f apartheid where democracy, let alone political party allegiance, was in its infancy, the judgment nonetheless contains instructive observations on the legitimacy of anti-defection regimes and review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10577109\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5989585\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2558828\charrsid796659 anti-defection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5989585\charrsid796659 
 provisions in other nations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13441058\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par [40] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5989585\charrsid796659 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13190193\charrsid796659 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5989585\charrsid796659 onstitution of the Republic }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10577109\charrsid796659 states}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5989585\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4915579\charrsid796659 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5989585\charrsid796659 its founding values includ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10577109\charrsid796659 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5989585\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5989585\charrsid796659 regular elections and a multi-party system of democratic government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10619025 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid10619025 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  s 1}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
 and a proportional representation voting system but, despite the presence of the latter, Ms Evans relied on the observation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid4333900 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14491582 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  para 26}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 :
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4333900 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
that a multi-party democracy contemplates a political order in which it is permissible for different political groups to organise, promote their views through public debate and to participate in free and fair elections.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 These activities may be subjected to reasonable regulation compatible with an open and democratic society.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 Laws which go beyond that, and which undermine multi-party democracy, will be invalid.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 [41] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 Citing from its }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid4333900\charrsid10619025 First Certification Judgment}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid10619025 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13460875\charrsid13520685 
Ex parte Chairperson of the Constitutional Assembly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 , In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13460875\charrsid4915579 re Certification of the Constitution of the Republic of South Africa}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 , 1996 (4) SA744 (CC); 1996 (10) BCLR 1253 (CC) para 182}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 , the Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid4333900\charrsid10619025 UDM}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659  held}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid4333900 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  paras 33 and 34}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4333900 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 33}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 ... Under a list system of proportional representation, it is parties that the electorate votes for, and parties which must be accountable to the electorate.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 A party which abandons its manifesto in a way not accepted by the electorate would probably lose at the next election.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 In such a system an anti-defection clause is not inappropriate to ensure that the will of the electorate is honoured.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 An individual member remains free to follow the dictates of personal conscience.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 This is not inconsistent with democracy.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4333900 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4333900 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
... An anti-defection clause enables a political party to prevent defections of its elected members, thus ensuring that they continue to support the party under whose aegis they were elected.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 It also prevents parties in power from enticing members of small parties to defect from the party upon whose list they were elected to join the governing party.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 If this were permitted it could enable the governing party to obtain a special majority which it might not otherwise be able to muster and which is not a re
flection of the views of the electorate.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 This objection cannot be sustained.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid4333900 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  paras 186-7}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4333900 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2558828\charrsid796659 34}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2558828\charrsid796659 It does not follow from this, however, that a proportional representation system without an anti-defection clause is inconsistent with democracy.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2558828\charrsid796659 It may be that there is a c
loser link between voter and party in proportional representation electoral systems than may be the case in constituency-based electoral systems, and that for this reason the argument against defection may be stronger than would be the case in constituenc
y-based elections.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2558828\charrsid796659 
But even in constituency-based elections, there is a close link between party membership and election to a legislature and a member who defects to another party during the life of a legislature is equally open to the accusation that he or
 she has betrayed the voters.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2558828 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 [42] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2558828\charrsid796659 Closer to home, Ms Evans relied on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4070527\charrsid796659 decisions in the }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid2558828\charrsid10619025 Awatere Huata}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2558828\charrsid796659  litigation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14427438\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14427438\charrsid796659 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2558828\charrsid796659 he Integrity Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7211888\charrsid796659 set up }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2558828\charrsid796659 an anti-defection regime }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3148411\charrsid796659 which, despite being based on New Zealand}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3148411\charrsid796659 s MMP system, was the obvious model for the 2007 Amendment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3148411\charrsid796659 However, the criterion for in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7211888\charrsid796659 itia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3148411\charrsid796659 tion of the expulsion regime, instead of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid919265\charrsid796659 being }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3148411\charrsid796659 failing to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3148411\charrsid796659 support the majority of the Parliamentary members of the political party for which the member was elected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7211888\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3148411\charrsid796659  was acting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3148411\charrsid796659 
in a way that has distorted, and is likely to continue to distort, the pr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2559052\charrsid796659 oportionality of political part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3148411\charrsid796659 
y representation in Parliament as determined at the last general election.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid4333900 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  s 55D(a) Electoral Act 1993}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 [43] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11623479\charrsid796659 Mrs Awatere Huata was elected on the party list for the Association of Citizens and Taxpayers (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11623479\charrsid796659 ACT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11623479\charrsid796659 ) i
n 1999 but was suspended from its caucus in February 2003 and in November that year the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7211888\charrsid796659 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11623479\charrsid796659 
eader of ACT gave notice to the Speaker that she was no longer a member of the ACT caucus.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11623479\charrsid796659 
From November that year the ACT caucus took the steps required by the Integrity Act includ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid919265\charrsid796659 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11623479\charrsid796659 
 advising Mrs Awatere Huata of the reasons why the ACT caucus took the view that she ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7211888\charrsid796659 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11623479\charrsid796659 
 distorted and was likely to continue to distort }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4070527\charrsid796659 Parliament}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11623479\charrsid796659 
s proportionality.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11623479\charrsid796659 Details appear in the judgments but do not require re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid919265\charrsid796659 hearsal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11623479\charrsid796659  in this judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11623479\charrsid796659 
On 16 December 2003 ACT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11623479\charrsid796659 s leader notified the Speaker that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7211888\charrsid796659 l
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11623479\charrsid796659 eader had a reasonable belief that Mrs Awatere Huata had acted in a way that distorted and was likely to continue to distort to proportionality of political party representation in Parl
iament.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11623479\charrsid796659 Mrs Awatere Huata obtained an Interim Injunction restraining ACT from delivering th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7211888\charrsid796659 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11623479\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7211888\charrsid796659 required }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11623479\charrsid796659 
notice to the Speaker and the injunction led to the litigation under review.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11623479\charrsid796659 
Mrs Awatere Huata was unsuccessful in the High Court but succeeded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid14242688 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  by a majority of 4 to 1}} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 in the Court of Appeal.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 She was, however, unsuccessful in the Supreme Court and an order was made dissolving the injunction against delivering ACT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 s leader\rquote s letter to the Speaker.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par [44] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 Because of the ultimate result, it is unnecessary to detail the judgments in the Court of Appeal, save to note that:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4333900 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
the Court of Appeal held that litigation such as this did not infringe Parliamentary privilege.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
The majority judgment contains a helpful review of Pacific legislation dealing with this topic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid14242688 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  at paras 54-58}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659  though the discussion centres around proceedings in caucus, not part of the evidence in this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 Ms Evans adopted the New Zealand Court of Appeal\rquote s reasoning and conclusion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 Mr George, while citing some of the standard authorities on the topic, accepted that this Court has t
he power to review the constitutionality of the 2007 Amendment and that such review does not infringe Article 36 dealing with the privileges of Parliament.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4333900 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4333900 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
Much of the remainder of the judgments is concerned with what acts can amount to distortion of proportionality and whether Mrs Awatere Huata}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 s acts qualified and are thus of no assistance in resolving this case. 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par [45] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 In the Supreme Court, the Judgment of Elias CJ contains a perceptive analysis of the distinction between membership of a Parliamentary party and vacancies in Parliamentary seats.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 She said}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid4333900 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  at 309, para 36}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4333900 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 
The creation of a vacancy in a parliamentary seat is distinct from the way in which membership of a parliamentary party is brought to an end. The first is a statutory procedure with consequences pro
vided for in the statute. Those consequences affect the composition of Parliament and important electoral interests. Subject to any question of privilege, judicial review is available to ensure that the procedure is lawfully invoked and applied. The quest
i
on of membership of a parliamentary party is essentially governed by the rules of association of the party. The rules constitute a contract between the members and can be enforced through application to a court. The legal basis of a challenge to the valid
i
ty of an expulsion from the parliamentary party differs from the legal basis of challenge to use of the procedures under s55A. Although the Electoral Act procedures were loosely referred to as effecting the expulsion of a member from the political party b
y both the Speaker}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid4333900 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 
 In his ruling under Standing Order 35(1)(c), (2003) 613 NZPD 9837, 11 November, set out at para 5.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 
and the ACT caucus,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid4333900 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  Minutes of ACT caucus, 16 December 2003}
}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 
the grounds for expulsion under the rules of the parliamentary party will usually be wider than the distortion of political party proportionality which is the only ground for invoking the statutory procedure.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par [46] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 T
hen, after assessing the terms of the Integrity Act and the different notices for which it provided, the Chief Justice observed that the notice to the member and the opportunity to respond}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid14242688 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  p312, para 48}} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 set up political safeguards through public and formal statements against which the electorate can measure the party invoking the procedures}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659  and then, speaking of a Member ceasing to be a member of the political party for which they were elected, the Chief Justice noted that the Integrity Act -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 unlike the 2007 Amendment - contained a statement of its purpose.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 She held that a member does not cease to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
belong to the party only where he has resigned formally or by unequivocal conduct}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 , going on to hold}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid4333900 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  p313, para 50}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 :}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4333900 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 [50]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 ... Reciprocity in freedom of association is of the nature of vo
luntary groups, and is secured for ACT New Zealand and its parliamentary caucus by their rules. Just as members are free to move on from the party, the party is free to leave members behind, if it acts in accordance with its rules of association and if it
 
is willing to wear the political risk of such action with the electorate. Whether the change in affiliation is as a result of the party acting to exclude the member of Parliament from its caucus or whether it is a result of the member of Parliament resign
ing or becoming independent, distortion of the proportionality of political party representation in Parliament as determined by electors equally results if the member continues to re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
main as a member of Parliament.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 [47] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 Keith J noted that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid4333900 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  p320, para 85}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 because of the contemporary and dominant role of party, [MPs] freedom of expression is for the most part to be exercised within the caucus and other party processes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 [48] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 Even closer to home, both parties relied on the decision of a strong Cook Islands Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid14242688 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  Sir Robin Cooke P, Sir Graham Speight CJ and Keith}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13460875\charrsid16452586  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 J}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid4333900\charrsid14242688 Clarke v Karika}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  [1983] CKCA 5}}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 In that case Parliament had enacted the Rehearing of Tupuna Lands Act in 1980 in an endeavour to provide a procedure for the resolution of a land dispute}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid14242688 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 
 then 72 years old and over a century old before resolved by settlement in the Court of Appeal}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659  but the Act was challenged as an infringement of fundamental human rights and fr
eedoms, particularly the right not to be deprived of property except in accordance with law.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
Its validity was also challenged in light of an amendment to the Constitution which came into effect on 5 June 1981.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
It was that amendment which inserted Part IV A, the fundamental human rights and freedoms, into the Constitution and which, it was argued, took away the rehearing rights given by the 1980 statute.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par [49] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 This Court upheld the latter argument but the Court of Appeal found those affected by the 1980 Act retained their right to a rehearing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 Construing the 1980 Act, the Court of Appeal held}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid4333900 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  p5 of 17 in PacLII version}}:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4333900 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 
At first sight interpretation is logically prior to the question of constitutional validity. Until any dispute about the meaning of the challenged legislation is res
olved, it may not be possible to measure the legislation against any relevant constitutional restraints on Parliament's power. In some cases, however, the interpretation itself will be affected by those restraints, as Courts dealing with issues of constit
utional validity are reluctant to place on an Act an interpretation which would mean that Parliament has exceeded its powers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par [50] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 Turning to the validity of the 1980 Act in the face of Part IV A, the Court of Appeal carefully analysed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid919265\charrsid796659 it}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659  and overseas authorities and commented}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid14242688 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  p11 of 17 }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 :
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4333900 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
...counsel in this case were in substantial agreement that the two major matters for scrutiny are the object of the 1980 Act and the means chosen to pursue it. Is the object constitutionally legitimate and do the means bear a re
asonable relation to it? This involves considering on what evidence or other material the questions are to be resolved; on whom the burden lies; and how far the Court should go in reviewing the legislative judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4333900 "
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 [51] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 Beginning with the statement of i
