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scims}{\nofcharsws12548}{\vern24689}}\paperw11923\paperh16840\margl1282\margr648\margt840\margb909 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\subfontbysize\hyphcaps0\formshade\horzdoc\dghspace120\dgvspace120\dghorigin1701\dgvorigin1984\dghshow0\dgvshow3 \jcompress\viewkind4\viewscale150\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\nolnhtadjtbl\rsidroot16070343 \fet0\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}} {\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (} {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 IN THE}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 HIGH COURT OF THE COOK ISLANDS \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 HELD AT RAROTONGA \par LAND DIVISION) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 CA 6/09 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 IN THE MATTER}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 of AREMANGO SECTION 7A1}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 A}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10645759 2, NGATANGI}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 IA \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 BETWEEN}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 TRAVIS MOORE of Rarotonga \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 (Appellant) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 AND}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 TAAKOKA ISLAND VILLAS}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 LIMITED \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 (Respondent) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Hearing}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 15 June 2010 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Coram}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Barker, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8926349 \par }\pard \ql \fi720\li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8926349 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 R. Smellie, JA }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8926349 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Fisher, JA \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Appearances}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 :}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Travis Moore for self \par Lavenia Rokoika for respondent \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Judgment:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 18 June 2010 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Judgment of the Court \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 [1]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 This is an appeal from the judgment of Weston J delivered on 18 September 2009, holding the appellant guilty of contempt of court. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 [2]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 The Appellant}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 s two main grounds of appeal against that judgment are recorded in his submissions as follows: \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 A)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 That the trial court erred in law when it held that: \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 (i) Section 38(a) of the Judicature Act 1981 "... did not dictate that the criminal procedure must be followed", and \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 (ii) "...I believe it simply requires that contempt must be proved beyond reasonable doubt, before criminal sanctions can be imposed" \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \fi-720\li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 B)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \tab }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 (i) That the trial court erred in law when it held that the four elements of the offence of contempt in }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Duff v Communicado Ltd}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 as applied by Potter J, HC Auckland, CIV-2005-404-1808 was applicable in the Cook Islands. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 (ii) That the trial court breached the fundamental rights and freedoms of the Appellant as enshrined in sections 64(1)(b) and 65 (1)(d) and (e) of the Constitution. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 [3]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 At the hearing before this Court on the 15 June 2010, the Court indic ated to counsel and the appellant that the appeal succeeded on the first ground and that accordingly the decision under appeal would be overturned. We now give our reasons for so holding. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 [4]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 The sections in the Judicature Act 1981 dealing with contempt are as follows: \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Contempt of Court \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 36.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{ \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Contempt of Court defined}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 - Every person is guilty of contempt of the Court who }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \endash }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 (a) Disobeys any judgement or order of the Court, or of any Judge}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 thereof,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 or of any Justice otherwise than by making default in the p ayment of a sum of money (other than a penalty) payable under such judgment or order: or \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 (b) Uses any abusive, insulting, offensive, or threatening words or behaviour in the presence or hearing of the Court, or \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 (c) Assaults, resists, or obstructs, or incited any other person to assault, resist, or obstruct, any constable or officer of the Court in serving any process of the Court, or executing any warrant of the Court or of any Judge or Justice, or executing any judgment or order of the Court or of any Judge or Justice, or \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 (d) By any words or behaviour obstructs in any manner the proper and orderly administration of justice in the Court, or \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 (e) Does any other thing which elsewhere in this Act or in any other Act is declared to be a contempt of the Court, or \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 (f) Aid, abets, counsel, procures, or incites any other person to commit contempt of the Court \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 37.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{ \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Punishment for contempt}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 - Every person who commits contempt of the Court shall be liable to a fine not excee ding $100 or to imprisonment for any term not exceeding 6 months. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 38.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{ \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Jurisdiction of the Court}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 - The offence of contempt of the Court shall be punishable by the Court either}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 (a) In the ordinary course of the criminal jurisdiction of the Court, or \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 (b) In accordance with the provisions of sections 39 to 41 of this Act. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 39.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{ \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Contempt in the face of the Court}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 (1) If the contempt is committed in the presence or hearing of the Court, any Judge or Justice then and there sitting in Court may, without order or warrant, direct any constable, officer of the Court, or other person to arrest the person so guilty of contempt and to bring him before the Court. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 (2) The Court may thereupon, after giving the person so arrested a reasonable opportunity of being heard in his defence, either order him to pay a fine not exceeding $100 or commit him to prison for any period not exceeding 6 months. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 40.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{ \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid5795680 Discharge of persons in contempt}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795680 \emdash }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 A person imprisoned for contempt, or for default in payment of a fine imposed upon him for contempt, maybe at any time remitted in whole or in part, either by order of the Court or by warrant under the hand of the High Commissioner. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 41.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{ \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid5795680 General power to commit for contempt}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795680 \emdash }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Nothing in sections 36 of this Act shall limit or affect any power or authority to punish any person for contempt in any case to which those sections do not apply. \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 [5]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 The appellant was responsible for mining sand from a leasehold property. The respondent company owns the land. It applied for and ob tained an injunction, granted by Weston J at 2 pm or 2 October 2009, restraining the appellant from further mining of sand on it}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 s property. The undisputed evidence is that mining continued for a further seven hours until 9 pm. The respondent}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 s application relied upon the approach to civil cases developed in other jurisdictions and exemplified by the case of }{ \b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Duff v Communicado Limited}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 (1996) 2NZLR 89. A finding of contempt was sought against the appellant and the imposition of a fine of $20,000.00. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 [6]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Weston J held that Section 38(a) of the Judicature Act applied and having found the contempt proved imposed a fine of $100.00 which is the maximum allowed by Section 37 of the Act. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 [7]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 The Judge}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 s approach to compliance with Section 38(a) of the Judicatur e Act is set in paragraph 29 of his judgment as follows: \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 "Section 38 refers to the "offence" of contempt. On one view of it, this might refer to a criminal contempt only. While the language so suggests, I doubt that was legislative intention. Reading section 38 in the context of sections 36 -}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795680 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 41 generally, I believe it was intended to apply to any contempt falling within section 36 (civil and criminal). Section 38(a) provided that contempt is to be punished in the ordinary course of the Court}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 s criminal jur isdiction. What does that mean? I was not addressed on section 38 by counsel. While there was no argument that the procedure adopted by the applicant (an application filed in the civil proceeding) was inappropriate, I need to address whether the applicati o n should have been brought in terms of the criminal procedure. I do not believe that such a narrow reading of the legislation is required. This section refers to the "criminal jurisdiction" of the Court but does not dictate that the criminal procedure mus t be followed. Rather, and reflecting the }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 sui generis}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 nature of the contempt jurisdiction, I believe it simply requires that contempt must be proved beyond reasonable doubt before criminal sanctions can be imposed". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 [8]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 The appellants, first ground of appe al challenges the approach adopted by Weston J as set out in the proceeding paragraph. \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 [9]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 There is no doubt the appellant was entitled to have the charge of contempt made against him dealt with in accordance with the Criminal Procedure Act 1980-81 and th at the common law approach, (which the respondent sought to employ), is not available in this jurisdiction for an alleged contempt pursuant to section 36(a). \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 [10] The Criminal Procedure Act Part 1 deals with the procedure for prosecution offences. It requ ires the laying of an information (Section 10) in the prescribed form (Section 13) and is to contain "sufficient particulars" (Section 16). There is to be a summons to the defendant (Section 22) and various provisions for the taking of evidence in open Co u rt subject to cross examination in Sections 32 to 34. General provisions as to trial are set out in Sections 42 to 68 inclusive, and provide inter alia that the defendant and witnesses are to be present (Sections 53 to 60 inclusive). Conduct of Trial incl udes provisions as to evidence (Section 70) addresses (Section 74) and that no adverse comment is to be made when the defendant refuses to give evidence (Section 75). \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 [11] Section 75, the last mentioned in the above paragraph assumes particular importance here. During the course of several Chambers Hearings the appellant was warned that failure to explain could lead to adverse inferences being drawn against him, see for example, paragraph 13 of the judgment. \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12667924 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 "The question of his knowledge of the Order and when he learnt of the injunction order is likely to be highly relevant. He should ensure that h}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795680 is affidavit addresses this. He i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 s hereby put on notice that the Court may draw adverse inferences against him if matters are not fully detailed and explained". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 \par [12)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 What happened here is comparable with the circumstances addressed by the Privy Council in }{ \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Taito v The Queen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 (2003) 3NZLR 596. In that case the Court of Appeal in New Zealand had adopted a procedure regarding the granting of Legal Aid. The procedure wa s adopted for practical administrative purposes but it was successfully challenged, in the Privy Council. Their Lordship}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 '}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 s at page 600 of the report said: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12667924 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 "Finally, it is necessary to examine the Solicitor-General}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 s argument that there was an overall proc ess which meets the requirements of natural justice. It is necessary to look globally at the operation of the practice of the Court of Appeal. It was undoubtedly a response to a perceived serious problem, namely the need to find a practical and just way o f disposing of unmeritorious appeals. But the procedural rights of appellants under the legislation served an instrumental role in the sense of helping to ensure correct decisions on the substance of cases: Craig, }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Administrative Law}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 , 4t5h ed, 1999, 402. Dec isions that the appeals were in truth unmeritorious could only be made after observance of procedural due process. Unfortunately, the system failed this basic test". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 \par Here, the shortcut approach adopted by the Judge bypasses the provisions of the Criminal Procedure Act. \par \par [13] It will be for the respondent to decide whether it can start again employing the correct procedure. Irrespective of whether that occurs, this appeal must succeed. \par \par [14] Having reached that conclusion we need not consider the other grounds of appeal. There is, however, one aspect of the judgment upon which we think it appropriate to comment. \par \par [15]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 It arises out of paragraphs 32 and 48 of the judgment which are set out here under: \par \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12667924 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 "(32)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Obviously, in most cases, actual knowledge of the terms of the Order must be shown before a defendant will be found in contempt but I am satisfied there are }{ \fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 limited cases}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 where the knowledge of the duly authorised solicitor may provide a sufficient basis f or an adverse finding. I have been referred to a number of authorities by Mr Morley but none of them is directly in point. Accordingly, I approach this issue from first principles. My reasoning on this topic can be found at (48) below". (emphasis added). \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12667924 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 "(48)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 In paragraphs 14-19 of his second affidavit Mr Moore elaborated upon his earlier evidence. He made it clear that Mr Vakalalabure had authority to consent to the injunction. He put it on the basis that Mr Vakalalabure had authority to make a decision on the point and that he, Mr Moore, had effectively left the decision to Mr Vakalabure. In this way, I assume, Mr Moore intended to leave open the suggestion that he could not be expected to know that an injunction could be granted. Frankly, I think that is sophistry. Reading Mr Moore}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 s affidavits as a whole, it seems fairly clear that he knew an injunction was inevitable but he would continue to mine sand in the meantime. He then clothed Mr Vakalalabure with the authority to consent to an injunction. In th ese circumstances, he can hardly complain if that occurred and the Court then proceeds on the basis he had the knowledge of the very Order to which he had authorised his solicitor to consent. Otherwise, counsel could consent to an injunction and then take no steps to notify the client, or the client could avoid such communications. It would be a most unjust outcome if, in those circumstances, the client could avoid the consequences of counsel}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7421716\charrsid2760568 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 s actions in consenting to the injunction. In such circumstances, counsel has an obligation to notify the client immediately and, equally, the client has an obligation to seek out the solicitor and find out what has happened". \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 \par It appears the learned Judge did not have submissions on these issues and nor have we. We say no more than that we incline to the view that the "Limited Cases" approach referred to, where the solicitor knows of the order but the alleged contemnor does not, requires further consideration. \par \par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Result \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 \par The appeal is allowed and the orders made by Weston J quashed. The appellant who appeared in person is entitled to be paid by the respondent his filing fees and costs of preparing the record. These costs are to be fixed by the Registrar if agreement cannot be reached. \par \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12667924 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Barker P, \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12667924 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Smellie JA, \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7421716 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12667924 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12667924\charrsid2760568 Fisher JA, \par }}