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\par }\pard \s22\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 NORMAN GEORGE
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Applicant
\par }\pard \s22\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \s22\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 AND
\par }\pard \s22\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \s22\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 TIM BUCHANAN
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 First Respondent
\par }\pard \s22\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \s22\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 AND
\par }\pard \s22\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \s22\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 JOHN WOODS
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Second Respondent
\par }\pard \s22\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \s22\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 AND
\par }\pard \s22\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \s22\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 COOK ISLANDS NEWS (2008) LIMITED
\par }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Third Respondent
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 \f179\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par Hearing: 9 December 2010
\par (by teleconference) 
\par Counsel: Mr R Samuel and Mr N George, for Applicant
\par  Mr D McLellan and Mr C Little for Respondents
\par 
\par Judgment: 10 December 2010
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\b\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 JUDGMENT OF GRICE J
\par [Application for leave to commence prosecution for criminal libel under s 235 of the Crimes Act 1967]
\par }\pard \qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 N George, Norman George & Associates, Avarua, Rarotonga
\par C Little, Little & Matysik PC, Maraerenga, Avarua, Rarotonga
\par Copy:
\par D McLellan, Barrister, Auckland, New Zealand
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [1]\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 
\f179\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
Norman George, the Applicant/Informant, complains that he has been defamed by virtue of the publication in a cartoon in the Cook Islands News newspaper, circulated daily in the Cook Islands. He has filed a 
notice of intention to seek leave to commence the prosecution for criminal libel under s 235 of the Crimes Act. The notice does not specify exactly what the prosecution relates to. It merely, in wide terms, seeks leave "to commence prosecution for crimina
l libel". The application has proceeded on the basis that the publication complained about was a cartoon published on Friday, 17 September 2010. There are no affidavits in support of the application.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [2]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 This application was listed for hearing on 7 Decembe
r 2010 at 2:15pm. As at 26 November 2010, after the matter was placed in the List by the Applicant for hearing, the application had not been served on the Respondents. Therefore, when the matter was called Mr Little for the Respondents advised that New Ze
aland counsel had been briefed but had had very short notice and was tied up in other Court hearings in New Zealand.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [3]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 A teleconference was convened on 6 December 2010. Mr McLellan, the New Zealand counsel for the Respondents, made himself available. He 
had sought an adjournment for the hearing of this matter. As a result of discussions during the teleconference he rearranged his schedule to be available to have the matter heard by teleconference on 9 December 2010. The Applicant was urging that the matt
er proceed with speed, and counsel for the Respondents cooperated to ensure he fitted in with the Court's timetable to have the matter dealt with in this sitting.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [4]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 This is the second attempt by the Applicant to commence a prosecution on the same subject
 matter. On 14 October 2010 his Honour Savage J made Orders striking out Informations laid pursuant to Ss 233, 235 and 237 of the Crimes Act 1961, on the basis that the Applicant had failed to obtain leave of a Judge to commence a prosecution of criminal 
libel in relation to those Informations. He ordered the Informant to pay costs in the sum of $750. Costs were to be paid within seven (7) days. They have not been paid, although the Applicant has apparently offered to pay by instalment.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [5]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
The Applicant has also filed civil proceedings against the same Respondents for defamation in relation to the same cartoon in this Court under Plaint No. 26/2010. Damages of $475,000 and a permanent injunction to restrain further or similar publications a
re sought. The proceedings appear to be at an early stage. The Respondents have indicated various interlocutory applications will be sought. 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [6]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The cartoon is headed up "Presenting the latest series of Cook Islands stamps featuring characters who've bilk
ed locals of their money and/or conned Government!" Below the words are four cartoon style postage stamps with pictures and captions under each as follows: the first, "Milan Brick", the second, "Nigerian Scammer", the third, "Sheik Yerbooti". Below them, 
with a finger partly obscuring the face, a fourth cartoon is headed "Cook Islands 2c", (the other stamps show 10c). The Applicant alleges the fourth cartoon, which has no caption, is a cartoon depiction of him. 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [7]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The First Respondent is the cartoonist f
or the Cook Islands Times, the Second Respondent is the publisher, and the Third Respondent is the Cook Islands News (2008) Limited, the publisher of the Cook Islands News.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [8]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The Cook Islands News publishes cartoons by "Kata". These provide commentary o
n politics. In those cartoons a character which the Applicant claims is him apparently regularly appears. It is common ground that the Applicant is a well-known local figure. He is a sitting Member of Parliament and practising Barrister and Solicitor. He 