ntention in the Preamble to the 1980 Act and after reviewing affidavits filed in the Court of Appeal, the Court said the 1980 Act was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 intended to serve legitimate and important social objectives}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid4333900 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  p13 of 17 }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659  and bore a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 reasonable relation to those objectives\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 The Act had a }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 wider social significance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4333900\charrsid796659  than a private dispute and those opposing it had not shown it to be arbitrary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid4333900 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  p14 of 17 }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 Holding that the 1980 Act was not inconsistent with the rights in Article 64(1)(b)(c) the Court of Appeal concluded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid4333900 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt 
\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  p15 of 17 }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4333900 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
In summary, we con
sider that it has not been shown that there is anything arbitrary or unreasonable in a constitutional sense about the decision that the legislature has made, in the exercise of its wide responsibilities, to provide for the rehearing of this matter. In rea
c
hing this view we are conscious of the distinct functions of the legislature and the Courts in terms of the judgments to be made, the material to be weighed, the procedures to be followed, and responsibilities under the constitutional system. We would req
uire a much stronger case, convincingly made out by those attacking the legislation, before we were willing to upset legislation such as the 1980 Act by reference to the broad principles in Article 64(1)(b).}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4333900 "
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 [52] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 Though acknowledging its remarks to be obi
ter dicta, the Court went on to discuss the effect of Articles 64 and 65 on existing legislation noting the Articles were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
uniquely unclear as to their effect on earlier legislation,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid4333900 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  p15 of 17}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659  unusual for such constitutional provisions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 After noting that Article 6
4(1) contained both a recognition of, and an explicit declaration that, the rights and freedoms existed in the Cook Islands and would continue to exist, the Court noted that there was ample authority within Constitutions such as those of the Cook Islands 
to the effect that existing legislation is not to be superseded by enactment of human rights provisions in a Constitution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
Though irrelevant in the present context given the 2007 Amendment was enacted well after Part IV A came into force, the Court of Appeal recorded \'93the usual reluctance to find the legislation has been impliedly repealed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid4333900 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  p17 of 17 }}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 and noted that for legislation passed later than 1981 and arguably affecting fundamental rights and freedoms, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758449\charrsid796659 i}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10758449\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659  existence should be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 weighed by the legislators}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659  and }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 if
 they wish to proceed in the face of the declared rights they can seek to employ the special procedure laid down in Article 41 for Constitutional amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid4333900\charrsid4333900 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  p17 of 17}}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 However}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid919265\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659  the Court of Appeal went on to observe:}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4333900 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 
On the other hand, as regards enactments passe
d after the Constitution Amendment (No.9) Act [Part IV A] came into force, we prefer a different view, although the present case does not call for a decision. We would be disposed to hold that Article 64 should be treated, from the time when it came into 
f
orce, as establishing rights that are truly fundamental. As has been shown, there are ample reasons, both in the wording of the Articles concerning fundamental rights and in their very subject-matter, for concluding that they were not meant to invalidate 
existing legislation. As for the future effect of the Amendment, however, to adopt the words of Ritchie J. in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid11408618\charrsid14242688 Drybones}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11408618\charrsid796659  case at p. 481, we would be reluctant 'to convert it from its apparent character as a statutory declaration of fundamental human right
s and freedoms which it recognises, into being little more than a rule for the construction of ... statutes'. Indeed this approach may have even more to be said for it as regards the Cook Islands provisions. They are contained in a Constitution Amendment 
Act made by the special procedure required for such Acts; whereas the Canadian Bill of Rights considered in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid11408618\charrsid14242688 Drybones}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11408618\charrsid796659  was passed by an ordinary Act of Parliament.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 Accordingly we would be disposed to hold that if an enactment passed after 5 June 1981 can be 
shown to violate any of the constitutional human rights and freedoms set out in Article 64 the Court will have jurisdiction to declare it to that extent inoperative. The approach to interpretation enjoined by Article 65 would apply equally to enactments p
assed after that date; but if inconsistency with a fundamental right could not be avoided by that approach, the right would prevail and could be preserved by an appropriate Court order.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 [53] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 Mr George particularly relied on that last paragraph.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid11408618\charrsid4333900 DISCUSSION AND DECISION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid8399001\charrsid4333900  ON THE IMPACT OF THE 2007 AMENDMENT ON ARTICLES 64 AND 65:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid796659\charrsid4333900  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid8399001\charrsid4333900 THE CONSTITUTIONALITY OF THE 2007 AMENDMENT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid11408618\charrsid4333900 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11408618\charrsid4333900 Approach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11408618 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4333900\charrsid4333900 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 [54] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 As earlier noted, Mr George}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 s final position on the fundamental rights and freedoms which he claimed were abridged}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3552569\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11408618\charrsid796659  abrogated or infringed by the 2007 Amendment rested on it being contrary to dissentient MPs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 
 freedom of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3552569\charrsid796659 thought and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 conscience, freedom of speech and freedom of expression}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid919265\charrsid796659 , all expressed in Article 64}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par [55] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 As the Court of Appeal observed in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid11408618\charrsid14242688 Clarke v Karika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11408618\charrsid796659  provisions and statutes enacted after Article 64 came into force should be approached on the basis that the Article confirmed or established rights that are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 truly fundamental}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid919265\charrsid796659 that it is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3679423\charrsid796659 not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 just a rule for the construction of statutes.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3552569\charrsid4333900 General Issues}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11408618\charrsid4333900 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par [56] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 Although but lightly touched upon in argument, the terms of the 2007 Amendment require dissection and consideration before any impact on the fundamental rights and freedoms in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4727666\charrsid796659 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 art IV A can be considered.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 As the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid11408618\charrsid4333900 Clarke v Karika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659  held }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 interpretation is logically prior to the question of constitutional validity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par [57] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 However, it is pertinent to consider a number of matters of general importance prior to considering the effect and reach of the provisions of the 2007 Amendment itself.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4333900 
\par [58] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 The first is that the 2007 Amendment was passed by use of the special procedure for constitutional amendment contained in Article 41.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 Since Parliament was amending the Electoral Act 2004, not the Constitution, Parliament must have considered the prov
isions of the 2007 Amendment might have been inconsistent with the Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid14242688 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  Article 41(2)}}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
That can only have been as a result of concerns about the impact of the 2007 Amendment on the fundamental rights and freedoms in Part IV A.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [59] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 The second point is to note the lessening over time in the predominance of individual MPs as contrasted with the rise in power of political parties.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [60 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 Mr George argued that in an FPP system the electorate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
votes for the member}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659  not members\rquote  parties and, in the Teenui-Mapumai elect
orate, with a roll of only about 150 voters, it is conceivable he could be correct, but, if so, that would now be unusual in parliamentary democracies.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 The reality is likely to be that electors have mixed allegiances and give varying weight to the candidate and the candidate\rquote s party with, in most parliamentary democracies, the emphasis now on the latter. 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [61] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 That great parliamentarian, Edmund Burke, asserted the then importance of the individual MP when he addressed the electors of Bristol on 3 November 1774.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 He said:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10709340 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
parliament is not a congress of ambassadors from different and hostile interests; which interests each must maintain, as an agent and advocate, against other agents and advocates; but parliament is a deliberative assembly of one nation, wi
th one interest, that of the whole; where, not local purposes, not local prejudices ought to guide, but the general good, resulting from the general reason of the whole.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 You choose a member indeed; but when you have chosen him, he is not a member of Bristol, but he is a member of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10709340\charrsid10709340  parliament}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 [62] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
However, the primacy of the individual member in Parliament, as emphasised by Burke, rapidly changed with the rise in strength of political parties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 The change was highlighted by Keith J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid10709340 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  a distinguished constitutional lawyer and academic, then a member of New Zealand\rquote 
s Royal Commission on the Electoral System, formerly of, amongst others, the Cook Islands Court of Appeal and the New Zealand Supreme Court and currently a Judge of the International Court of Justice}} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 in his Judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid10709340\charrsid10709340 Awatere Huata}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 He said}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid10709340 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  at p316-319, paras 74-78}}:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10709340 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 [74]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
For Walter Bagehot, writing in 1867 just before the enactment of the Reform Act of that year and before the establishment of a strong party system in Britain, the main function of the House of Commons was to be an electoral college}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid10709340 .\chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13460875\charrsid9196863 
The English Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  (1967) ch IV.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10709340 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid10709340 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10709340 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 [75]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 In the middle of the next century, Sir Ivor Jennings stated the primary function of the House of Commons in this single sentence:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 While for the most part the House appears to be legislating, what it is really doing is defending and criticising the government}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid11408618\charrsid10709340 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid10709340 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  Sir Ivor Jennings, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13460875\charrsid9196863 Parliament}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  (2}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid13460875\charrsid9196863 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  Ed, 1957) at p519, see also chs V, VI and X, for more recent United Kingdom writings see to the same effect eg. Professor S A de Smith, 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13460875\charrsid9196863 Constitutional and Administrative Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  (2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super\insrsid13460875\charrsid9196863 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  Ed, 1973) at p237 and Professor Rodney Brazier, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13460875\charrsid9196863 Constitutional Practice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  (2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\super\insrsid13460875\charrsid9196863 nd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  Ed, 1994) at p204.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid10709340 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 [76]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 In his 1963 introductory essay to Bagehot}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 s hugely influential book, that most experienced Parliamentarian Richard Crossman MP put the matter in a rather brutal way:}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10709340 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 
Now the prime responsibility of the member is no longer to his co
nscience or to the elector, but to his party. Without accepting the discipline of the party he cannot be elected; and, if he defies that discipline, he risks political death. Even forty years ago it was still possible to cross the floor and survive. But t
o
day the member who loses the whip may win the next election, but after that the party machine will destroy him. Party loyalty has become the prime political virtue required of an MP, and the test of that loyalty is his willingness to support the official 
leadership when he knows it to be wrong.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10709340 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10709340 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 One result of the virtual disappearance of the MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 
s independence is that the point of decision has now been removed from the division lobby to the party meeting upstairs. The debate on the floor of the House becomes
 a formality, and the division which follows it a foregone conclusion. It is what is said and done in the secrecy of the party meeting which is now really important \endash  though the public can only hear about it through leaks to the press.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid10709340 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  Bagehot }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13460875 The English Constitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  (Fontana Ed, 1963) 43}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10709340 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 [77]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 That emphasis on the electoral function of the House and the central role of party appeared in New Zealand at least as long ago as 1940.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 In that year Leicester Webb in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid10709340\charrsid14242688 Government in New Zealand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659  said:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10709340 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
Representative and responsible government is party government; sin
ce it is the party system which enables the electors to decide, not merely who shall speak for them in Parliament, but who shall govern them. ... [I]n the great majority of constituencies elections are fought mainly and increasingly on party issues. The g
r
eat majority of electors, that is, vote not for the candidate himself but for his party and do so on the assumption that he is not free, if elected, to change or abandon his party allegiance and that, during sessions, he will vote not according to the dic
tates of conscience or reason, but according to the instructions of the party whips.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid10709340 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  Webb }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13460875 Government in New Zealand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  (1940) se
e similarly F A Simpson }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13460875 Parliament in New Zealand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  (1947) 29-30}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10709340 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 [78]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 Nearly 40 years on, another New Zealand scholar, Dr Alan Robinson, strongly echoed those positions when he spoke of one function of the House as:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11408618 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10709340 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10709340 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 
a consequence of
 the competition of groups of politicians for the powers of the Crown combined with the advent of universal suffrage and frequent elections. The competition in Parliament has become one between two alternate governments, the Government of the day and the 
O
pposition, who carry their competition to the public in order to gain a majority of seats at the next general election. Parliament has become a forum for party debate and a means of influencing electors by means of what is virtually a continuous election 
campaign. The underlying assumption of this activity is that the public is watching and will be influenced in its judgment at the next election.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid10709340 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  "Parliamentary Democracy in New Zealand ..." in Sir John Marshall (Ed) }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13460875 The Reform of Parliament: Papers presented in memory of Dr Alan Robinson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  (1978) 96-97}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10709340 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 [63] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
After noting that one of the New Zealand Royal Commission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 s ten criteria for judging voting systems was the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
essential role political parties play in modern representative democracies in, for example, formulating and articulating policies and providing representatives for the people}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid14242688 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  at p318, para 80}} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 Keith J observed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid14242688 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  p319, para 84}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 :
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10709340 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
... In the introductory essay to the latest edition of the Cabinet Manual,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid14242688 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11408618 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid13460875 Cabinet Office Manual}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  (2001) 4}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 in a passage unchanged since the original 1991 version, I identify the role of party in the present day House of Representatives in this way:}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid10709340 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 
Political parties provide a vital link between the people, Parliament and the government.
