{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg1252\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch31505\stshfloch31506\stshfhich31506\stshfbi0\deflang2057\deflangfe2057\themelang1033\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f2\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset0\fprq1{\*\panose 02070309020205020404}Courier New;}{\f3\fbidi \froman\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05050102010706020507}Symbol;}{\f10\fbidi \fnil\fcharset2\fprq2{\*\panose 05000000000000000000}Wingdings;}
{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}{\f36\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria;}{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f438\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f439\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f441\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f442\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f443\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f444\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f445\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f446\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f458\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset238\fprq1 Courier New CE;}
{\f459\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset204\fprq1 Courier New Cyr;}{\f461\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset161\fprq1 Courier New Greek;}{\f462\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset162\fprq1 Courier New Tur;}{\f463\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset177\fprq1 Courier New (Hebrew);}
{\f464\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset178\fprq1 Courier New (Arabic);}{\f465\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset186\fprq1 Courier New Baltic;}{\f466\fbidi \fmodern\fcharset163\fprq1 Courier New (Vietnamese);}{\f778\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}
{\f779\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}{\f781\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f782\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f785\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}
{\f786\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}{\f798\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\f799\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}{\f801\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}
{\f802\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\f805\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}{\f806\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\f808\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f809\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f811\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f812\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\f815\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}{\f816\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Cyr;}
{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Baltic;}
{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur{\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic{\*\falt Calibri};}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese){\*\falt Calibri};}
{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;
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\ltrch\fcs0 \b\i\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon2 \snext20 \slink17 \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid13705914 heading 3;}{
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\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink18 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \spriority9 \styrsid13705914 heading 4;}{\*\cs10 \additive \sunhideused \spriority1 \styrsid13705914 Default Paragraph Font;}{\*
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\snext11 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat Normal Table;}{\*\cs15 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs28\lang1033\langfe1033\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \sbasedon10 \slink1 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid13705914 Heading 1 Char;}{\*\cs16 
\additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f0\fs26\lang3081\langfe1033\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon10 \slink2 \slocked \spriority9 \styrsid13705914 Heading 2 Char;}{\*\cs17 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs26 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\sbasedon10 \slink4 \slocked \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid13705914 Heading 4 Char;}{\s19\qj \fi-601\li2041\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\jclisttab\tx1440\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls35\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin2041\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
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\snext20 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid13705914 Paragraph - Numbered;}{\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls36\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 \snext21 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid13705914 Indent1;}{\s22\qj \fi-601\li2761\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar
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\sbasedon19 \snext22 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid13705914 Num List 2;}{\s23\qj \fi-601\li3481\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls35\ilvl2\outlinelevel2\adjustright\rin0\lin3481\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext24 \ssemihidden \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid13705914 Quote 1;}{
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\sbasedon19 \snext27 \sqformat \spriority34 \styrsid13705914 List Paragraph;}{\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
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{\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}
{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9
\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\qc \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2510817 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1589360\charrsid2510817 IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE COOK ISLANDS
\par HELD AT RAROTONGA
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1589360\charrsid8138372 (CIVIL DIVISION)
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8138372 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589360\charrsid15552693 PLAINT NO. 20/03}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589360 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8138372 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s28\qc \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2510817 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589360 BETWEEN
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15552693\charrsid2510817 TU}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1589360\charrsid2510817 AO MESSINE}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589360  of Aitutaki, Planter
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 Plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589360\charrsid15552693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589360 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15552693\charrsid2510817 TERRY MITCHELL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  of New Zealand,
\par Planter
\par First Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589360\charrsid15552693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589360 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15552693\charrsid2510817 DANIEL MITCHELL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  of New Zealand,
\par Occupation Unknown
\par Second Defendant