has held various high political positions and has a public profile.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [9]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The cartoon was published during the political campaigning before the 2010 Cook Islands Elections. The Applicant won his seat as a Member of Parliament by a majority of 45 votes. This 
apparently was a larger majority than when he won the seat in the Teenui-Mapunai Electorate in the 2006 Election. He obtained 79 seats whilst the only other candidate, being Pukeiti Ngamatua, obtained 34 votes. This evidence is set out in an affidavit of 
the Respondent, John Woods, the Managing Editor of the Rarotongan News. No issue was taken with that evidence, however Mr\~Samuel submitted that the Applicant might have possibly achieved higher polling if the cartoon had not been published.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [10]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Mr\~Woods also says:
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \f3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 After the publication of the cartoon the Cook Islands News received no comment or response about the cartoon either positive or negative. 
The only comments he has received about the matter generally, came after it was known that the Applicant had commenced action against the Respondents. These comments were critical of the Applicant's action.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \f3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 He has received no approach from the Police or any official in relation to the publications, and is not aware of any official investigation or complaint about the matter.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \f3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 He received an offer from Mr\~George on 26\~November\~2010 tendering the payment of $100, saying he could pay the costs off at $100
 each month until settled because he had not been earning any income for the last month. The proposal was not accepted and the tendered payment was returned.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [11]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Matariki Wilson, a reporter of Tauranga employed by the Cook Islands News, also filed an affidavit recounting an incident involving the Applicant's solicitor, Mr\~Samuel. Mr\~
Samuel filed an affidavit responding. For the purposes of this hearing no objection was taken to the usual situation of the solicitor appearing for a party giving evidence.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [12]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The relevant provision for leave is Section\~233 of the Crimes Act provides that:
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 \f179\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\b\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Criminal libel and publishing defined}{
\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045  \endash  
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
(1) A criminal libel is matter published, without lawful justification or excuse, either designed to insult any person or likely
 to injure his reputation by exposing him to hatred, contempt, or ridicule or likely to injure him in his profession, office, business, trade, or occupation, whether such matter is expressed by words, written or printed, or legibly marked on any substance
, or by any object signifying such matter otherwise than by words, and whether expressed directly or by insinuation or irony.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (2)\tab}}\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls3\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Publishing a criminal libel is \endash 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 (a) Exhibiting it in public; or
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 (b) 
causing it to be read or seen, or showing or delivering it, or causing it to be shown or delivered, with a view to its being read or seen by any person other than the person defamed.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [13]\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 
\f179\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Section\~235 provides that a prosecution shall not be commenced with
out the leave of a Judge of the High Court, and that the person charged shall have the opportunity to be heard "against the application".
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [14]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The maximum penalty under s\~237 of the Crimes Act that can be imposed for the publication of criminal libel is o
ne year, and in the case where the publisher knows it to be false, two years.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [15]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 These provisions are in the same terms as provisions which have now been repealed in Ss\~211 and 213 of the Crimes Act\~1961. These provisions were repealed on 1\~February\~199
3 by the Defamation Act\~1992. In addition to }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 A-G v Pitt}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
, the three High Court of New Zealand cases discussing leave applications under s\~213 of the New Zealand Crimes Act\~1961, were the subject of detailed submissions.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The Applicant's case
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [16]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Mr\~Samuel
 submitted that on its face the cartoon was seriously defamatory. It alleges the Applicant has "bilked" locals or conned the government. He is shown in the company of a convicted fraudster, Milan Brick, who was struck off the New Zealand Medical Roll for 
claiming to cure cancer, and Nigerian Scammers who are conmen and sometimes murderers. "Bilked" Mr\~
Samuel submits, means to obtain money by deceit without justification by fraud or cheating. He submitted that the Court should make no factual findings at this stage (}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 A-G v Pitt}{
\cs25\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s24\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 
\f179\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\cs25\super\insrsid1007755 \chftn }{\insrsid1007755  }{\i\f1\insrsid1007755 A-G v Pitt}{\f1\insrsid1007755  [2005] NZAR 599.}}}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 ), and on their face the cartoons were grossly insulting and libellous. Lack of public feedback (as deposed to by Mr Cook) does not
 mean there was not adverse public reaction as the Cook Islands News circulates the Cook Islands and there are many readers who are not able to express their comments in writing and whose primary language is Maori, who could not be writing to the Editor.