 The competition for the power of the state, exercised through the House of Representatives and the ministry, is a competition organised by and through political parties. It is party strength in the House after elections that decides who is to govern. It 
is the Parliamentary party or parties with the support of the House (and the ability to ensure supply - the money to fund the state's functions) that provides the government.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 [64] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 The third general observation to be made is that the fundamental rights and
 freedoms vouchsafed by Articles 64 and 65 of the Constitution apply to any persons within the Cook Islands, irrespective of whether they are voters.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [65] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 By contrast, the Cook Islands Parliament consists of 24 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16136203\charrsid796659 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 embers.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 Though there was no evidence on the
 topic, it is likely that, as in other Parliaments, most of those would be content to vote along party lines on most issues.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 
While the 2007 Amendment applies to all MPs whether in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6569557\charrsid796659 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 overnment or in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6569557\charrsid796659 O}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 pposition (other than those elected as independents) in effect it can apply only to those MPs elected on party tickets who wish to dissent from their }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6569557\charrsid796659 Government or Opposition }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 party line on one or more }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 issues of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [66] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 Therefore, while the Article 64 and 65 rights and freedoms are fundamental to all persons within the Cook Islands, the 2007 Amendment can never apply to any}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7938538\charrsid796659 body}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659  more than }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10059336\charrsid796659 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10059336\charrsid796659 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659  handful of MPs elected on party tickets who wish to dissent }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6569557\charrsid796659 from the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10438015\charrsid796659 ir}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6569557\charrsid796659  party }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 on one or a handful of issues.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [67] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 While the impact on those MPs of the 2007 Amendme
nt is potentially considerable, it remains a fact that the Act can never apply to more than a tiny proportion of the populace of the Cook}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1927491\charrsid796659  Islands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1927491\charrsid796659 That is a factor of importance in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 construing the constitutionality of the 2007 Amendment.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1927491\charrsid10709340 Terms }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6569557\charrsid10709340 and Reach }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1927491\charrsid10709340 of the 2007 Amendment

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [68] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 A number of observations must be made concerning the terms of the 2007 Amendment itself as aids to its interpretation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7938538\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [69] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 The first is that, unlike the Integrity Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10438015\charrsid796659  and the Rehearing of Tupuna Lands Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 , the 2007 Amendment contains no statement as to its purpose or objectives, so no indication can be gleaned from the terms of the statute as to Parliament}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11408618\charrsid796659 s intention when passing it.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [70] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 However, with Mr George}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 s consent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1927491\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659  Ms Evans handed in a copy of the Parliamentary debates on the 2007 Amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11291696\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11291696\charrsid796659 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 
here the reason for it was said to be widespread disquiet at MPs defecting from parties for which they were elected and joining other parties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid14242688 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  and Mr George forecast a challenge to the legislation under Part IV A of the Constitution (Second Reading, 13 April 2007, p238)}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 The Minister in charge also said that Crown Law had been consulted and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 told us that since our Constitution embraces the Bill of Rights it was impossible for them to go further than ... the Bill that is before the House today}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid14242688 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  Second Reading, 13 April 2007, p233.  Crown Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 s doubts may explain the paucity of detail
ed analysis of the 2007 Amendment in Ms Evan\rquote s submissions}} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11291696\charrsid796659 That }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6555362\charrsid796659 was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11291696\charrsid796659 the only evidence as to the problem the 2007 Amendment was designed to solve}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3557766\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3557766\charrsid796659 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11291696\charrsid796659 he debates say}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6555362\charrsid796659  nothing about the scale of the problem.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16456453\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [71] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 The next point concerns the definition of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6635670\charrsid796659 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 ssue of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6635670\charrsid796659  c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 onfidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659  earlier cited.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [72] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 What is noteworthy concerning that definition is that it applies only to express }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 no confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659  motions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3557766\charrsid796659  in Cabinet}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7211888\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659  motions where }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3557766\charrsid796659 the Government}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659  has been defeated on an issue declared by the Prime Minister to be an issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7211888\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6054932\charrsid796659  plus supply.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 In other words, the definition of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 "}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659  loosely approximates the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 confidence and supply}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 
 agreements which are the foundation of most coalition }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1579736\charrsid796659 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 overnments.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1927491\charrsid796659 They are the mechanism which make}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2246816\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1927491\charrsid796659 
 government under a coalition work.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2246816\charrsid796659 In relation to the 2007 Amendment, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15694778\charrsid796659 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3557766\charrsid796659 n issue is whether }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2246816\charrsid796659 
the reduction in dissent it effects and the consequent easing of the passage of votes on issues of confidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13702038\charrsid796659 amounts to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2246816\charrsid796659  reasonable regulation of dissent which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13702038\charrsid796659 remains}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2246816\charrsid796659 
 compatible with an open and democratic society.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7211888 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 [73] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 Two }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1927491\charrsid796659 further }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 facets are important in relation to the construction of the 2007 Amendment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 
The first is that the triggering of the vacancy procedure is retrospective; it only follows the passing of votes of no confidence or questions declared to be such or appropriation motions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13714043\charrsid796659 That may lessen the practical impact of the 2007 Amendment since, however trenchantly dissent may be expressed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15694778\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13714043\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15694778\charrsid796659 including }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13714043\charrsid796659 
on matters coming within the definition of issues of confidence, unless that expression of dissent is followed by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484360\charrsid796659 successful }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13714043\charrsid796659 passing of a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3557766\charrsid796659 qualifying}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13714043\charrsid796659  vote}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15694778\charrsid796659  on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13714043\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15694778\charrsid796659 the issue of confidence, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13714043\charrsid796659 the 2007 Amendment cannot come into play.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [74] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13714043\charrsid796659 The second is that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 , by definition, not all votes in Parliament are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 issues of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 Prime }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1579736\charrsid796659 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 inisters and }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1579736\charrsid796659 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 overnments with comfortable majorities }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1579736\charrsid796659 or loyal MPs 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 would have little need to declare votes to be issues of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9585017\charrsid796659  although votes on supply}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13702038\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9585017\charrsid796659  which are defined to be issues of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13702038\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9585017\charrsid796659  are part of the annual diet of a Westminster-style parliament}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 That }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13579897\charrsid796659 and the restricted nature of the definition }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1579736\charrsid796659 of an }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1579736\charrsid796659 issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1579736\charrsid796659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13579897\charrsid796659 further reduce the occasions when the 2007 Amendment might apply.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6054932\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [75] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13579897\charrsid796659 The next point to be noted is that the 2007 Amendment does not apply to a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13579897\charrsid796659 member elected as independent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8149242\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3634754\charrsid796659  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1579736\charrsid796659 but it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15222436\charrsid796659 continues to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1579736\charrsid796659  apply }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15222436\charrsid796659 for the balance of that Parliamentary term }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1579736\charrsid796659 to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3634754\charrsid796659 
 those who were elected on party tickets but}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9981035\charrsid796659  who}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3634754\charrsid796659 , for whatever reason, have become independent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9981035\charrsid796659  or joined another party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13579897\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13579897\charrsid796659 That further reduces the applicability of the Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15222436\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15222436\charrsid796659 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13579897\charrsid796659 ut, against that, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9981035\charrsid796659 the 2007 Amendment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13579897\charrsid796659 extends the possible time of operation of the vacancy procedure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9981035\charrsid796659 to all dissentients who were not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9981035\charrsid796659 elected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9981035\charrsid796659  as independents and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14700202\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9981035\charrsid796659 to the whole of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14700202\charrsid796659 a Parliamentary term}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13579897\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13579897\charrsid796659 
On its face, the 2007 Amendment could be triggered at any stage during a Parliamentary term against an MP who has defected or been expelled from the party on whose ticket he or she was elected, including if the dissent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12342500\charrsid796659 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13579897\charrsid796659 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12342500\charrsid796659 nt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13579897\charrsid796659  MP ha}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15222436\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13579897\charrsid796659  joined another party.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7484360\charrsid796659 Although the defecting MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484360\charrsid796659 s party is under no compulsion to initiate the 2007 Amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484360\charrsid796659 s procedures, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13579897\charrsid796659 an MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13579897\charrsid796659 s original party could }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14693969\charrsid796659 continue}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1579736\charrsid796659  to }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13579897\charrsid796659 hold the 2007 Amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13579897\charrsid796659 s procedures over the head of one of its }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1579736\charrsid796659 MPs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13579897\charrsid796659  who had defected}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9981035\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13579897\charrsid796659  been expelled }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9981035\charrsid796659 or joined a rival party }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13579897\charrsid796659 for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1579736\charrsid796659 whole of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13579897\charrsid796659 balance of the Parliamentary term, even though that expulsion or defection might be well in the past.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [76] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13579897\charrsid796659 The next \endash  and one of the most important \endash  points to be noted is that the consequence of the operation of the 2007 Amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14242688 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13579897\charrsid796659 s procedures is to declare the seat of a dissenting MP vacant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13579897\charrsid796659 It is not to recognise that member as henceforth independent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid14242688 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  if so accepted by the Speaker and Parliament}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 It is not to recognise that member as a member of another party he or she may have joined.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 The member loses his or her seat.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
This triggers a by-election and although there is nothing to prevent the member so unseated standing as an independent or for another party in the by-election, if Keith J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 s judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid10709340\charrsid10709340 Awatere Huata}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659  applies in the Cook Islands
 - despite Mr George}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 s view that Cook Islands\rquote 
 voters vote for members not parties - the lack of party support could mean the chances of the MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
s return to Parliament could be diminished depending on the factual circumstances.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [77] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 The next point of construction is that the vacancy procedure can be triggered at any time after an MP elected for a party }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 fails to support}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659  the majority of his or her party on an }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 What was intended by the use of the phrase }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 "
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 fails to support}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659  is unclear.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 The factual matrix may define it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 Obviously it would include casting any MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 s vote on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14242688 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14242688 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
 in a way different from the majority of the members of his or her party.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 As representation connotes more than merely voting}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid14242688 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid2718384 Awatere Huata}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  in the Supreme Court, para 43, p311}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659  it may be likely that
, depending on the circumstances, the Court might construe a failure to support as encompassing more than a dissenting vote.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [78] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 Whether the phrase }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 fails to support}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659  would include abstention from voting by a dissentient MP is unclear.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 Section 105B(a) requires a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 vote in Parliament on an issue of confidence}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659  but a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
vote in Parliament}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659  is a vote by Parliament, not necessarily a vote by the dissentient MP on a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 vote in Parliament}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 On that view, abstention would appear to be comprehended within the phrase }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 fails to support}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
 if that phrase is construed as requiring positive action, including votes in favour on issues of confidence, at all times.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
But while an abstention may be critical on a close vote, if }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 fails to support}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659  were construed in a neutral, possibly negative, way as obliging the parties}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340\charrsid796659  MPs not to vote against the majority of the party, abstention may well not amount to a failure to support}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid10709340 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  the readability of this judgment would suffer if, at all stages of the discussion, abstention we
re to be included alongside the casting of a contrary vote by an MP on an issue of confidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 against his or her party line. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 
Therefore, where the discussion a contrary vote, the possibility of abstention also needs to be borne in mind.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 [79] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 While a contrary vote in Parliament is a necessary ingredient of a failure to support the MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 s elected party, whether views contrary to the party line in caucus discussions or speeches in or outside the House contradicting the MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 s party line would qualify is debatable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 Keith J in Awatere Huata}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid10709340 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  in the Supreme Court, p320, para 85, see footnotes 35}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659 
though}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid222609\charrsid796659 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid335216\charrsid796659 MPs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid335216\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659 freedom of expression could be principally exercised within the privacy of caucus discussions so }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid222609\charrsid796659 dis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16595661\charrsid796659 sention}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid222609\charrsid796659  in that form }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659 may not amount to a failure to support the MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659 s party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid222609\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid222609\charrsid796659 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659 
he situation is less clear for speeches, press releases or the like followed by a contrary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659 vote in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid335216\charrsid796659 Parliament}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1601529 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 [80] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659 It may be the case that what amounts to a failure to support would be defined, at least for the MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659 s party, by the reasons the Parliamentary leader must give the MP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2776610\charrsid796659 in the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659 s 105D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2776610\charrsid796659  notice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659 , but whether the party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659 s views on what amounts to a failure to support }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2776610\charrsid796659 would}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659  be regarded by the Courts as definitive is less certain and, in any case, would appear to be influenced by whatever facts g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid335216\charrsid796659 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659 ve rise to the implementation of the 2007 Amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659 s ejection procedures.