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8138372 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 Hearin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2510817 g}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 14 November 2003
\par Appearances:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 Ms C A McCarthy for Plaintiff
\par No app}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8138372 earance for First Defendant
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 Mr Daniel Mitchell in person
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8138372 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 Date- of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2510817  Judg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 ment: 18 December 2003}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8138372\charrsid15552693 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s34\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2510817 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15552693\charrsid2510817 RESERVED JUDGMENT OF DAVID WILLIAMS J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15552693 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid2510817 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow\ts38\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11824222\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth8820\clshdrawnil \cellx8712\pard\plain \ltrpar\s34\qc \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12203039\yts38 \rtlch\fcs1 \af36\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039\charrsid11824222 Contents\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12203039 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\ltrrow
\ts38\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11824222\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth8820\clshdrawnil \cellx8712\row \ltrrow}\trowd \irow1\irowband1\ltrrow
\ts38\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11824222\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5238\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3582\clshdrawnil \cellx8712\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12203039\yts38 \rtlch\fcs1 \af36\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039\charrsid12203039 Introduction \emdash  Procedural Matters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817\charrsid12203039 \cell }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039\charrsid12203039 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039 1] -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039\charrsid12203039  [4]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817\charrsid12203039 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2510817 \trowd \irow1\irowband1\ltrrow
\ts38\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11824222\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5238\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3582\clshdrawnil \cellx8712\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12203039\yts38 \rtlch\fcs1 \af36\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039\charrsid12203039 Factual Findings}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817\charrsid12203039 \cell 
}\pard \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2510817\yts38 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039 [5] \endash  [26] }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817\charrsid12203039 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2510817 \trowd \irow2\irowband2\ltrrow
\ts38\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11824222\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5238\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3582\clshdrawnil \cellx8712\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12203039\yts38 \rtlch\fcs1 \af36\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039\charrsid12203039 The Nature of the Contract of 5 November 2002}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817\charrsid12203039 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2510817\yts38 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039 [27] \endash  [32]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2510817 \trowd \irow3\irowband3\ltrrow
\ts38\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11824222\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5238\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3582\clshdrawnil \cellx8712\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12203039\yts38 \rtlch\fcs1 \af36\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039\charrsid12203039 The Pleadings of the Parties \emdash  Challenges to the Validity of the Contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817\charrsid12203039 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2510817\yts38 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039 [33] \endash  [34]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2510817 \trowd \irow4\irowband4\ltrrow
\ts38\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11824222\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5238\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3582\clshdrawnil \cellx8712\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12203039\yts38 \rtlch\fcs1 \af36\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039\charrsid12203039 Causes of Action Against the First Defendant \emdash  Breach of Contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817\charrsid12203039 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2510817\yts38 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039 [35] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2510817 \trowd \irow5\irowband5\ltrrow
\ts38\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11824222\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5238\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3582\clshdrawnil \cellx8712\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12203039\yts38 \rtlch\fcs1 \af36\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039\charrsid12203039 Defence 1: The failure of the parties to reach consensus ad idem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817\charrsid12203039 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2510817\yts38 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039 [36] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2510817 \trowd \irow6\irowband6\ltrrow
\ts38\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11824222\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5238\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3582\clshdrawnil \cellx8712\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12203039\yts38 \rtlch\fcs1 \af36\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039\charrsid12203039 Defence 2: The contract was terminated on 18 November 2002}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817\charrsid12203039 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2510817\yts38 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039 [37] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2510817 \trowd \irow7\irowband7\ltrrow
\ts38\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11824222\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5238\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3582\clshdrawnil \cellx8712\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12203039\yts38 \rtlch\fcs1 \af36\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039\charrsid12203039 Defence 3: The contract was terminated by the failure to perform repairs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817\charrsid12203039 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2510817\yts38 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039 [38] \endash  [39] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2510817 \trowd \irow8\irowband8\ltrrow