\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [17]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Mr\~
Samuel's submission is that this case is so serious and clear that it speaks for itself. No evidence is necessary, and leave should be granted. He characterised the case as a David and Goliath case, where the Applicant is David without the financia
l resources of the Respondents. In addition, a civil case could be protracted and expensive for the Applicant. 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [18]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Mr\~Samuel submitted in relation to the public interest hearing, that in the case of Mr\~George, an MP relies on his reput
ation for effective governance and therefore this is a public interest issue.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [19]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 There was some suggestion, although no evidence of, the fact that the Police might take some interest in prosecutions. I put no weight on that suggestion.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [20]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The Applicant relied on }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 A-G v Pitt.}{\cs25\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \chftn 
{\footnote \pard\plain \s24\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 \f179\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\cs25\super\insrsid1007755 \chftn }{\insrsid1007755  }{\i\f1\insrsid1007755 
A-G v Pitt}{\f1\insrsid1007755  [2005] NZAR 599.}}}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045  It was a decision of Chief Justice Greig\~
J in the Cook Islands High Court on an application for leave to commence a criminal libel case. the offending publication was an article alleging political cor
ruption and sexual impropriety by the Prime Minister. The leave was sought by the Attorney General. His Honour adopted the guidelines stated by Wien\~J in }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Goldsmith v Pressdram Ltd}{
\cs25\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s24\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 
\f179\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\cs25\super\insrsid1007755 \chftn }{\insrsid1007755  }{\i\f1\insrsid1007755 Goldsmith v Pressdram Ltd}{\f1\insrsid1007755  [1977] 2 All ER 557.}}}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045  as applied in New Zealand in }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Police v McLachlan,}{
\cs25\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s24\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 
\f179\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\cs25\super\insrsid1007755 \chftn }{\insrsid1007755  }{\i\f1\insrsid1007755 Police v McLachlan}{\f1\insrsid1007755  [1989] 3 NZLR 689.}}}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045  and }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Police v W.}{\cs25\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \chftn {\footnote 
\pard\plain \s24\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 \f179\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\cs25\super\insrsid1007755 \chftn }{\insrsid1007755  }{\i\f1\insrsid1007755 Police v W}
{\f1\insrsid1007755  [1989] 3 NZLR 696.}}}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045  His Honour also noted two other matters. The first is the right of freedom of speech, which in the Cook Islands is an Article of the Constituti
on:
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 \f179\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \'85
\par That is subject to the provisions of Subs(2) (of Art 64) which recognises and declares that every person has duties to others, and accordingly is subject to the exercise of his rights and freedoms to such limitations as are imposed by any enactment 
or rule of law for the time being enforced, for protecting the rights and freedoms of others or in the interests of public safety, order or morals, the general welfare, or the security of the Cook Islands. The place of criminal libel is recognised as bein
g a reasonable limitation on freedom of expression where the protection of reputation is at stake. \'85
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [21]\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 
\f179\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The second matter that Greig\~
J referred to is the need to take account of the position of the complainant considered against the background of the community. He referred to the decision of Lord\~Cooke in giving Judgment of the Court of Appeal in Samoa in }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Malifa v Sapolu,}{\cs25\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s24\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 \f179\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\cs25\super\insrsid1007755 \chftn }{\insrsid1007755  }{\i\f1\insrsid1007755 Malifa v Sapolu}{
\f1\insrsid1007755  [1998] WSCA 5.}}}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045  which referred to each case turning on its own facts and social settings and close comparisons being unhelpful. Lord\~Cooke also said:
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 \f179\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
Politicians are expected to have broad shoulders. In the interests of freedom of speech and democracy, they must put up 
with criticism, even of a strong and unfair kind. But there is a like between: severe criticism on the one hand and vilification or character assassination on the other.}{\cs25\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s24\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 \f179\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\cs25\super\insrsid1007755 \chftn }{\insrsid1007755  }{\i\f1\insrsid1007755 A-G v Pitt}{
\f1\insrsid1007755  at [10]. }}}{\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [22]\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 
\f179\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 His Honour adopted the three "guiding ideas" from }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
Goldsmith}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045  in assessing and weighing up whether or not leave should be granted:
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 \f179\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