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [81] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2832340\charrsid796659 The next point to be made is that the right to initiate the expulsion procedure is triggered by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2832340\charrsid796659 a vote in Parliament on an issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2832340\charrsid796659 
 which otherwise qualifies, that is to say a single }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid335216\charrsid796659 failure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2832340\charrsid796659  by an MP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid335216\charrsid796659 to support}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2832340\charrsid796659  the stance taken by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6373285\charrsid796659 the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2832340\charrsid796659  majority of his or her party colleagues on an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2832340\charrsid796659 issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2832340\charrsid796659  is enough to entitle the leader of the party to initiate the procedure.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2832340\charrsid796659 Multiple failures to support the majority }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14836735\charrsid796659 are not required.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13001423\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [82] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14836735\charrsid796659 The next point is to note that the 2007 Amendment provides for two different notices; one to the dissenting member from the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10689315\charrsid796659 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14836735\charrsid796659 arliamentary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16610313\charrsid796659 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14836735\charrsid796659 
eader of the party }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4485516\charrsid796659 for which he or she was elected and two-thirds of their colleagues, under s 105D(a)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6881297\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4485516\charrsid796659  and the second is the notice to the Speaker by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10689315\charrsid796659 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4485516\charrsid796659 
arliamentary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6881297\charrsid796659 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4485516\charrsid796659 eader of the MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4485516\charrsid796659 s party and two-thirds of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2776610\charrsid796659 their}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4485516\charrsid796659  colleagu
es for which ss 105B(b) and 105C(a) provide.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4485516\charrsid796659 The requirements }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4673186\charrsid796659 
for the notice to the dissenting member under s 105D(a) in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6881297\charrsid796659 clude not just that the member }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4673186\charrsid796659 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6881297\charrsid796659 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4673186\charrsid796659 s failed to support the majority of the party on an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4673186\charrsid796659 issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4673186\charrsid796659  but also a statement that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10689315\charrsid796659 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4673186\charrsid796659 arliamentary leader considers th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4735597\charrsid796659 at}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4673186\charrsid796659  s 105B(a) applies and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4673186\charrsid796659 the reasons for that opinion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4673186\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4673186\charrsid796659 It }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10689315\charrsid796659 appears}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4673186\charrsid796659  that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4673186\charrsid796659 reasons}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4673186\charrsid796659  may go well beyond }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6959140\charrsid796659 an allegation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4673186\charrsid796659  that the MP has failed to support the majority of his or her party }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10689315\charrsid796659 on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4673186\charrsid796659 
a vote on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10689315\charrsid796659 an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4673186\charrsid796659 issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4673186\charrsid796659  but, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4735597\charrsid796659 other than}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4673186\charrsid796659 
 that, the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6373285\charrsid796659 2007 Amendment }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4673186\charrsid796659 is silent on what the content of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4673186\charrsid796659 reasons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4673186\charrsid796659  may }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16595661\charrsid796659 be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659  although, as mentioned previously, they would define the party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659 s views on what amounts to the member}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659 s failure to support beyond the dissenting vote.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15476450\charrsid796659 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14815902\charrsid796659 easons could be extensive}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6959140\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14815902\charrsid796659 
yet the member has only the short period of 7 working days to respond}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid10709340 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6959140 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  which contrasts with the 21 days allowed in the Integrity Act}}.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [83] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 Then, the Parliamentary leader of the party and at least two-thirds of his or her colleagues are required by s 105D(b) to consider not just any response fr
om the dissenting MP but also the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 conduct of the member}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 That clearly suggests the party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 s MPs must consider issues beyond the dissenting MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 s response to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 reasons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659  even though the 2007 Amendment does not explicitly require the dissentient MP to have prior knowledge of what aspects of his or her conduct are to be considered.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [84] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 It is only when the Parliamentary leader and at least two-thirds of the party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 s MPs have considered the contents of the leader}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 s notice to the dissenting MP and the reasons 
for concluding s 105B(a) applies and considered both any response from the MP and his or her conduct, that the leader and at least two-thirds of the party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 s MPs are entitled to sign the statement or notice to the Speaker under ss 105D, 105B(b) and 105C.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 
\par [85] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 It would appear that the Speaker is given no discretion in the matter.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 Once he or she receives a notice or statement complying with s 105C, the seat of the dissenting member is automatically vacated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 The Speaker is required to declare in writing that t
he seat has become vacant and the cause of that occurring and is obliged to notify the Chief Electoral Officer and cause the declaration of vacancy to be published in the Cook Islands Gazette}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid10709340\charrsid10709340 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  s 9(4) of the Electoral Act 2004}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9971225\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9971225 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6974436\charrsid10709340 General Approach to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13896728\charrsid10709340  Constitutionality}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11166056 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid10709340\charrsid10709340 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 [86] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1583633\charrsid796659 The authorities demonstrate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15541971\charrsid796659 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid30511\charrsid796659 what }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12068572\charrsid796659 generically }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid30511\charrsid796659 needs to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15541971\charrsid796659 be taken into account in deciding }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid30511\charrsid796659 on constitutionality}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8011097\charrsid796659  is:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid30511 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10709340 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10709340 a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12068572\charrsid796659 C}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid30511\charrsid796659 onstitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12068572\charrsid796659 s,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid30511\charrsid796659 
 and statutory amendments which comply with the procedures required to amend the Constitution, must be construed in the light of their subject matter and the surrounding circumstances with reference to which they are made}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid6301766 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid30511 Hinds}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  at 359, footnote 13, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid30511 Clarke v Karika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 , p11 of 17, footnote 40}}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 the substance of the challenged law must be considered, not the form, label or title given to it, so the challenged legislation must first be interpreted against Parliament}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 s penitentiary power}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid10709340 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid2125054 Hinds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  at 361, footnote 14, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid9917815 Clarke v Karika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 , p5 of 17, footnote 39}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par c) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
there is a rebuttable presumption that Parliament has acted constitutionally in enacting the challenged legislation with the presumption being rebutted if a Court is satisfied no reasonable MP could suppose the provision
s were reasonably required for the peace, order and good government of the Cook Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid13460875 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid6711869 Hinds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875\charrsid9917815  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 at 368-9, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid6711869 McLeod}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  p7}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
 or that the measure was enacted for the constitutional purposes it describes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 The test becomes: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 is the object constitutionally legitimate and do the means adopted bear a reasonable relation to it?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid13460875 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid140449 Clarke v Karika}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 , p11 of 17, footnote 40}} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
The question is whether the challenged legislation amounts to reasonable regulation of freedom of speech and expression which remains compatible with an open and democratic society}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid6301766 \chftn 
{\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid140449 UDM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  para 26, footnote 23}}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par d) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 Courts should recognise that Parliament is the principal arbiter of what is required }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 in the interests of public safety order or morals, the general welfare or security of the Cook Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid10709340 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12994376 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  Article 64(2)}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
 and should be most cautious about approving measures which trench across those }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 fundamental}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659  rights and freedoms. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 [87] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 With more specific reference to the 2007 Amendment the Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\ul\insrsid6301766\charrsid6301766 Clarke v Karika}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
 set out the correct approach to construing the constitutionality of legislation argued as infringing the fundamental human rights and freedoms.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 They are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 truly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659  fundamental and, so far as subsequent legislation is concerned they are a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
statutory declaration of fundamental human rights and freedoms [and not] little more than a rule for the construction of statutes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
 especially when made in accordance with the constitutional amendment procedures}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid6301766 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2949879 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  p17 of 17, footnote 46 above}}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6301766 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 [88] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
The 2007 Amendment being an anti-defection statute, such legislation is to be construed with the observations in UDM and Awatere Huata in mind}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid6301766 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2949879 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid140449 UDM}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  paras 186-7, footnote 25, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid140449 Awatere Huata}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  in the Supreme Court at 50, p313, footnote 44}}.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2949879\charrsid796659 Such legislation is not per se unconstitutional or undemocratic because MPs remain able to vote in accordance with their personal conscience.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2949879\charrsid796659 Such legislation fulfils legitimate aims of discouraging defection or enticements to defection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid537965\charrsid796659  and enabling Governments to function}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2949879\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2949879\charrsid796659 However, MPs who defect and political p
arties which set the defection provisions in operation need to recognise }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid537965\charrsid796659 both }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2949879\charrsid796659 the political risk and voters\rquote 
 reaction in deciding whether to take action.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2949879 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 [89] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4402733\charrsid796659 How}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2761926\charrsid796659  do}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4402733\charrsid796659  those observations square with }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12391285\charrsid796659 international norms }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid537965\charrsid796659 and authorities }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12391285\charrsid796659 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4402733\charrsid796659  academic comment on issues of freedom of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16714186\charrsid796659 thought and }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4402733\charrsid796659 conscience and freedom of speech and expression?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12809811 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid3962823\charrsid6301766 FREEDOM OF THOUGHT AND CONSCIENCE
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par [90] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12737049\charrsid796659 Dealing first with}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4402733\charrsid796659  Mr George}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4402733\charrsid796659 s submission that the 2007 Amendment was unconstitutional as abridging MPs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2819601\charrsid796659  freedom of thought}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10296260\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10122910\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2819601\charrsid796659 conscie
nce and religion under Article 64(1)(d), the conclusion must be that Mr George has failed to make out a case in that regard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4402733\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par [91] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2819601\charrsid796659 The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990, s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9917815\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2819601\charrsid796659 
13, recognises rights }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14174953\charrsid796659 similar to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2819601\charrsid796659  those in Article 64(1)(d) and commentators and pr
ecedent all make the point that the three freedoms in the Article are allied.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2819601\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par [92] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2819601\charrsid796659 So far as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12088206\charrsid796659 thought}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6301766 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12088206\charrsid796659  is concerned }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12088206\charrsid796659 
the absence of case law on freedom of thought is explicable because thought is not routinely threatened by governmental action}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid6301766 "\chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  Rishworth et al }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid5468373 The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid1639164  (2003)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875\charrsid1639164  p292}}.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par [93] "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 Thought is ... the building block of any belief or religion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid6301766 
\chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  Butler & Butler }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid5468373 The New Zealand Bill of Rights Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875 : A Commentary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid1639164  (200}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid1639164 )}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875\charrsid796104  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 para 14.6.12, p406}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 As to conscience, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 conscience is generally thought of as a person
\rquote s moral sense of right or wrong.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
As evidenced by the possibility of a conscience vote in Parliament, freedom of conscience protects deeply held moral convictions which are often not part of a belief or a religion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid13460875 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  Butler & Butler para 14.6.14, p407, see also Rishworth 292-3}} }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2761926\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par [94] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15756652\charrsid796659 There is nothing in the 2007 Amendment which limits Mr George or any other MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15756652\charrsid796659 s right of free}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2761926\charrsid796659 dom of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15756652\charrsid796659  thought or conscience}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2761926\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9001119\charrsid796659 within those }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111541\charrsid796659 discussions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15756652\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15756652\charrsid796659 What it limi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468373\charrsid796659 