\ts38\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11824222\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5238\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3582\clshdrawnil \cellx8712\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12203039\yts38 \rtlch\fcs1 \af36\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039\charrsid12203039 Defence 4: The question of agency}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817\charrsid12203039 
\cell }\pard \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2510817\yts38 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039 [40] \endash 
 [45]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2510817 \trowd \irow9\irowband9\ltrrow
\ts38\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11824222\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5238\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3582\clshdrawnil \cellx8712\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12203039\yts38 \rtlch\fcs1 \af36\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039\charrsid12203039 The Sale of Goods Act 1908}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817\charrsid12203039 \cell 
}\pard \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2510817\yts38 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039 [46] \endash  [51] }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2510817 \trowd \irow10\irowband10\ltrrow
\ts38\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11824222\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5238\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3582\clshdrawnil \cellx8712\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12203039\yts38 \rtlch\fcs1 \af36\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039\charrsid12203039 Voluntary Abandonment of Rights}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817\charrsid12203039 
\cell }\pard \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2510817\yts38 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039 [52] \endash 
 [55] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2510817 \trowd \irow11\irowband11\ltrrow
\ts38\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11824222\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5238\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3582\clshdrawnil \cellx8712\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid12203039\yts38 \rtlch\fcs1 \af36\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039\charrsid12203039 Cause of Action against the Second Defendant \emdash  Unjust Enrichment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817\charrsid12203039 \cell }\pard \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2510817\yts38 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid12203039 [56] \endash  [66] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2510817 \trowd \irow12\irowband12\ltrrow
\ts38\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11824222\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5238\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3582\clshdrawnil \cellx8712\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid11824222\yts38 \rtlch\fcs1 \af36\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid11824222\charrsid11824222 Result}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817\charrsid11824222 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2510817\yts38 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid11824222 [67] \endash  [69] }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2510817 \trowd \irow13\irowband13\ltrrow
\ts38\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11824222\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5238\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3582\clshdrawnil \cellx8712\row \ltrrow
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid11824222\yts38 \rtlch\fcs1 \af36\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid11824222\charrsid11824222 Costs}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817\charrsid11824222 \cell }\pard \ltrpar
\s34\ql \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2510817\yts38 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid11824222 [70] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b0\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid2510817 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid2510817 \trowd \irow14\irowband14\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts38\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid11824222\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth5238\clshdrawnil \cellx5130\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3582\clshdrawnil \cellx8712\row 
}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s28\ql \li0\ri0\sl-360\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8138372 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 Solicitor for Plaintiff:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8138372  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 Ms C A McCarthy
\par Solicitor
\par Browne Gibson Harvey PC
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11824222 Parekura Place Avarua,
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 Rarotonga Cook Islands
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid8138372 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15552693\charrsid11824222 No appearance for First Defendant.
\par Appearance in person for Second Defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 : Mr Daniel Mitchell
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8138372 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11824222 Introduction \emdash  Procedural Matters
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [1] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8138372 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 These civil proceedings were heard before the Co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8138372 urt in Rarotonga on 14 November }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
2003. At the commencement of the hearing Mr Ka sought to appear as agent for the second defendant, Mr Daniel Mitchell, pursuant to section 42 of the Judicature Act 1980-1981. After hearing from 
Mr Ka, the Court refused the application. (The ruling is attached to this judgment as Appendix 1.) Thereafter Mr Daniel Mitchell presented his case in person.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [2] \tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11888695 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
On 10 April 2003, the plaintiff commenced leg}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11824222 al proceedings against Mr Terry }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 Mitchell ("Terry") a
s first defendant and Ms Elizabeth Tapora as second defendant. An application for an interim injunction was filed by the plaintiff. As a result of the evidence which came to light in that application the injunction was withdrawn, Ms Tapora was dropped fro
m the proceedings, and Mr Daniel Mitchell was joined as second defendant.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [3] \tab}The first defendant, Terry, filed a Confession of Cl}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11824222 aim and Affidavit with the High }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 Court on 13 November 2003. The plaintiff thereafter proceeded against the second }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11888695 defendant only: The following evidence was adduced; (1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 oral}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11888695  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 evidence given by the plaintiff on his own behalf, (2) oral evidence called by the second defendant including evidence by the second defendant, (3) affidavit evidence lodged in respect of the interim injunction ap