First, before a discretion can be exercised in favour of an applicant who wishes to institute criminal proceedings in respect of a libel, which he contends is criminal, there must be a clear prima facie case. What I mean by that is that there must be a ca
s
e go to before a criminal Court that is so clear at first sight that it is beyond argument that there is a case to answer. Secondly, the libel must be a serious one, so serious that it is proper for the criminal law to be invoked. It may be a relevant fac
t
or that it is unusually likely for the libel to provoke a breach of the peace, although that is not a necessary ingredient at all. Thirdly, the questions of the public interest must be taken into account, so that the Judge has to ask himself the question 
"
Does the public interest require the institution of criminal proceedings?" What is not appropriate, in my Judgment, is the question whether damages might or might not afford an adequate remedy to a complainant. I consider that that question is irrelevant.
 Once one arrives at the conclusion that the criminal law ought to be invoked, then it is not a private case between individuals: the state has an interest and the state has a part in it.}{\cs25\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \chftn {\footnote 
\pard\plain \s24\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 \f179\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\cs25\super\insrsid1007755 \chftn }{\insrsid1007755  }{
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1007755 Supra at [10].}}}{\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [23]\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 
\f179\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The Applicant submitted:
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \f3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 This is a serious case in which the publication is designed to insult and is done with malice;
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \f3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The Applicant is the person depicted in the cartoon of the Cook Islands stamp. He is well-known as a Member of Parliament and Barrister and Solicitor;
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \f3\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \loch\af3\dbch\af0\hich\f3 \'b7\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls4\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The cartoon has seriously defamed the Applicant and has had a serious effect, particularly on his personal and political life.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [24]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The Applicant also submitted that:
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Failure to make a payment in full in relation to the previous application was not a reason to refuse the 
present application, as an offer for payment by instalment has been made. The Applicant was awaiting substantial costs from an earlier trial. This is why he needs to pursue a criminal sanction and a civil remedy for the defamatory cartoons. 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
The Applicant should not be denied justice on the basis he is unable to afford a potential costs Order at the present time, and the previous Order for costs was only on the basis of a procedural omission. 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Due to the inequality between the parties in terms of financial resources, a criminal sanction in terms of a State prosecution is justified.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 d)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The cartoons are continuing so State involvement is required and justified. 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Respondent's submissions
\par 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [25]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The Respondent also referred me to the relevant New Zealand cases on leave applications. In }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Police v McLachlan,}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045  Fraser\~J granted leave to the New Zealand Police to commence a prosecution for criminal libel against the publisher of a privately published mag
azine called "Owl Information No. 6". This included a 12\~page article containing information critical of Sir Robert Muldoon relating to a period when he was Prime Minister of New Zealand. }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Burgess v Field.}{\cs25\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s24\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 \f179\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\cs25\super\insrsid1007755 \chftn }{\insrsid1007755  }{\i\f1\insrsid1007755 Burgess v Field}{
\f1\insrsid1007755  [2007] 3 NZLR 832.}}}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045  This is not a criminal libel case but Randerson\~
J gave detailed consideration to the UK and New Zealand authorities which are relevant to the leave for criminal libel prosecution. The third case is }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Police v W. }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Those cases all refer to the proper approach to an application for leave under s\~213 of the New Zealand Crimes Act as that adopted by Wien\~J in }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Goldsmith v Pressdram Ltd. }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [26]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The second decision was one of Fisher\~J in }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Police v W, }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 which described the application for leave as a "special screening process" and not
ed that it conferred on the Court an unfettered discretion, but of course a discretion to be exercised judicially. In that case he was dealing with a series of anonymous letters which had alleged dishonesty and corruption against the complainant who was t
h
e local branch manager. The writer was an aggrieved former employee who sent the letters to various people including the complainant's superiors and others in the community. He remained anonymous for some time. As a result of the letters the complainant w
as asked to resign as branch manager, and had to resign as president of the local sports club, which had also received the letters. Fisher\~J referred with approval to principles enunciated by Wein\~J in }{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Goldsmith}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 .