ts is their right to express }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15756652\charrsid796659 thoughts arising out of their conscience}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468373\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468373\charrsid796659 That is a matter which Article 64(1)(e) not Article 64(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9111541\charrsid796659  addresses}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15756652\charrsid796659  and the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16536010\charrsid796659  argument based on Article 64(1)(d) accordingly fails.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16536010\charrsid796659 Fre}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468373\charrsid796659 edom of thought and conscience in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16536010\charrsid796659  the context of the
 2007 Amendment is a facet of freedom of speech and expression and the Court accordingly turns to those concepts. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid6301766 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid5453159\charrsid6301766 FREEDOM OF SPEECH AND EXPRESSION}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid9111541\charrsid6301766 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par [95] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3962823\charrsid796659 The first point to be made is that the Article 64 Bill of Rights appears in Part IV A termed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3962823\charrsid796659 Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3962823\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3962823\charrsid796659 Though Article 64(1) is economically expressed, it follows that the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3962823\charrsid796659 ICCPR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3962823\charrsid796659 
) provides guidelines to the way it should be regarded.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3962823\charrsid796659 Article 19 states:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6301766 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3962823\charrsid796659 (1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3962823\charrsid796659 Everyone has the right to hold opinions without interference.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3962823\charrsid796659 (2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3962823\charrsid796659 
Everyone has the right to freedom of expression; the right includes freedom to seek, receive, and impart information and ideas of all kinds, regardless of frontiers, either orally, in writing, or in prin
t, in the form of art, or through any other media of his or her choice.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3962823\charrsid796659 (3)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3962823\charrsid796659 
The exercise of the right to freedom of expression carries with it special duties and responsibilities.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3962823\charrsid796659 
It may therefore be subject to certain restrictions, but these must be provided by law and be necessary:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3962823 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid3962823\charrsid796659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13460875 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3962823\charrsid796659 For respect of the rights and reputations of others; and}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3962823 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13460875 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid3962823\charrsid796659 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 -\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls23\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13460875 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3962823\charrsid796659 
For the protection of national security of public order (ordre public), or of public health and morals}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid3962823\charrsid6301766 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid6301766 \chftn 
{\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3962823 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  see also Article 10 of European Convention on Human Rights and Fundamental Freedoms (1950)}}
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 [96] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 Beyond the ICCPR it is not difficult to find ringing dec
larations as to the fundamental, even pivotal, importance of the right of freedom of speech and expression.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
One judicial and one non-judicial quotation will suffice.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par [97] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 Most of the early jurisprudence on freedom of expression is derived from the First A
mendment to the US Constitution and many judgments cite the theoretical basis of the right derived from Justice Oliver Wendell Holmes}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid13460875 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  dissenting in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid13457978 Abrams v United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  250US 616 at 630 (1919) }} }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 speaking of the \lquote marketplace of ideas\rquote  but, perhaps more pertinent to the matters in issue in this litigation are, first, the observation of Frankfurter J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid13460875 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid5132093 
Dennis v United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  341US 494 at 550 (1951)}} t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 hat \'93liberty of thought soon shrivels without freedom of expression\'94
 and the judgment of Brandeis J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid13460875 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid16146654 Whitney v California}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  274US 357 at 375 (1927)}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659  that:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6301766 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
Those who won our independence believed that the final end of the State was to make men free to develop their faculties; and that in its government the deliberative forces should prevail over the arbitrary.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6301766  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 They valued liberty both as an end and as a means.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 They believed liberty to be the secret of happiness and courage to be the secret of liberty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
They believed th
at freedom to think as you will and to speak as you think are means indispensable to the discovery and spread of political truth; that without free speech and assembly discussion would be futile; that with them, discussion affords ordinarily adequate prot
ection against the dissemination of noxious doctrine; that the greatest menace to freedom is an inert people; that public discussion is a political duty; and that this should be a fundamental principle of the American government.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
\par ...Fear of serious injury cannot alone justify suppression of free speech and assembly.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 Men feared witches and burned women.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 It is the function of speech to free men from the bondage of irrational fears.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 To justify suppression of free speech there must be reasonable ground to fear that serious evil will result if free speech is practiced.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 There must be reasonable ground to believe that the danger apprehended is imminent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 There must be reasonable ground to believe that the evil to be prevented is a serious one.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 "
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 [98] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 And, to take merely one of a host of available quotations from John Stuart Mill}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid6301766 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  The Six Great Humanistic Essays o
f John Stuart Mill on Liberty, Washington Square Press, 1969 reprint, chapter II, p141-2}},}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid11296605\charrsid6301766  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13457978\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6301766 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296605\charrsid796659 
... speaking generally }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7930590\charrsid796659 it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296605\charrsid796659  is not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7930590\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296605\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468373\charrsid796659 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296605\charrsid796659 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5468373\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296605\charrsid796659 constitutional countries, to be apprehended, that the government, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7930590\charrsid796659 hether}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296605\charrsid796659  completely responsible to the people or not, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468373\charrsid796659 will}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296605\charrsid796659 
 often attempt to control the expression of opinion, except when in doing so it makes itself the organ of the general intolerance of the public.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11296605\charrsid796659 Let us suppose, therefore, that the government i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13457978\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296605\charrsid796659 
 entirely at one with the people, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468373\charrsid796659 never}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296605\charrsid796659  thinks of exerting any power of coercion unless }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468373\charrsid796659 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296605\charrsid796659 n agreement with what it conceives to be their voice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296605\charrsid796659 But I deny the right of the people to exercise such coercion, either by themselves or by their government}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468373\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468373\charrsid796659 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296605\charrsid796659 he power itself is illegitimate.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296605\charrsid796659 The best government has no more title to it than the worst.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296605\charrsid796659 
It is as noxious, or more noxious, when exerted in accordance with public opinion, than when in opposition to it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296605\charrsid796659 
If all mankind minus one, were }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5468373\charrsid796659 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296605\charrsid796659 
one opinion, and only one person were of the contrary opinion, mankind would be no more justified in silencing that one person, than he, if he had the power, would be justified in silencin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5468373\charrsid796659 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11296605\charrsid796659  mankind.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15887429\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par [99] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13240079\charrsid796659 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7175413\charrsid796659 he observation of the New Zealand Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid13460875 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid4462074 Moo}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid4462074 en v Film and Literature Board of Review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  [2000] 2 NZLR 9 (CA)}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659  sums it up:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6301766 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
The right to freedom of expression is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 as wide as human thought and imagination}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 '}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 "
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 [100] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
In relation to restrictions on the right, Rishworth, in the context of what amounts to a reasonable limitation on the exercise of the right, comments}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid13460875 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  p312}} }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 that:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6301766 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
political expression usually enjoys the greatest protection and is often described as being at the core of the right}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 "
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 [101] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
Transferring those observations to the present case, what the effect of the 2007 Amendment is argued to be is that Mr George or other MPs cannot state facts or opinions which they hold or in which they believe because of the c
onsequences for them and their seat should they do so and their party move against them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 In the necessary balance between }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 good}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659  and }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 bad}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
 effects, the question is whether the 2007 Amendment is legitimate as allowing important activities \endash  debates and votes in Parliament, even Government \endash  to proceed, as against MPs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659  right to express views dissentient from those held by the party for which they were elected or to vote against the majority of their party on issues of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid13460875 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 
 voting in relation to the 2007 Amendment can be regarded as the means of expression, of the freedom of speech}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15609748\charrsid796659 
being subject to significant sanctions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9391273\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1192316\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par [102] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7634635\charrsid796659 Has Mr George shown that the terms of the possible operation of the 2007 Amendment so severely cramp his ability as an MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7817724\charrsid796659  that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7634635\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7817724\charrsid796659 his failure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7634635\charrsid796659 
to support the majority of the party for which he was elected amount}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7817724\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7634635\charrsid796659  to an unreasonable hindrance 
or abrogation of his right to freedom of speech and expression}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16335465\charrsid796659  or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7817724\charrsid796659 may}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16335465\charrsid796659  the terms of the 2007 Amendment be a reasonable regulation of those fundamental freedoms which remain compatible with an open and democratic society}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7634635\charrsid796659 ?

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par [103] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 Factors inclining towards a finding that the 2007 Amendment is constitutional include:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6301766 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 
Parliament is charged with making laws for the peace, order and good government of the Cook Islands and prima facie it is for Parliament to decide what is reasonably required in that regard.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 There is a rebuttable presumption to that effect.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 
In dealing with issues of constitutional validity, Courts are reluctant to interpret statutes in a way which will lead to conclusions that Parliament has exceeded its powers.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 Anti-defection legislation is legitimately aimed at preventing defections of MPs elected on party tickets from the party for which they stood.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 It also prevents enticements to defection from and to other parties.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 The Parliamentary speeches on the 2007 Amendment show that stemming the number of defections was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7817724\charrsid796659 seen as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 a mischief }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7817724\charrsid796659 and was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 
very much in the minds of Parliament at the time when the 2007 Amendment was in passage through the House.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 
If that was the motivation, it may be argued that, to date, Parliament would seem to have achieved what it set out to achieve.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6301766 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6301766 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 c) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 
The 2007 Amendment certainly gives primacy to the power of political parties in Parliament and provides a major disincentive for MPs elected under a party banner to dissent and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 fail to support}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659  the view of that party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 s majority on the proportion of issues defined as issues of confidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 That is consistent with the rise in importance of political parties in Westminster democracies generally.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par d) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 The 2007 Amendment was passed by the special majority and procedure required for constitutional amendments.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 To that extent it is possible to argue that it was passed with more than the usual level of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8933741\charrsid796659 parliamentary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 support.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par e) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 The rights and freedoms vouchsafed by Articles 64 and 65 are }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 
fundamental}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13969009\charrsid796659 Limitations}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659  on fundamental rights and freedoms should not be decided as mere matters of statutory construction.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par f) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 Although the sanction for failing to support the majority of his or her political party on a single vote on an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659  is severe, it is not obligatory for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10964409\charrsid796659 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 arliamentary party to initiate vacancy procedures for failure to honour the party line on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10964409\charrsid796659 what may be no more than a single vote, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 nd the 2007 Amendment only applies to a minority of MPs voting on a minority of issues.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par g) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12408701\charrsid796659 Though neither party argued the matter in this way, proponents of the constitutionality of the 2007 Amendment might well argue that not only is dissent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10964409\charrsid796659 , at least}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12408701\charrsid796659  on issues of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10964409\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12408701\charrsid796659  to be constricted in order to enable the passage of parliamentary business, but that vacation of an MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12408701\charrsid796659 s seat is the appropriate remedy for dissent on issues of confidence rather than the MP remaini}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13072818\charrsid796659 ng in Parliament}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10964409\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13072818\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10964409\charrsid796659 This is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13072818\charrsid796659 
because allowing the MP to remain }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10964409\charrsid796659 in the House }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13072818\charrsid796659 
risks distorting the majority/minority balance in the House for which the electors voted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13072818\charrsid796659 
That argument gains additional force if the MP expelled by his or her party joins another party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10964409\charrsid796659 , or the House is nearly evenly split}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13072818\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13072818\charrsid796659 On that argument, expulsion from the House is appropriate in order that the dis}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14486065\charrsid796659 sentient MPs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14486065\charrsid796659  former party has the oppo
rtunity at the subsequent by-election to retain the seat.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par h) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 That said, when every MP in the 24}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9917815\charrsid796659 -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 
member Cook Islands Parliament commands approximately 4 percent of the vote on any issue, individual votes have much greater weight than votes of individual MPs in the much larger legislatures which are a feature of many other countries.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 Literally, every vote counts in the Cook Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2653003\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13138830\charrsid796659 especially }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 on an issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7291105\charrsid796659  or when a vote is close or the majority in the House is slight}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 That arguably makes the right to dissent }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15415595\charrsid796659 a weightier right}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 
