{\rtf1\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang1033\deflangfe1033{\fonttbl{\f0\froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\f36\froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f37\froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f39\froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\f40\froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f41\froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f42\froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};} {\f43\froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f44\froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;\red0\green0\blue255;\red0\green255\blue255; \red0\green255\blue0;\red255\green0\blue255;\red255\green0\blue0;\red255\green255\blue0;\red255\green255\blue255;\red0\green0\blue128;\red0\green128\blue128;\red0\green128\blue0;\red128\green0\blue128;\red128\green0\blue0;\red128\green128\blue0; \red128\green128\blue128;\red192\green192\blue192;}{\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext0 Normal;}{\*\cs10 \additive \ssemihidden Default Paragraph Font;}{\*\ts11\tsrowd\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\trcbpat1\trcfpat1\tblind0\tblindtype3\tscellwidthfts0\tsvertalt\tsbrdrt\tsbrdrl\tsbrdrb\tsbrdrr\tsbrdrdgl\tsbrdrdgr\tsbrdrh\tsbrdrv \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \fs20\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\langnp1024\langfenp1024 \snext11 \ssemihidden Normal Table;}}{\*\rsidtbl \rsid131490\rsid555042\rsid1130575\rsid1670524\rsid1723343 \rsid1909625\rsid2903640\rsid3366052\rsid3423660\rsid5715941\rsid5768273\rsid6752214\rsid7283637\rsid7425554\rsid7672739\rsid7804488\rsid8144192\rsid8804810\rsid9111358\rsid9197657\rsid10119115\rsid10162367\rsid10320299\rsid10702470\rsid12404730 \rsid12793542\rsid12808967\rsid13049975\rsid13269990\rsid13722874\rsid14109798\rsid15231433\rsid15607186\rsid15796153\rsid15882317\rsid16068014\rsid16520388\rsid16652985}{\*\generator Microsoft Word 10.0.6818;}{\info{\operator Teniau_D} {\creatim\yr2007\mo8\dy20\hr11\min18}{\revtim\yr2008\mo1\dy9\hr17\min18}{\version61}{\edmins329}{\nofpages4}{\nofwords1449}{\nofchars8265}{\nofcharsws9695}{\vern16393}{\*\password 00000000}}{\*\xmlnstbl {\xmlns1 urn:schemas-microsoft-com:office:smarttags} }\paperw11904\paperh16834\margl1440\margr1440\margt1440\margb1440\gutter0 \widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\noxlattoyen\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\subfontbysize\formshade\horzdoc\dghspace120\dgvspace120\dghorigin1701\dgvorigin1984\dghshow0 \dgvshow3\jcompress\viewkind4\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\nolnhtadjtbl\rsidroot12808967 \fet0{\*\wgrffmtfilter 013f}\sectd \linex0\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2 \pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6 \pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702470 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}{\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceName}}COOK{\*\xmlclose} {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname PlaceType}}ISLANDS{\*\xmlclose}{\*\xmlclose} \par HELD AT {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}RAROTONGA{\*\xmlclose} \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 (Criminal Division) \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702470 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid16520388 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8144192 NO: 508/2002, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 509/2002 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702470 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702470 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 BETWEEN \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702470 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702470 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 THE POLICE \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 Informant \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702470 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702470 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 AND \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702470 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10702470 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 SHINE YEAR MARITIME S.A}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8144192 . \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 CHIN SHIH HSU \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 Defendants \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12793542 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9197657\charrsid8804810 \par Mr T Elikana for Police \par Mr T Arnold for First Defendant \par Mr N George for Second Defendant \par \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10320299 Hear}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9197657\charrsid8804810 ing: 22 January 2003 \par \par }\pard \ql \li2880\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2880\itap0\pararsid9197657 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8144192 REA}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9197657\charrsid131490 SONS FOR SENTENCE OF GREIG C.J}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8144192 .}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9197657\charrsid131490 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8144192 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8144192\charrsid13049975 Dated the 31}{ \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid8144192\charrsid13049975 st}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8144192\charrsid13049975 day of January 2003 \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12793542 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9197657\charrsid8804810 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 1. On the pleas of guilty the Defendants were each fined CI$150,000.00 and each ordered to pay CI$150.00. Court costs and CI$250.00 for costs of the prosecutor. No order was made as to forfeiture. Leave was reserved to the Defendants to apply for release from the seizure of the vessel and contents. I now give my reasons for the sentence. \par \par 2. The first Defendant was charged as owner of a foreign fishing vessel the FV Shang Yih #6 that it used the vessel between 1 and 3 December 2002 for fishing or related ac tivities in the fisheries waters of the Cook Islands without a valid license issued under the Marine Resources Act 1989 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283637 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 the Act} {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283637 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 ). The second Defendant was charged as Captain or Master of the vessel with the same offence. \par \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16068014 3. The charges were}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 laid pursuan}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283637 t to s.