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [27]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Fisher\~J dealt with the Wein guidelines in turn. He noted (and I adopt the formulation set out in the submissions of counsel for the Respondents):
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 It would be inappropriate to authorise the institution of criminal proceedings for libel unless "the case is a clear one".
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The Court needs to be satisfied "that he statements were seriously defamatory of the complainant".
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [28]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The Respondent also pointed to other factors which were relevant in leave application cases:
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Motivation of the publication by nothing more than "naked malice" (}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Police v McLachlan}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 .}{\cs25\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s24\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 \f179\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\cs25\super\insrsid1007755 \chftn }{\insrsid1007755  }{
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1007755 At 700.}}}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 )
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Anonymity of the author which leaves the complainant without remedy for a period of time (}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Police v McLachlan}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 .}{\cs25\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s24\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 \f179\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\cs25\super\insrsid1007755 \chftn }{\insrsid1007755  }{
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1007755 At 700-701.}}}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 )
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Which procedure and remedy are most suited to control a given type of undesirable behaviour. The State will often prosecute when the conduct of another citizen is seriously injurious to:

\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 i)\tab}}\pard 
\s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 effective government conduct of public affairs;
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 ii)\tab}}\pard 
\s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 the maintenance of peace among its citizens;
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 iii)\tab}}\pard 
\s18\ql \li1440\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl2\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 the welfare of individuals.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 d)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 There is a high onus on an Applicant seeking leave to prosecute a criminal libel (}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Burgess v Field}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 .}{\cs25\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s24\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 \f179\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\cs25\super\insrsid1007755 \chftn }{\insrsid1007755  }{\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1007755 At 27.}}}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 )
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 e)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Damages are the ordinary remedy for libel. The implicit policy rationale for setting a high hurdle for criminal libel must have taken that into account (}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Burgess v Field}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 .}{\cs25\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \chftn {\footnote 
\pard\plain \s24\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 \f179\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\cs25\super\insrsid1007755 \chftn }{\insrsid1007755  }{
\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1007755 At 28.}}}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 )
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [29]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Counsel for the Respondents also submitted that an application to bring a private prosecution must be treated with even greater conservatism than a Crown application because:
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 \f179\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
a. If the State chooses not to prosecute, it may be inferred that there is insufficient public interest to warrant a prosecution.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 b. If no complaint
 is made to the Police, again this indicates a private dispute that is best dealt with in the civil Courts.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
c. The opportunity for abuse of process by private prosecution exists. The independence of a State prosecution is absent.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 d. The potential for mis
use of the criminal process to extract advantages in civil proceedings exists, for example by pressuring civil defendants to settle to avoid a term of imprisonment.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 e. Where a private prosecutor may not have the resources to satisfy a costs award, the Cou
rt should grant leave only if it can be satisfied that the respondents will not be prejudiced by this fact. This factor could be ameliorated by an order that security for costs be provided.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [30]\tab}}\pard\plain \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 
\f179\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 In this case the Respondent submitted the Applicant is not an appropriate Informant because:
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The Applicant has a substantial personal benefit at stake;
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The required prosecutorial objectivity is not present as evidenced by the threat by the Applicant solicitor to put the Cook Islands News out of business (Affidavit of RAB Samuel dated 8\~
December\~2010).