 and vacation of a seat for dissent a harsher remedy.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 [104] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 Factors in favour of a finding that the 2007 Amendment is unconstitutional include:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1846524 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6301766 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 
though its operation is confined to votes in Parliament and only a few votes at that, the severe sanction for as much as a single vote on an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659  against the votes of the majority of the MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 s party can readily be seen as a significant crimp on that MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 s right to dissent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 It is a significant limitation and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9917815\charrsid796659 impairment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659  on his or her fundamental right of freedom of expression}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2653003\charrsid796659 
, a right which is hallowed both generally and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11405749\charrsid796659  especially}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2653003\charrsid796659  in Parliament}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 if an MP elected on a party ticket so much as votes against the majority of his or her party on a single }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 
, that vote entitles the leader and members of that party, without more, to initiate a process highly likely to result in the dissenting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15415595\charrsid796659 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 ember}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 s seat being declared vacant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 The power the 2007 Amendment confers on the leaders of Parliamentary parties and their MPs for a single dissenting vote can, again, be readily seen as having a major dampening effect on the member}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 s right to freedom of speech and expression by way of dissent, a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7872984\charrsid796659 
fundamental}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659  right in general and Parliamentary terms.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 
Additionally it can be held over the dissenting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7872984\charrsid796659 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 
ember for the balance of the Parliamentary term and, if exercised, deprives the voters of that electorate, possibly only temporarily, of representation in Parliament by an MP they have previously supported}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid6301766 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1846524 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  though that observation may only apply to voters who supported the dissentient MP}}.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6301766 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 c) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 It is also material that the vacancy procedure can be triggered by no more than a single vote on an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
 contrary to the party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 s line but that vote may only be part of an MP failing to support the majority of his or her party.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 The failure to support
 the majority may be no more than that single vote but equally it may encompass a much larger party dissatisfaction with the member, including any reason considered by the Parliamentary leader as bearing on the failure to support the majority plus the con
duct of the member.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 The point was made in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid6301766\charrsid13460875 Awatere Huata}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid13460875 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1846524 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  para 43, p311}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6301766\charrsid796659  that distortion of proportionality was more than merely voting in the House.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
That observation would equally apply to what might constitute failure to support the majority of a Cook Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659  MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 s party.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par d) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
The issues described in the last subparagraph would also appear to provide an opportunity for the leader and majority of the members of the Parliamentary party to penalise a dissenting Member in a way which is disproportionate to what may be no more 
than a single opposing vote on an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
Once the qualifying dissenting vote is cast, all power under the 2007 Amendment, including power to force the MP from his or her seat, passes to the dissenting MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 s political party, the Speaker having no discretion on receipt of a s 105B(b) notice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
Beyond giving the dissenting MP a statement of the reasons for the leader}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
s view that s 105B(a) applies and a limited opportunity to respond (and only in writing) the 2007 Amendment requires, first, no adherence by the MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 s political party to the rules of natural justice, in the sense of a hearing before the party decides to give the s 105B(b) notice nor, secondly, any limitation on the party\rquote s deliberations following the MP}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 s vote on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
, the reasons for the Parliamentary leader reaching an opinion that s 105B(a) applies and the MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 s response.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 In requiring the party caucus to consider the MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 s conduct without necessarily requiring the party to advise the dissenting MP what aspects of his or her conduct will be considered, or give him or her a hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid6301766\charrsid13460875 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1846524 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875 
 even though he or she does not appear to be debarred from attending the caucus deliberations}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 
 the 2007 Amendment sets in place a method of acting which could be procedurally unfair to the MP even though it may lead to what is for an MP a very significant sanction, namely the loss of their seat and their ejection from Parliament.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par e) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1210208\charrsid796659 
If the ICCPR and Justice Brandeis are to be taken as giving guidance as to the way the right should be exercised or limited, the 2007 Amendment could not be seen as enacted for national security, public 
order, public health or morals or for fear of serious injury or to combat serious and imminent evil.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par f) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1210208\charrsid796659 Further, arguably, there may be little rational connection in visiting an electoral result \endash  overturning the will of the voters in a particular electorate \endash 
 on a parliamentary action \endash  voting and failing to support a Member\rquote s party on an issue of confidence.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par [105] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 Even though the 2007 Amendment applies to so few people and in only a handful of situations, there is therefore considerable force in Mr George}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14767883 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 
s submission that the sanctions, enormous for an MP and, albeit possibly temporary, for the voters of his or her electorate, are so significant that they effectively all but close off dissent in Parliament on issues of confidence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12325095\charrsid796659 by MPs }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 elected on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12325095\charrsid796659 Government or Opposition }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 party ticket}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6173216\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 Again, even though the 2007 Amendment applies to so few people and in so few situations, the sanctions which can possibly be inflicted for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5528114\charrsid796659 what may be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 no more than one dissent in an arena where dissent and differences of opinion are traditional}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12325095\charrsid796659 ly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659  part of the lifeblood of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5528114\charrsid796659 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 ssembly}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6173216\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659  place such major hurdles in the way of dissent that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6173216\charrsid796659 it is not difficult to conclude, however tentatively and in the abstract, that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 they effectively still an MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14767883 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 s right to freedom of speech and expression in that arena}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5528114\charrsid796659  and by that means}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1846524\charrsid796659 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par [106] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7634635\charrsid796659 The statutory }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13515255\charrsid796659 and other }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7634635\charrsid796659 
factors tending in favour of a conclusion that the unconstitutionality of the 2007 Amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8738847\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7634635\charrsid796659 
as been made out, have been carefully listed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8738847\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8738847\charrsid796659 
They appear to outweigh by a significant margin the arguments that the regime set out }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3692602\charrsid796659 in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8738847\charrsid796659 
 the 2007 Amendment is necessary to ensure the passage of parliamentary business on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8738847\charrsid796659 issues of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8738847\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1146041\charrsid796659 They make dissent, or an MP}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1146041\charrsid796659 s failure to support his or her party line}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024277\charrsid796659 
 on an issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid407602\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024277\charrsid796659  extremely hazardous.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024277\charrsid796659 Can that said to be no more than reasonable regulation of parliamentary business on issues of confidence which is compatible with the open and democratic society }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1639164\charrsid796659 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024277\charrsid796659  the Cook Islands?}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7634635\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par [107] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8738847\charrsid796659 Put bluntly, if an MP elected on a party ticket fails to support the majority of his or her party }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9729129\charrsid796659 on any one }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9729129\charrsid796659 issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9729129\charrsid796659  they put themselves at the mercy of that party for the balance of that parliamentary term}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2899158\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2899158\charrsid796659 It}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9729129\charrsid796659  can take measures at any time which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14578285\charrsid796659 
, if initiated,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9729129\charrsid796659  are highly likely to result in that MP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948424\charrsid796659 lo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9729129\charrsid796659 sing his or her seat.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9729129\charrsid796659 
That is a very severe consequence for what might be no more than one act of dissent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14485910\charrsid796659  in an arena where vigorous debate and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1930362\charrsid796659 dissent are of the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1639164\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13515255\charrsid796659 essence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1639164\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9729129\charrsid796659 Th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14578285\charrsid796659 at possible}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9729129\charrsid796659  consequence }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14578285\charrsid796659 is likely to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9729129\charrsid796659  be so severe that it }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12064578\charrsid796659 may well }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9729129\charrsid796659 result in the MP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1639164\charrsid796659 refraining from}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9729129\charrsid796659  expressing a dissentient opinion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12064578\charrsid796659 and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9729129\charrsid796659 
 voting against his or her party.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8738847\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par [108] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9729129\charrsid796659 True, party discipline and unity, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948424\charrsid796659 as}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11949485\charrsid796659 
 distinct from individual MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11949485\charrsid796659 s rights }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16457912\charrsid796659 from early days }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11949485\charrsid796659 to vote according to their conscience, is now at the heart of politics.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11949485\charrsid796659 And it is important that party unity and discipline be maintained on budgetary and other issues of confidence to ensure the passage of important legislation and to ensure }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15948424\charrsid796659 G}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11949485\charrsid796659 overnment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16457912\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11949485\charrsid796659 
 achieve the purposes for which electors voted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9729129\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par [109] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11949485\charrsid796659 But while all the terms of the 2007 Amendment have been carefully examined, the issues which would weigh most heavily on an MP elected on a party ticket but who }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948424\charrsid796659 pro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11949485\charrsid796659 poses to fail to support that party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12064578\charrsid796659 
 by voting with it on an issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11949485\charrsid796659  are:
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6301766 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11949485\charrsid796659 that he
 or she puts themsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 ves at the mercy of their party if they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948424\charrsid796659 once }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 fail to support the majority}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11761646\charrsid796659 , though what amounts to a failure to support is not defined in the 2007 Amendment and may only be defined by the party
\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11761646\charrsid796659 reasons}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11761646\charrsid796659  in the s 105D(a)(i) notice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11949485\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 that the result of their dissenting from the party line will, if their political party activates the statutory mechanism, result}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid419629\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 , not just in their being ejected from the party and having to remain in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid419629\charrsid796659 P}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 arliament as an independent MP }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2194751\charrsid796659 or a member of a rival party }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 
for the balance of that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16200285\charrsid796659 parliamentary}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659  term, but los}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid419629\charrsid796659 s of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659  their seat.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12337841\charrsid796659 
If the effect of the operation of the 2007 Amendment\rquote s procedures was anything but ejection of the dissentient MP from Parliament}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid419629\charrsid796659  -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12337841\charrsid796659  the ejection of a duly elected Member}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid419629\charrsid796659  -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4346040\charrsid796659  the ob}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12337841\charrsid796659 jections to the 2007 Amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12337841\charrsid796659 s terms would carry much less weight}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid419629\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12337841\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid419629\charrsid796659 B}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12337841\charrsid796659 
ut ejection is the only result permitted and t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 he right to stand in a subsequent by-election is little palliative.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7029695\charrsid796659 A possible argument to the contrary was explored in para }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7029695\charrsid14767883 [10}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11546415\charrsid14767883 
3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191413\charrsid14767883 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7029695\charrsid14767883 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid419629\charrsid796659 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7029695\charrsid796659 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2191413\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par c) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 the MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 s party}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14767883 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 s deliberations on the s 105D(a) notice are not limited to the MP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 s failure to support the majority of his or her party.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 The party is obliged to consider the MP}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 s conduct even though that conduct }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1639164\charrsid796659 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659  not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1639164\charrsid796659 required to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 be included in the notice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948424\charrsid796659 And}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 
 while the MP may be able to attend the caucus which considers the s 105D(a) notice, the 2007 Amendment makes no provision for any form of hearing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 Thus, the member}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 
s ejection from parliament, given the Speaker has no discretion on receipt of a s 105B(b) notice, result}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948424\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 
 from a process that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2194751\charrsid796659 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 s not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2194751\charrsid796659 required to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 adhere to the rules of natural justice.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 [110] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 
Having regard to all those factors, the Court concludes that, in the abstract at least, there is a strong case for ruling the 2007 Amendment unconstitutio
nal as breaching the freedom of speech and expression of MPs elected on a party ticket who wish to deviate from the party line}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10106330\charrsid796659  and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15299507\charrsid796659  fail to support the majority of their part}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4995298\charrsid796659 y }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16200285\charrsid796659 including to vote with it }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 on an }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6301766 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 .