plication in April 2003.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [4] \tab}At the conclusion of the hearing, Ms McCarthy prese}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11888695 nted closing submissions on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
facts and law, as did the second defendant. Because the relatively straightforward factual narrative gave rise to some difficult legal issues, the Court directed that each side would file post-hearing submissions. The plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11888695 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
s post-hearing submissions were received on 28 November 2003. The second defendant's post-hearing submissions were received on 2 December 2003. These have been carefully considered by the Court in reaching its decision.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11888695 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11824222 Factual Findings
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [5] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11888695 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 The proceedings relate to the purchase of a tractor by the plaintiff from Terry in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11824222  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 November 2002. On the island of Aitutaki where the events took place, a tractor is a valuable possession. The transaction went horri}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11824222 bly wrong due to the misconduct }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11824222  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
Terry in selling the tractor when, unknown to the plaintiff, his authority to do so had been terminated. In essence, the case involves a determination of which of the two parties, the plaintiff or the 
second defendant, should bear the loss occasioned by the misconduct of Terry, who has been characterised by his brother, the second defendant, as "idle and useless". The case is to be decided not on the basis of which of the plaintiff and the second defen
dant is entitled to the most sympathy, but instead on the basis of the application of settled principles of law to the largely undisputed factual narrative.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11824222 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [6] \tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13443870 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
I find the following facts have been established on the evidence before me. The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11824222  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 plaintiff is a plant
er residing on Aitutaki. Terry was formerly resident on Aitutaki but is now living in New Zealand. The second defendant is Terry's brother. He was formerly a Police officer. He is now a company representative residing in New Zealand and is also a part-tim
e Army Officer. At all material times he was in control of the tractor by virtue of a power of attorney given to him by his father on 24 June 2002.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11824222 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [7] \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
In 2002 the Mitchell family became embroiled in civil litigation in the Cook Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11824222  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 High Court brought by a 
Cook Islands D}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11824222 evelopment Bank in respect of M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 r Mitchell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11824222  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
Senior and Terry Mitchell, relating to the Mitchell family home on Aitutaki. It concluded in the High Court at Rarotonga on 26 November 2002. Financial resources were needed to find the fund the defen
ce of the litigation and the second defendant took the lead in that respect. It was decided that the tractor should be sold to supply some of the necessary funds. In August 2002 Terry, who was in Aitutaki, was instructed by the second defendant to adverti
s
e the tractor for sale by television advertisement in Aitutaki. There is no doubt that the second defendant had authority, by virtue of the power of attorney, to give such instructions and also to terminate them. Terry did as requested and television adve
r
tisements appeared listing him as the person to contact in respect of the proposed sale. There is no doubt therefore that Terry was the authorised agent for the sale of the tractor. In late September 2002 the second defendant terminated the sale instructi
ons. The precise reason for this decision is not clear. According to the second defendant, other members of the family had come to the assistance of the Mitchell family and enough}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11824222  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 money had been found to fund the High Court litigation. However the second de
fendant also stated in evidence that:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11824222 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls39\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13443870 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
"Several offers had been received but no reasonable offer was forthcoming. I therefore told my brother that the tractor was now withdrawn from sale."
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [8] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15761308 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 It is not necessary to make a finding as to the true reason for the 
termination of the instructions for sale. The important undisputed point is that the plaintiff was never told of the withdrawal of these instructions.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [9] \tab}
The plaintiff, in good faith, agreed to purchase the tractor for $5,000. A written agreement dated 5 November 2002, signed by the plaintiff and Terry, evidences the agreement. The relevant parts of the agreement read as follows:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls36\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13705914 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15552693\charrsid13705914 Re tractor Massey Fergusson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid15761308 
\par {\listtext\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 I Terry Mitchell }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\insrsid15552693\charrsid15761308 the owner of the abovementioned vehicle}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  would like to sell my Tractor at the cost of $
5,000. I have also agreed a part payment of $3,000 deposit from Tuao Messine (the Buyer) under the following condition due to Damaged Parts of the Tractor and need repair at the total cost of $2,000. We the two Party have agreed. Until the Tractor is full
y maintain[ed] the full Repayment of $2,000 will be Paid to Original Owner T. Mitchell to me the total cost of the tractor at $5,000. Sign: Terry Mitchell. Buyer: Tuao Messine." (underlining added)
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid9904952 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [10] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9904952 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9904952 The sum of $}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 3,000 was paid to Terry on 5 November 2002. A written receip}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9904952 t dated 5 }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
November 2002 was signed by Terry in respect of the $3,000, being part payment for the tractor. Although the agreement is not appropriately worded in all respects the Court finds that the agreement required the purported owner (Terry