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8144192 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283637 12}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 (1)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16068014 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 (b) and (6) of the Act. The maximum penalty for that offence is $500,000.00. In addition under s.43 of the Act the Court in addition to any other penalty may order the forfeiture of the vessel and its gear equipment stores and cargo. This is a discretionary punishment. There are no provisions in the Act which specify or limit the exercise of the discretion. \par \par 4. The Act, as its long title states, is to provide for the management and development of fisheries and }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16068014 related matters. Part I provides}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 f or that management and development in local fishing. Part II under which these prosecutions were brought controls foreign fishing in fisheries waters defined to include the territorial waters and the exclusive economic zone of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1 {\factoidname place}}Cook Islands{\*\xmlclose}. This part sets out the prohibitions against unlicensed fishing and the regime for the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2903640\charrsid8804810 issue of fishing licenses. Part III empowers authorized officers to stop board and seize vessels and to carry out inspection and investigation of suspected unlawful fishing by foreign fishing vessels. Part IV sets out the provisions }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6752214\charrsid8804810 for}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2903640\charrsid8804810 forfeiture the sale and release of seized items. Part V deals with jurisdiction and creates a number of evidential rules and presumptions to aid in the apprehension and prosecution of offenders. These include provisions making certificates of authorized officers and in some cases the Minister either sufficient or conclusive evidence of the facts averred in them. Similar rules apply to photographic evidence and the data produced from observer devi ces.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10702470\charrsid8804810 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2903640\charrsid8804810 \par 5. Section 57 presumes the truth of certain facts. These include the presumption that all fish found on board a vessel used in the commission of an offence was caught in the commission of that offence. The records such as the logbook of any enforcemen t vessel are evidence of the place where an event ha}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6752214\charrsid8804810 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2903640\charrsid8804810 taken place. There are presumptions that acts of crewmembers and records in the foreign fishing vessel are those of the master. Furthermore by s.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16068014 }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2903640\charrsid8804810 59 the master is guilty of any offence committed by any person on board the vessel. The onus of proof of any license or authorization is on the defendant. \par \par 6. I accept that illegal uncontrolled fishing is a worldwide problem. Fishing resources are an important asset of island nations. Control by the Act is an essential requirement for the protection of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Cook Islands {\*\xmlclose} }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13722874\charrsid8804810 fishing resources. Tuna is one of the valuable parts of those resources. The {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Cook Islands{\*\xmlclose} }{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2903640\charrsid8804810 are spread over a large area of sea. As a result it has a very large territorial sea and EEZ. It is not rich country. Its policing and detection assets are small. Policing illegal fishing is difficult even with substantial resources in ships aircraft and personnel. It is extremely difficult for the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Cook Islands {\*\xmlclose}. \par \par 7. The consequence is that offences ought to be punished }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10119115\charrsid8804810 severely by way of deterrence and to have an economic impact on the offender. The Act provides a substantial maximum penalty for offen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13722874\charrsid8804810 ces.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10119115\charrsid8804810 In addition forfeiture may be imposed which has a very severe impact on the offender. What is of particular importance to me is that for some offences under the same section as applied here committed by members of the crew the minimum penalty is $100,000.00. That seems to indicate a legislative intention that that minimum should be a guide as to the minimum for offences committed by the master and the owner who must be treated as having }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13722874\charrsid8804810 a higher }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10119115\charrsid8804810 responsibility that a mere member of the crew.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2903640\charrsid8804810 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10119115\charrsid8804810 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10119115\charrsid5715941 8. I was referred to a number of cases in other jurisdictions to support on either side the submissions }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15796153\charrsid5715941 as to the appropriate penalty in this case. There has been no case in this jurisdiction under the Act. I have read all the cases referred to me and listened with attention to the oral submissions of Counsel. There is clearly a difficulty, if not a danger, in applying the decisions of other jurisdictions to this. The legislation differs. In some cases forfeiture is mandatory and that affects the Courts considerations as to the monetary penalty. Maxima are not identical. The facts of each case vary widely. What is common is the requirement of a deterrent sentence.