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10628526 
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The Applicant has failed to pay the $750 costs ordered on the striking out of the previous Information.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 d)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10628526 
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The lack of insight by the Applicant in that h
e considered the failure to apply for leave to prosecute was, as the Applicant puts it, a "procedural omission" (the submission of the Applicant before Savage\~J on 14\~October\~
2010), indicates he is not a responsible prosecutor. His Honour responded that "It is not a slight procedural matter. It is absolutely jurisdictional". 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [31]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Counsel for the Respondents also noted that the Court was bound to look at all the circumstances to come to a conclusion that there is a clear prima facie case}{
\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045  }{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 (}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Desmond v Thorne}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 :}{\cs25\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s24\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 \f179\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\cs25\super\insrsid1007755 \chftn }{\insrsid1007755  }{\i\f1\insrsid1007755 Desmond v Thorne}{\f1\insrsid1007755 
 [1983] 1 WLR 163 (QBD) at 168-169.}}}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 ) 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [32]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 He submitted:
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10628526 
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Civil proceedings provide an adequate remedy in this case. Interlocutory remedies are available if the Applicant is concerned about continuing publications. 
An interim injunction application is available to the Applicant.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10628526 
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The cartoon complained of is not a defamation of such seriousness to "warrant the transition from a civil remedy to a criminal one".}{
\cs25\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s24\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 
\f179\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\cs25\super\insrsid1007755 \chftn }{\insrsid1007755  }{\f1\insrsid1007755 Fisher\~J in }{\i\f1\insrsid1007755 Police v W}{\f1\insrsid1007755  at 700.}}}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10628526 
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The lack of public interest or response as noted in the affidavit of Mr\~Cook.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 d)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10628526 
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
The strength of the case: the publication is a single cartoon. The Applicant is a public figure who at the relevant time was standing for public office. He can expect robust comment in line 
with the principles of freedom of expression and the application of the principles in }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Lange v Atkinson.}{\cs25\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \chftn 
{\footnote \pard\plain \s24\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 \f179\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\cs25\super\insrsid1007755 \chftn }{\insrsid1007755  }{
\i\f1\insrsid1007755 Lange v Atkinson}{\f1\insrsid1007755  [citation]}}}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
 No evidence was produced by the Applicant as to why his case is so strong and clear that the Court should grant leave. In the New Zealand cases and }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 A-G v Pitt}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045  evidence was adduced.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 e)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10628526 
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 There is no likelihood that this publication will provoke a breach of the peace. The argument the prosecution might publish other publications in similar circumstances is irrelevant.

\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 f)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10628526 
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The State has not taken steps. There is no evidence of complaint to the Police nor of any investigation.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 g)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10628526 
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Overall it is not a libel "so serious that it warrants the intervention of the criminal law": }{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Police v W.}{
\cs25\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s24\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 
\f179\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\cs25\super\insrsid1007755 \chftn }{\insrsid1007755  }{\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1007755 At 699.}}}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [33]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 I have weighed up the matters put before me which go to the assessment of the leave applications. In particular:
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10628526 
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The burden on the Applicant: The Applicant has filed no evidence. He attempted to provide evidence by way of submissions. Mr\~
McLellan objected to these attempts and I upheld the objections. The Applicant submitted that it is not appropriate to make findings of facts on the merits of the case. However, I am required to assess the evidence and circumstances in order to reach a co
nclusion as to the seriousness of the libel. It is the Applicant's burden to satisfy me on the leave application.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
I am asked to take the cartoon itself as evidence of the serious libel. I accept for the purposes of this application that the Applicant would
 be recognised from the cartoon. The words in the cartoon with the juxtaposition of cartoons of Milan Brick and the Nigerian Scammer. I am not familiar with, nor was there any evidence before me about, "Sheik Yerbooti", so I do not take that into account.