 Mitchell) to undertake the repairs to the tractor, following which the balance of $2,000 would become payable. The Court finds that this was by way of a collateral oral agreement which formed part of the overall oral and written agreement between the par
ties.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [11] \tab}
The Court finds that the plaintiff purchased the tractor in good faith believing Terry to be the rightful owner and without any notice of any defect in Terry's title to the tractor.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [12] \tab}
On or about 18 November 2002 Terry advised the plaintiff that he did not want to perform the contract and wanted to retain possession of the tractor. At this stage the tractor was in Terry's possession.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [13] \tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8093378 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
When Terry informed the plaintiff that he did not want to perform the contract and instead wanted to retain possession of the tractor, the plaintiff demanded the return}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11824222\charrsid11824222  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11824222\charrsid15552693 
of the $3,000. Terry acknowledged liability for the $3,000 but did not reimburse the funds either on 26 November 2002, or later on 12 December 2002, as had been}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11824222  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 agreed between Terry and the plaintiff. Terry ha
s since admitted that he started to spend the money received from the plaintiff on himself and his family's personal needs as soon as it was received from the plaintiff on 5 November 2002. On 29 November 2002, the plaintiff laid a "Notice of Complaint for
 Fraudulent Act" at the Aitutaki Police Office in respect of Terry's failure to return the $3,000.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11824222 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [14] \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
On 26 November 2002 when the second defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11824222  was in Rarotonga he received a }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
telephone call from Senior Sergeant Vaiki of the Aitutaki Police regarding the fr
audulent act complaint involving Terry. This was the first time the second defendant learned that his brother had sold the tractor. On the advice of Mr Joseph Ka, his agent, the second defendant confronted Terry who admitted he had sold the tractor and th
a
t he had received $3,000 from the plaintiff. Terry claimed, untruthfully, that the money was in safe keeping in Aitutaki. Terry and the second defendant were at this time in Rarotonga. The second defendant advised Terry to go back to Aitutaki and repay th
e $3,000. This was never done. On or about 19 or 20 December Terry left Aitutaki and now resides in New Zealand.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [15] \tab}Following Terry's departure from Aitutaki, the plai}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11824222 ntiff again went to the Police. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 Sergeant Putu gave the plaintiff some informal advice, as a r
esult of which he went to Terry's former residence on or about 1 January 2003 and towed the tractor to his own home.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [16] \tab}Mr Ka then advised the second defendant on the ma}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11824222 tter and attempted to solve the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 problem of Terry's wrongdoing. The second defendant agreed
 that Mr Ka could suggest to the plaintiff that he could either pay the $2,000 and keep the tractor, but release the Mitchell family from the repair obligation, or alternatively accept $3,000 to be offered by the second defendant and the sale would be can
celled. Mr Ka conveyed these proposals to the plaintiff. The offer for the return of the $3,000 was initially declined by the plaintiff on the basis of legal advice that he had legitimate title to the tractor. Following the plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 s assertion of title, Mr Ka said:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls39\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3236903 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
"... to the respondent that I believed if it was true that his lawyer, the Chief of Police and his legal advisor have all advised him to steal (said in the Cook Islands Maori context) then they have all in my view, given him a bad advice and he c
ould, like them, go to jail for it, because}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11824222\charrsid11824222  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11824222\charrsid15552693 
the theft (in the Cook Islands Maori context) or rather the conversion of the tractor was a criminal offence."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11824222 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [17] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3236903 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 As to his reaction to Mr Ka's statement, the plaintiff said that he "was scared and did not want to go to jai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3236903 l", and only wanted his money b}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 ack. At this point Mr Ka said he would bring the $3,000 with him to Rarotonga on 29 January 2003. In return he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11036006  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 received the plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3236903 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 s undertaking to return the tractor.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [18] \tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5791870 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
Mr Ka then asked the plaintiff to send all rel
evant documents to New Zealand by facsimile. The plaintiff did so. Later, on 24 January 2003, the plaintiff called Mr Ka requesting that he be allowed to retain possession of the tractor until the money was received. Mr Ka agreed to this.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [19] \tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3236903 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 Mr Ka wrote to th
e plaintiff later on 24 January 2003, reiterating the essence of the discussion. In this letter Mr Ka advised that he was acting on behalf of the second defendant and recording the view that Terry did not have authority to sell the tractor. Mr Ka further 
r
ecorded that he knew that Terry had not repaid the $3,000. He said that the second defendant was very unhappy about the behaviour of his brother Terry who had lied to him in a number of respects. Mr Ka confirmed that he would be coming to Rarotonga on 30 
January a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5791870 nd planned to come to Aitutaki to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  return the plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5791870 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 s money. Mr Ka concluded the letter by stating:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls39\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5791870 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
"... it would be in your best interest to return the tractor back immediately to where you took it from. I do not agree with your lawyer Adam Mac
Donnell's advice to you to take (steal) the tractor. If he had indeed advised you to, then he had incited [advised] you to commit theft, which is a very serious criminal offence. You could go to jail for it. So please Bro take the tractor back..."