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10119115\charrsid8804810 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15796153\charrsid8804810 \par 9. The facts of this case are that on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Monday 2 December 2002{\*\xmlclose} the Police Patrol boat located a longline in the sea at a point some 30 nautical miles inside the EEZ of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Cook Islands{\*\xmlclose}. Later the fishing vessel in question came up to the line. The police closed on the vessel and boa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15607186 rded it. At this time the crew c}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15796153\charrsid8804810 ut loose the longline and gear. The position was as before about 30NM inside the EEZ. This was confirmed on the fishing vessels own GP S instruments. Indications were clear that the crew were fishing. There was a quantity of fresh fish on the deck and in the freezer on board. The electronic navigation system was in working order as was the vessel itself including its steering gear. When a full examination was carried }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7425554\charrsid8804810 out at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Rarotonga{\*\xmlclose} it appeared that entries in the catch logbook had been removed. There was an absence of data on the electronic computer equipment which it was submitted indicated that a deliberate effort had been made to hid}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1909625\charrsid8804810 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7425554\charrsid8804810 the record of the activities of the vessel. The master challenged this but only on the ground that the police had not attempted to prevent any such tampering which rather confirms than refuted the police submission. It was also said that the Master h ad been unco-operative but that it was claimed was because he did not spe}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1909625\charrsid8804810 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7425554\charrsid8804810 k English.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15796153\charrsid8804810 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7425554\charrsid8804810 \par 10. The vessel has since been seized and berthed at Avatiu. The cargo of some 13 tonnes of albacore tuna have been kept chilled on board. The master and crew have remained at large on the island. \par \par 11. There was an early plea of guilty. There is a single offence although there is clear evidence of fishing activity. It is a commercial enterprise but save the statutory presumption it cannot be said that all the fish on}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15607186 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7425554\charrsid8804810 board i s the result of illegal fishing. Neither defendant has been recorded as committing any offence previously. I accept that there is no evidence that the owner deliberately intended to offend. The incursion into the EEZ is not large. But it is difficult to b elieve that with modern navigation tools the incursion was not known at least by the master. The owner can be classed as failing to take proper care to insure the day to day position of the vessel}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14109798\charrsid8804810 when in the vicinity of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Cook Islands{\*\xmlclose}. The alleged lack of posting of the boundaries of the EEZ is no excuse.}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7425554\charrsid8804810 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14109798\charrsid8804810 \par 12. The master may not have deliberately offended but again he has the best modern navigation facilities and knew that he was some distance from Penrhyn but failed to note his proximity to Rakahang a. There is evidence of concealment including the cutting of the line when accosted the absence of paper and computer records. It is difficult to believe that the master did not know where he was fishing. There is further confusing material about the flag under which the vessel sails, its current registration and its proper call sign. This all tends to reinforce the concealment aspect and does not mitigate the offence actually before the Court. \par \par 13. There is a dispute about the value of the vessel but it is of the order of US$1.5 to US$1.8 million. The cargo of fish is said to be worth some US$24,330.00. \par \par 14. Neither the owner or the master are of substantial means but there is clearly some substance in the vessel itself. The master has a relatively modest income from fishing but he must bear the main responsibility in the offence. Whi}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7804488\charrsid8804810 le}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14109798\charrsid8804810 the means of an offender are of relevance the over}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7804488\charrsid8804810 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14109798\charrsid8804810 riding aspect of this offending is the need for a deterrent concluded that forfeiture would be too severe in the particular circumstances but decided that the sum of CI$150,000.00 for each offender was proper to mark the deterrent and punitive}{ \fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16652985\charrsid8804810 aspects.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14109798\charrsid8804810 \par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16652985\charrsid8804810 \par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10162367 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283637 L}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16652985\charrsid8804810 M Greig CJ \par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12793542 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16652985\charrsid8804810 \par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16652985\charrsid8804810 NOTE}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16652985\charrsid8804810 : The cases referred to were }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16652985\charrsid8804810 Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries v Lima [AP 146/93 Auckland Fisher J 26 August 1993]; Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries v Equal Enterprises Ltd [AP 232/93 Wellington Barker and Heron JJ 21 February 1994]; United Fisheries Ltd v Ministry of Agricu lture and Fisheries [AP 78/98 Christchurch Chisholm J 18 June 1998]; Ministry of Agriculture and Fisheries v Dubehuk [DC Wellington Keane DJ 17 August 1994]; Re Director of Prosecutions:}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7283637 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16652985\charrsid8804810 exparte Lawler [High Court of Australia 9 March 1994]; Yang Xueqiang v The Republic [Kiribati Crim.}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10320299 }{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16652985\charrsid8804810 App.10/1996 Gibbs VP Conno}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10320299 lly and Ryan JJA 25 March 1997]}{ \i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16652985\charrsid8804810 ; Federated States of Micronesia v Cheng Chia-W [25 July 1995 Amaraich CJ]; Public Prosecutor v Lin Shiow Her}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10162367\charrsid8804810 [Vanuatu d\rquote Imecourt CJ 3 December 1993]}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12793542\charrsid8804810 \par }}