 I accept, however, that I must find a clear prima facie case which raises hurdle for bringing the leave application. As Randerson\~J noted,}{\cs25\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 \f179\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\cs25\super\insrsid1007755 \chftn }{\insrsid1007755  }{
\i\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1007755 Burgess v Field}{\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1007755  at [27].}}}{\i\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045  }{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 the onus is high to establish a clear prima facie case. It must be beyond argument that there is a case to meet. I am of the view that the cartoon meets that test standing on its own.}{
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10628526 
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Seriousness of libel: I do not consider the libel complained of is so serious that it is proper for the criminal law to be invoked. Standing back and looking
 at it at a whole, the rhetorical nature, the fact that it is a cartoon, it occurred in the run-up to political elections when there was much commentary on the various campaigns and politicians, the comparisons to Milan Brick or a Nigerian Scammer was obv
i
ously exaggerated and the public would not likely take the comparison too seriously. It is in the context of politics and a politician should expect some robust commentary. Cartoons and satire, political and otherwise, have been the subject of very few de
famation actions. That is because many of them can be categorised as honest opinion and perhaps because public figures have come to expect exaggerated and entertaining commentary on their activities.}{
\cs25\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain \s24\qj \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 
\f179\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\cs25\super\insrsid1007755 \chftn }{\insrsid1007755  }{\f1\insrsid1007755\charrsid6893152 Burroughs and Chair}{\f1\insrsid1007755  }{\i\f1\insrsid1007755\charrsid6893152 
Media Law in New Zealand}{\f1\insrsid1007755  (5}{\f1\super\insrsid1007755\charrsid672938 th}{\f1\insrsid1007755 \~ed) Oxford University Press 2005, Melbourne, at p\~19.}}}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
 The protection of freedom of expression in this case weigh towards a civil remedy rather than a criminal prosecution. As Lord Cooke put it,}{\cs25\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \chftn {\footnote \pard\plain 
\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 \f179\fs20\lang2057\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {\cs25\super\insrsid1007755 \chftn }{\insrsid1007755  }{
\i\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1007755 Mafia v Sapolu}{\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1007755  \endash  }{\f1\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid5271357 referred}{\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1007755  to in }
{\i\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1007755 A-G v Pitt}{\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\insrsid1007755  at [10].}}}{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045  "politicians are expected to have broad shoulders". 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10628526 
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Public interest: The libel complained of does not provoke a breach of the peace, 
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 d)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10628526 
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
The State's involvement: The State has taken no interest in prosecution. There appears to be no public interest which has concerned the State to pursue a prosecution. In this regard I also take into account the attitude of the Applicant to this matter, as
 
I have outlined above. On its own the non-payment of costs on the previously laid charge would not be sufficient to count against allowing the Applicant to prosecute. The non-payment together with his attitude to the requirement to apply for leave demonst
rated before Savage\~J gives me concerns about the impartiality of the Applicant as prosecutor.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 e)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10628526 
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Other remedies are available if the Applicant wishes to seek interim relief. A criminal prosecution is not the answer to allegations of continuing defamation.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 f)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10628526 
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Lack of resources by the Applicant is not a factor to be taken into account in support of granting leave. In fact it may be a factor which impugns his impartiality as a prosecutor.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [34]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Taking all matters into account I refuse the application for leave to commence prosecution for criminal libel.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [35]\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {
\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 Costs are reserved. Counsel may file submissions in relation to the issue of costs and quantum as follows:
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 a)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10628526 
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The Applicant is to file and serve submissions within seven (7) days of this Judgment.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 b)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10628526 
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The Respondents have three (3) days from receipt of the Applicant's submissions to reply.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\s18 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 c)\tab}}\pard \s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10628526 
{\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 The Applicant has two (2) days from receipt of the Respondents' submissions to reply.
\par }\pard \s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1007755 {\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 
\par }\pard \s18\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10628526 {\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid10628526\charrsid12988045 Grice }{\b\f0\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid1007755\charrsid12988045 J

\par }}