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par [111] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 The difficulty that arises, however, is that, as commented at the commencement of this Judgment, this case was brought and argued in a vacuum.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024277\charrsid796659 Apart from Mr George saying \endash  though not in evidence \endash  that he has not participated in CIP caucuses since the 2011 general election 
and absents himself from the chamber when budgetary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8406464\charrsid796659 and other confidence i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024277\charrsid796659 ssues are up for a vote, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 here are no factual circumstances on which the Court can rule.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024277\charrsid796659 
Indeed, the measures Mr George says he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10106330\charrsid796659 chooses to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024277\charrsid796659 adopt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11745755\charrsid796659 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024277\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159185\charrsid796659 specifically}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024277\charrsid796659 
 design}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11745755\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024277\charrsid796659  to ensure that a situation will never arise which might }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid159185\charrsid796659 give}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8406464\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024277\charrsid796659 his party the right to set the statutory procedures in motion.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid159185\charrsid796659 There is no evidence any other MP wants to follow his dissentient line.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024277\charrsid796659 Thus, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 he 2007 Amendment procedure may never }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948424\charrsid796659 be put}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659  into operation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948424\charrsid796659  althou}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11745755\charrsid796659 gh it may affect dissentient MP}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948424\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948424\charrsid796659  votes on budgetary issues}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659 Even if it does, the workings of the 2007 Amendment need to be seen against }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9523707\charrsid796659 whatever}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13966460\charrsid796659  factual situation has triggered its operation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11745755\charrsid796659 .}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11745755\charrsid796659 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461537\charrsid796659 here}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11745755\charrsid796659  is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461537\charrsid796659  a wide spectrum of factual possibilities }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11745755\charrsid796659 which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461537\charrsid796659 might arise.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11745755\charrsid796659 A small selection of those could }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16461537\charrsid796659 include}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16270181\charrsid796659 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16270181 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6301766 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 a) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12275892\charrsid796659 
the number of MPs who have failed to support the majority, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16270181\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par b) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12275892\charrsid796659 how the failure to support has been expressed, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16270181\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par c) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12275892\charrsid796659 the point in the parliamentary term when the failure to support has occurred, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11745755\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par d) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12275892\charrsid796659 whether the initiation of the 2007 Amendment procedures has been by a government or an opposition party, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16270181\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766 
\par e) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12275892\charrsid796659 the number of votes in the House a party can command before and after the failure to support and whether the failure to support has been on a routine b
udgetary measure or on an Opposition vote of no confidence in Cabinet or some issue which the Prime Minister considers to be sufficiently important to declare it to be an issue of confidence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16270181\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024277 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6301766\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550 [112] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461537\charrsid796659 In light of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11745755\charrsid796659 all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16461537\charrsid796659 that, the Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461537\charrsid796659 s conclusion is that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6378295\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461537\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6378295\charrsid796659 for lack of a factual foundation, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16461537\charrsid796659 Mr George has made out no case for a declaration that the 2007 Amendment is unconstitutional as being in breach of MPs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16461537\charrsid796659  freedom of speech and expression}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6378295\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11761646\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550 
\par [113] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6378295\charrsid796659 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461537\charrsid796659 t is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6378295\charrsid796659 also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461537\charrsid796659 impossible to hold in his favour on the second application he sought}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid16004550\charrsid14767883 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875 
\chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875  cited in [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875\charrsid10619025 12] of this Judgment}},}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550\charrsid796659 
 mainly because of the lack of any factual matrix which might give rise to Mr George voting against the CIP on an issue of confidence. That means the Court is unable to rule on what circumstances might amount to his failure to support the
 majority of his party.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550\charrsid796659 
Voting against it on an issue of confidence would seem to be a necessary ingredient of that failure, but what other components might be part of the failure need to be assessed when action is taken against him.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16004550  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550\charrsid796659 Further, the form of t
he declaration Mr George sought fails to recognise that if he votes against the majority of the CIP on an issue of confidence, the right to act in accordance with the 2007 Amendment then passes to the CIP.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16004550  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550\charrsid796659 Thus, even if \endash  for whatever reason, including breach of Mr George}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16004550\charrsid796659 s fundamental freedom of speech and expression or for any other cause \endash  he fails to support the majority of the CIP, that failure to support is currently in a vacuum.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16004550  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550\charrsid796659 The CIP may do nothing about it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550\charrsid796659 
But the CIP retains the power to activate the ejection mechanism in the 2007 Amendment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550\charrsid796659 
The better course to testing the constitutionality of the 2007 Amendment would have been, if Mr George failed to support the majority of the CIP on an issue of confidence and it commenced ejection proceeding
s under the statute, to seek an injunction, set against a factual background, to prevent the delivery or either or both of the statutory notices.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16004550\charrsid796659 This was the course followed in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid16004550\charrsid14767883 Awatere Huata.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid16004550\charrsid16004550 REMEDIES
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550 [114] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550\charrsid796659 Although, in light of the Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16004550\charrsid796659 s findings, a remedy is unneeded, in New Zealand, the Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550\charrsid796659 s remedies }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550\charrsid796659 
against the casual abrogation of common law rights and [to] monitor rights derogations under the New Zealand Bill of Rights Act 1990 albeit without the sanction of invalidating Parliament\rquote s law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 "
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid16004550\charrsid14767883 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875\charrsid10619025 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875\charrsid10619025  Joseph }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid10619025 Constitutional and Administrative Law in New Zealand, 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\super\insrsid13460875\charrsid10619025 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid13460875\charrsid10619025  Ed (2007)}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875\charrsid10619025  para 1.4, p8}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550\charrsid796659  include a declaration of incompatibility or inconsistency}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid16004550\charrsid16004550 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875\charrsid10619025 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875\charrsid10619025  often forecast but never yet made}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550\charrsid796659  to highlight rights departures.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550\charrsid796659 As Professor Joseph says}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid16004550\charrsid16004550 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs54\super\insrsid13460875\charrsid10619025 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875\charrsid10619025  op.cit. p9}}:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\insrsid16461537 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid16004550 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461537\charrsid796659 
a declaration sets up a dynamic between the institutions }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659 without raising issues of res judicata.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7093157\charrsid796659 A declaration of incompatibility is a remedy }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7093157\charrsid14767883 to inform}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659 
 not to define rights between parties inter-s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948424\charrsid796659 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659 A declaration throws responsibility onto Parliament to make a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7093157\charrsid14767883 deliberate transparent and informed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659  decision \endash  whether or not to remedy a legislative de}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948424\charrsid796659 ro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659 
gation from the Bill of Rights.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659 Parliament rather than the Courts retains the final responsibility o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948424\charrsid796659 ver}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659  rights de}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948424\charrsid796659 ro}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7093157\charrsid796659 gations under the Bill of Rights.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659 
The Courts are quick to acknowledge that the debate over whether Parliament can override fundamental rights remains theoretical and extrajudicial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7093157\charrsid796659 They commend the comity that joins the political and judicial branches and counsel observance of the conventions that maintain the constitutional balance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16461537 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid796659 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550 [115] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14710872\charrsid796659 In the Cook Islands, a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024277\charrsid796659 s the citations from }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid11024277\charrsid16004550 Clarke v Karika show}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\insrsid16004550\charrsid16004550 \chftn {\footnote\ftnalt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s52\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs54\super\insrsid13460875\charrsid10619025 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13460875\charrsid10619025  p17 of 17 in PacLII version, cited in para [52]}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024277\charrsid796659 the Courts have power, in appropriate cases, to declare measures \'93inoperative\'94 if they are held unconstitutional.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11024277 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550 [116] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5576129\charrsid796659 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\insrsid5576129\charrsid16004550 Hinds}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5576129\charrsid16004550 , the Privy Council }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5576129\charrsid796659 
spoke of the possibility of the Courts exercising a power of severance of the objectionable provisions but, as Ms Evans accepted, severance is not a practical remedy which could be applied to the 2007 Amendment.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550 
\par [117] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1789711\charrsid796659 There must also be the possibility that Parliament, having considered the observations in this judgment on the 2007 Amendment, may repeal it or, probably more appro}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8406464\charrsid796659 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1789711\charrsid796659 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8406464\charrsid796659 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1789711\charrsid796659 ately, legislate to modify its mo}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8406464\charrsid796659 re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1789711\charrsid796659  draconian provisions.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550 
\par [118] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1789711\charrsid796659 Declarations of incompatibility or inconsistency or ruling that the 2007 Amendment is inoperative }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid947221\charrsid796659 would }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1789711\charrsid796659 appear to be the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8406464\charrsid796659 relevant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1789711\charrsid796659  remedies }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659 in this case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5576129\charrsid796659  if a remedy were to be granted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5576129\charrsid796659 S}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid947221\charrsid796659 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5576129\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid947221\charrsid796659  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659 if}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948424\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659  or when}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15948424\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659  some factual situation arises which triggers the operation of the 2007 Amendment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2642374\charrsid796659 , its
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1259146\charrsid796659 procedures are set in motion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659 
 and the constitutionality of the 2007 Amendment is directly challenged against }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6378295\charrsid796659 whatever may then be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659 
the factual matrix, it is to be hoped that the observations in this Judgment concerning the terms}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6378295\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659  reach}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6378295\charrsid796659 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659  operation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6378295\charrsid796659 and constitutionality }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659 of the 2007 Amendment may prove to be helpful.
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid7093157\charrsid16004550 COSTS
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550 [119] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659 Given the circumstance}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5576129\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659  and outcome of this litigation, the Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14767883 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659 s inclination is that the cost