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [20] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5791870 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 On 25 Ja
nuary the second defendant handed over $3,000 in cash to Mr Ka in New Zealand on the basis that Mr Ka would travel to Rarotonga on 30 January and repay the $3,000 to the plaintiff. For medical reasons Mr Ka was delayed in going to Rarotonga and did not tr
a
vel to Rarotonga until 6 February 2003. When Mr Ka reached Rarotonga he was unable to travel to Aitutaki. Therefore, with the approval of the second defendant, he sent the $3,000 on 6 February to his friend and cousin Mr Strickland Henry on Aitutaki to gi
ve to the plaintiff.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [21] \tab}
The next development was that the second defendant decided, following the conversation on 24 January between Mr Ka and the plaintiff, to sell the tractor for $5,000 to Ms Elizabeth Tapora and Mr Ka. Ms Tapora is the partner of Mr Ka. The}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11036006  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
second defendant claimed that he agreed to the same price of $5,000 because Mr Ka and Ms Tapora had done so much for his family in their recent troubles in return for no praise, recognition, or reward. This was in spite of the fact that the second defend
ant believed the tractor was worth $16,500 and claimed to have authorised his brother to sell it for no less than $10,500. When }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5791870 he was cross-}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 examined as to why he sold the tractor to Ms Tapora and Mr Ka for the same price that he had earlier criticised his
 brother for selling, he gave two reasons: the first, other sudden family circumstances had arisen which again required funds, and secondly that Mr MacDonnell, solicitor of Brown Gibson Harvey, who had been counsel in the bank litigation, had advised the 
p
laintiff that he was the legal owner of the tractor. While the reason for the sale may not be material to the legal position, the Court finds that the animosity between the Mitchell family and the law firm of Brown Gibson Harvey, because of Mr MacDonnell'
s
 role in the bank litigation, was so great that the reappearance of this firm advising the plaintiff led the second defendant to organise and approve of a sale at $5,000. On 26 January the purported sale to Ms Tapora and Mr Ka was completed and $5,000 pai
d to the second defendant which was put into his personal bank account.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [22] \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
On 6 February 2003, Mr Strickland Henry offered $3,000 to the plaintiff on behalf of the second defendant. The plaintiff refused to take it on the basis that his lawyer had advised him 
not to do so since he had become the owner of a valuable tractor. Following this refusal, by letter dated 8 February 2003, Mr Ka lodged a complaint with the Aitutaki Police at the request of the second defendant. Mr Ka alleged theft and/or conversion had 
been committed by the plaintiff when he had initially taken the tractor. In addition he requested "Police protection" for the purported new owners when they sought to collect the tractor from the plaintiffs.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [23] \tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid818218 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
On or about the third week of February, following
 advice from the police that it would be best if the plaintiff handed over the tractor, the tractor was taken to the Aitutaki police station. The Aitutaki Police had received an undated letter from Ms Elizabeth Tapora advising that she was the legal owner
 of the tractor and that it should be released to her agents. On or about 22 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15099149 February the plaintiff was advis}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
ed that the tractor had been sold to Elizabeth Tapora and released to her.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langfenp1033\insrsid11036006\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [24] \tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15099149 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11036006\charrsid15552693 
After this, the plaintiff decided that there were "too many complications
" and he had to accept he had lost possession of the tractor. He therefore went to Mr Strickland Henry in the late afternoon on Friday 7 March. He asked Mr Henry whether he still had the money. Mr Henry replied in the affirmative. The plaintiff said that 
he wished to uplift the $3,000 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15099149 ut since the bank did not take }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11036006\charrsid15552693 
deposits in the late afternoon he did not wish to have the money in his possession over the weekend. He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11036006  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 said he would come back the following Monday 10 March to pick up the $3,000. He said that 