s of the proceeding should lie where they fall.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659 
However, if, despite that, the parties wish to pursue issues of costs, memoranda may be filed (maximum 5 pages) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9986340\charrsid796659 
with that from the Attorney-General being filed and served within 28 days of delivery of this Judgment and that from Mr George within 35 days of that date.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2642374\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550 
\par [120] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9986340\charrsid796659 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7943946\charrsid796659 r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9986340\charrsid796659 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7943946\charrsid796659  Browne}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9986340\charrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6974436\charrsid796659 for the CI}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8013324\charrsid796659 
P to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9986340\charrsid796659 ok almost no part in the hearing of th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7943946\charrsid796659 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9986340\charrsid796659 
 matter but if }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7943946\charrsid796659 CIP}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9986340\charrsid796659  wishes to seek an order for costs the timetable applying to the Attorney-General is also to apply.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid796659  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5576129\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16004550 
\par [121] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9986340\charrsid796659 In such memoranda the parties are to certify, if they agree with this course, that the Court can determine all issues of costs without a further hearing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7093157\charrsid796659 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4718836\charrsid796659 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16004550 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3162305\charrsid16004550 Hugh Williams}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid8654888\charrsid16004550 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3162305\charrsid16004550  J
\par }{\*\themedata 504b030414000600080000002100828abc13fa0000001c020000130000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6cac91cb6ac3301045f785fe83d0b6d8
72ba28a5d8cea249777d2cd20f18e4b12d6a8f843409c9df77ecb850ba082d74231062ce997b55ae8fe3a00e1893f354e9555e6885647de3a8abf4fbee29bbd7
2a3150038327acf409935ed7d757e5ee14302999a654e99e393c18936c8f23a4dc072479697d1c81e51a3b13c07e4087e6b628ee8cf5c4489cf1c4d075f92a0b
44d7a07a83c82f308ac7b0a0f0fbf90c2480980b58abc733615aa2d210c2e02cb04430076a7ee833dfb6ce62e3ed7e14693e8317d8cd0433bf5c60f53fea2fe7
065bd80facb647e9e25c7fc421fd2ddb526b2e9373fed4bb902e182e97b7b461e6bfad3f010000ffff0300504b030414000600080000002100a5d6a7e7c00000
00360100000b0000005f72656c732f2e72656c73848fcf6ac3300c87ef85bd83d17d51d2c31825762fa590432fa37d00e1287f68221bdb1bebdb4fc7060abb08
84a4eff7a93dfeae8bf9e194e720169aaa06c3e2433fcb68e1763dbf7f82c985a4a725085b787086a37bdbb55fbc50d1a33ccd311ba548b63095120f88d94fbc
52ae4264d1c910d24a45db3462247fa791715fd71f989e19e0364cd3f51652d73760ae8fa8c9ffb3c330cc9e4fc17faf2ce545046e37944c69e462a1a82fe353
bd90a865aad41ed0b5b8f9d6fd010000ffff0300504b0304140006000800000021006b799616830000008a0000001c0000007468656d652f7468656d652f7468
656d654d616e616765722e786d6c0ccc4d0ac3201040e17da17790d93763bb284562b2cbaebbf600439c1a41c7a0d29fdbd7e5e38337cedf14d59b4b0d592c9c
070d8a65cd2e88b7f07c2ca71ba8da481cc52c6ce1c715e6e97818c9b48d13df49c873517d23d59085adb5dd20d6b52bd521ef2cdd5eb9246a3d8b4757e8d3f7
29e245eb2b260a0238fd010000ffff0300504b03041400060008000000210096b5ade296060000501b0000160000007468656d652f7468656d652f7468656d65
312e786d6cec594f6fdb3614bf0fd87720746f6327761a07758ad8b19b2d4d1bc46e871e698996d850a240d2497d1bdae38001c3ba618715d86d87615b8116d8
a5fb34d93a6c1dd0afb0475292c5585e9236d88aad3e2412f9e3fbff1e1fa9abd7eec70c1d1221294fda5efd72cd4324f1794093b0eddd1ef62fad79482a9c04
98f184b4bd2991deb58df7dfbb8ad755446282607d22d771db8b944ad79796a40fc3585ee62949606ecc458c15bc8a702910f808e8c66c69b9565b5d8a314d3c
94e018c8de1a8fa94fd05093f43672e23d06af89927ac06762a049136785c10607758d9053d965021d62d6f6804fc08f86e4bef210c352c144dbab999fb7b471
7509af678b985ab0b6b4ae6f7ed9ba6c4170b06c788a705430adf71bad2b5b057d03606a1ed7ebf5babd7a41cf00b0ef83a6569632cd467faddec9699640f671
9e76b7d6ac355c7c89feca9cccad4ea7d36c65b258a206641f1b73f8b5da6a6373d9c11b90c537e7f08dce66b7bbeae00dc8e257e7f0fd2badd5868b37a088d1
e4600ead1ddaef67d40bc898b3ed4af81ac0d76a197c86826828a24bb318f3442d8ab518dfe3a20f000d6458d104a9694ac6d88728eee2782428d60cf03ac1a5
193be4cbb921cd0b495fd054b5bd0f530c1931a3f7eaf9f7af9e3f45c70f9e1d3ff8e9f8e1c3e3073f5a42ceaa6d9c84e5552fbffdeccfc71fa33f9e7ef3f2d1
17d57859c6fffac327bffcfc793510d26726ce8b2f9ffcf6ecc98baf3efdfdbb4715f04d814765f890c644a29be408edf3181433567125272371be15c308d3f2
8acd249438c19a4b05fd9e8a1cf4cd296699771c393ac4b5e01d01e5a30a787d72cf1178108989a2159c77a2d801ee72ce3a5c545a6147f32a99793849c26ae6
6252c6ed637c58c5bb8b13c7bfbd490a75330f4b47f16e441c31f7184e140e494214d273fc80900aedee52ead87597fa824b3e56e82e451d4c2b4d32a423279a
668bb6690c7e9956e90cfe766cb37b077538abd27a8b1cba48c80acc2a841f12e698f13a9e281c57911ce298950d7e03aba84ac8c154f8655c4f2af074481847
bd804859b5e696007d4b4edfc150b12addbecba6b18b148a1e54d1bc81392f23b7f84137c2715a851dd0242a633f900710a218ed715505dfe56e86e877f0034e
16bafb0e258ebb4faf06b769e888340b103d3311da9750aa9d0a1cd3e4efca31a3508f6d0c5c5c398602f8e2ebc71591f5b616e24dd893aa3261fb44f95d843b
5974bb5c04f4edafb95b7892ec1108f3f98de75dc97d5772bdff7cc95d94cf672db4b3da0a6557f70db629362d72bcb0431e53c6066acac80d699a6409fb44d0
8741bdce9c0e4971624a2378cceaba830b05366b90e0ea23aaa241845368b0eb9e2612ca8c742851ca251ceccc70256d8d87265dd96361531f186c3d9058edf2
c00eafe8e1fc5c509031bb4d680e9f39a3154de0accc56ae644441edd76156d7429d995bdd88664a9dc3ad50197c38af1a0c16d684060441db02565e85f3b966
0d0713cc48a0ed6ef7dedc2dc60b17e92219e180643ed27acffba86e9c94c78ab90980d8a9f0913ee49d62b512b79626fb06dccee2a432bbc60276b9f7dec44b
7904cfbca4f3f6443ab2a49c9c2c41476dafd55c6e7ac8c769db1bc399161ee314bc2e75cf8759081743be1236ec4f4d6693e5336fb672c5dc24a8c33585b5fb
9cc24e1d4885545b58463634cc5416022cd19cacfccb4d30eb45296023fd35a458598360f8d7a4003bbaae25e331f155d9d9a5116d3bfb9a95523e51440ca2e0
088dd844ec6370bf0e55d027a012ae264c45d02f708fa6ad6da6dce29c255df9f6cae0ec38666984b372ab5334cf640b37795cc860de4ae2816e95b21be5ceaf
8a49f90b52a51cc6ff3355f47e0237052b81f6800fd7b802239daf6d8f0b1571a8426944fdbe80c6c1d40e8816b88b8569082ab84c36ff0539d4ff6dce591a26
ade1c0a7f669880485fd484582903d284b26fa4e2156cff62e4b9265844c4495c495a9157b440e091bea1ab8aaf7760f4510eaa69a6465c0e04ec69ffb9e65d0
28d44d4e39df9c1a52ecbd3607fee9cec7263328e5d661d3d0e4f62f44acd855ed7ab33cdf7bcb8ae889599bd5c8b3029895b6825696f6af29c239b75a5bb1e6
345e6ee6c28117e73586c1a2214ae1be07e93fb0ff51e133fb65426fa843be0fb515c187064d0cc206a2fa926d3c902e907670048d931db4c1a44959d366ad93
b65abe595f70a75bf03d616c2dd959fc7d4e6317cd99cbcec9c58b34766661c7d6766ca1a9c1b327531486c6f941c638c67cd22a7f75e2a37be0e82db8df9f30
254d30c1372581a1f51c983c80e4b71ccdd28dbf000000ffff0300504b0304140006000800000021000dd1909fb60000001b010000270000007468656d652f74
68656d652f5f72656c732f7468656d654d616e616765722e786d6c2e72656c73848f4d0ac2301484f78277086f6fd3ba109126dd88d0add40384e4350d363f24
51eced0dae2c082e8761be9969bb979dc9136332de3168aa1a083ae995719ac16db8ec8e4052164e89d93b64b060828e6f37ed1567914b284d262452282e3198
720e274a939cd08a54f980ae38a38f56e422a3a641c8bbd048f7757da0f19b017cc524bd62107bd5001996509affb3fd381a89672f1f165dfe514173d9850528
a2c6cce0239baa4c04ca5bbabac4df000000ffff0300504b01022d0014000600080000002100828abc13fa0000001c0200001300000000000000000000000000
000000005b436f6e74656e745f54797065735d2e786d6c504b01022d0014000600080000002100a5d6a7e7c0000000360100000b000000000000000000000000
002b0100005f72656c732f2e72656c73504b01022d00140006000800000021006b799616830000008a0000001c00000000000000000000000000140200007468
656d652f7468656d652f7468656d654d616e616765722e786d6c504b01022d001400060008000000210096b5ade296060000501b000016000000000000000000
00000000d10200007468656d652f7468656d652f7468656d65312e786d6c504b01022d00140006000800000021000dd1909fb60000001b010000270000000000
00000000000000009b0900007468656d652f7468656d652f5f72656c732f7468656d654d616e616765722e786d6c2e72656c73504b050600000000050005005d010000960a00000000}
{\*\colorschememapping 3c3f786d6c2076657273696f6e3d22312e302220656e636f64696e673d225554462d3822207374616e64616c6f6e653d22796573223f3e0d0a3c613a636c724d
617020786d6c6e733a613d22687474703a2f2f736368656d61732e6f70656e786d6c666f726d6174732e6f72672f64726177696e676d6c2f323030362f6d6169
6e22206267313d226c743122207478313d22646b3122206267323d226c743222207478323d22646b322220616363656e74313d22616363656e74312220616363
656e74323d22616363656e74322220616363656e74333d22616363656e74332220616363656e74343d22616363656e74342220616363656e74353d22616363656e74352220616363656e74363d22616363656e74362220686c696e6b3d22686c696e6b2220666f6c486c696e6b3d22666f6c486c696e6b222f3e}
{\*\latentstyles\lsdstimax267\lsdlockeddef0\lsdsemihiddendef0\lsdunhideuseddef0\lsdqformatdef0\lsdprioritydef0{\lsdlockedexcept \lsdqformat1 Normal;\lsdqformat1 heading 1;\lsdqformat1 heading 2;\lsdqformat1 heading 3;
\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 heading 4;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 heading 5;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 heading 6;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 heading 7;
\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 heading 8;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 heading 9;toc 1;toc 2;toc 3;toc 4;toc 5;toc 6;toc 7;toc 8;toc 9;\lsdpriority99 header;footer;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 caption;
page number;\lsdqformat1 Title;Default Paragraph Font;Body Text;\lsdqformat1 Subtitle;Body Text First Indent;\lsdqformat1 Strong;\lsdqformat1 Emphasis;Plain Text;Table Grid;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdpriority99 \lsdlocked0 Placeholder Text;
\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority1 \lsdlocked0 No Spacing;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2;
\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2;\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List;
\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading;\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 1;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 1;
\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 1;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 1;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 1;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 1;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdpriority99 \lsdlocked0 Revision;
\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority34 \lsdlocked0 List Paragraph;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority29 \lsdlocked0 Quote;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority30 \lsdlocked0 Intense Quote;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 1;\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 1;
\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 1;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 1;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 1;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 1;\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 1;
\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 1;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 2;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 2;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 2;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 2;
\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 2;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 2;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 2;\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 2;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 2;
\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 2;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 2;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 2;\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 2;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 2;
\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 3;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 3;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 3;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 3;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 3;
\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 3;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 3;\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 3;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 3;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 3;
\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 3;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 3;\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 3;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 3;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 4;
\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 4;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 4;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 4;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 4;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 4;
\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 4;\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 4;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 4;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 4;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 4;
\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 4;\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 4;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 4;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 5;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 5;
\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 5;\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 5;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 5;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 5;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 5;
\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 5;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 5;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 5;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 5;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 5;
\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 5;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 5;\lsdpriority60 \lsdlocked0 Light Shading Accent 6;\lsdpriority61 \lsdlocked0 Light List Accent 6;\lsdpriority62 \lsdlocked0 Light Grid Accent 6;
\lsdpriority63 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 1 Accent 6;\lsdpriority64 \lsdlocked0 Medium Shading 2 Accent 6;\lsdpriority65 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 1 Accent 6;\lsdpriority66 \lsdlocked0 Medium List 2 Accent 6;
\lsdpriority67 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 1 Accent 6;\lsdpriority68 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 2 Accent 6;\lsdpriority69 \lsdlocked0 Medium Grid 3 Accent 6;\lsdpriority70 \lsdlocked0 Dark List Accent 6;\lsdpriority71 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Shading Accent 6;
\lsdpriority72 \lsdlocked0 Colorful List Accent 6;\lsdpriority73 \lsdlocked0 Colorful Grid Accent 6;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority19 \lsdlocked0 Subtle Emphasis;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority21 \lsdlocked0 Intense Emphasis;
\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority31 \lsdlocked0 Subtle Reference;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority32 \lsdlocked0 Intense Reference;\lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority33 \lsdlocked0 Book Title;\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdpriority37 \lsdlocked0 Bibliography;
\lsdsemihidden1 \lsdunhideused1 \lsdqformat1 \lsdpriority39 \lsdlocked0 TOC Heading;}}{\*\datastore 0105000002000000180000004d73786d6c322e534158584d4c5265616465722e352e30000000000000000000000e0000
d0cf11e0a1b11ae1000000000000000000000000000000003e000300feff0900060000000000000000000000010000000100000000000000001000000200000001000000feffffff0000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
fffffffffffffffffdffffff04000000feffffff05000000fefffffffeffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff52006f006f007400200045006e00740072007900000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000016000500ffffffffffffffff01000000ec69d9888b8b3d4c859eaf6cd158be0f000000000000000000000000e02e
df6eae69cf010300000080020000000000004d0073006f004400610074006100530074006f0072006500000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000001a000101ffffffffffffffff020000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000e02edf6eae69cf01
e02edf6eae69cf01000000000000000000000000cc004900c9005500c1004e0052005000d200c4004f00ca004700d00047004f00cd004300d400d100d300c0003d003d000000000000000000000000000000000032000101ffffffffffffffff030000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000e02edf6eae69
cf01e02edf6eae69cf010000000000000000000000004900740065006d0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000a000201ffffffff04000000ffffffff000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000da00000000000000010000000200000003000000feffffff0500000006000000070000000800000009000000feffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff
ffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffffff3c623a536f75726365732053656c65637465645374796c653d225c4150412e58534c22205374796c654e616d653d224150412220786d6c6e733a623d22687474703a2f2f736368656d61732e6f70656e786d6c666f726d6174732e6f7267
2f6f6666696365446f63756d656e742f323030362f6269626c696f6772617068792220786d6c6e733d22687474703a2f2f736368656d61732e6f70656e786d6c666f726d6174732e6f72672f6f6666696365446f63756d656e742f323030362f6269626c696f677261706879223e3c2f623a536f75726365733e0d0a0000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000003c3f786d6c2076657273696f6e3d22312e302220656e636f64696e673d225554462d3822207374616e64616c6f6e653d226e6f223f3e0d0a3c64733a6461746173746f72654974656d2064733a6974656d49443d227b38343534
384142302d344644342d343343412d414131422d3031384542343244333143457d2220786d6c6e733a64733d22687474703a2f2f736368656d61732e6f70656e786d6c666f726d6174732e6f72672f6f6666696365446f63756d656e742f323030362f637573746f6d586d6c223e3c64733a736368656d61526566733e3c
64733a736368656d615265662064733a7572693d22687474703a2f2f736368656d61732e6f70656e500072006f007000650072007400690065007300000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000016000200ffffffffffffffffffffffff000000000000
0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000400000055010000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff00000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff0000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000ffffffffffffffffffffffff
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000786d6c666f726d6174732e6f72672f6f6666696365446f63756d656e742f323030362f6269626c696f677261706879222f3e3c2f64733a736368656d61526566733e3c2f64733a6461746173746f
72654974656d3e0000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000
00000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000000105000000000000}}