he had been advised by Mr Norman George, a lawyer and MP from Rarotonga, that it would be best if he picked up the money. Mr Henry said the money would be available on Monday.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [25] \tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3433562 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
The plaintiff called on Mr Strickland Henry o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11036006 n Monday 10 March to uplift the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 $3,
000. Mr Henry refused to return it to him because he had been told by Mr Ka and/or the second defendant that it was no longer available for the plaintiff. In this respect the second defendant stated as follows:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls39\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3433562 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 "In the absence of the Respondent and or the 
Police taking interest in the money available to them there in Aitutaki, I decided after 5 weeks to ask Strickland to send the money back to me here in Auckland."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [26] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3433562 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 Once again the true reason for the second defendant's actions is not material. The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11036006  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 key point 
is that the $3,000 was never returned. In case it is relevant the Court finds that the reason for the instructions to Mr Henry was the same as motivated the sale of the tractor to Mr Ka and Ms Tapora as discussed in paragraph 21 above.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3433562 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 The Nature of the Contract of 5 November 2002
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [27] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3433562 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 A central question in the case is whether the plaintiff acquired a valid title to the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11036006  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 tractor under the agreement of 5 November. If he did so, it would follow that unless he voluntarily abandoned his ownership of the tractor thus 
acquired, the second defendant had no legal right to sell the tractor to Mr Ka and Ms Tapora and therefore no right to retain the proceeds of the latter sale.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [28] \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
The true nature of the agreement is also pertinent. If it was a conditional sale only,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11036006  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 and if, be
fore the condition was satisfied, the plaintiff was made aware that Terry was not authorised to conclude the sale, then the plaintiff might be precluded from acquiring a valid title. He would not be a bona fide purchaser without notice of}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11036006  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 Terry's lack of a
uthority. Another important question is whether the agreement included terms implied by the Sale of Goods Act 1908 ("the Act")}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [29] \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
As to whether the contract entered into between the plaintiff and Terry constituted a complete contract for sale or a conditional
 agreement to sell the Court finds that the agreement of 5 November was a contract for sale, with further terms as to payment. The contract clearly states "I Terry Mitchell the owner of the above mentioned vehicle would like to sell my tractor at the cost
 
of $5000." The agreement states that a deposit of $3,000 is to be paid. This deposit was duly paid and a receipt was signed by Terry. The remaining $2,000 was only due on the completion of repairs by Terry. Should this not occur, the sale was complete at 
$
3,000. Oral testimony given by the parties evidences that this was the clear intention of the parties. Thus there was an absolute contract of sale with the essential conditions being payment by the plaintiff and delivery by the seller. There was a further
 
warranty to repair the tractor, in return for the payment of an additional $2,000. A warranty is defined as an agreement with reference to goods which are then subject of a contract of sale, but collateral to the main purpose of such contract, the breach 
of which gives rise to a claim for damages}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3433562 , but not a right to reject the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 goods and treat the contract as repudiated.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [30] \tab}
In accordance with section 19 of the Act, property in the tractor passed when it was so intended by the parties. The intention of the parti
es is to be ascertained by considering the terms of the contract, the conduct of the parties and the circumstances of the case. Where there is no express term in the contract as to when property will pass, section 20 provides the rules for ascertaining in
tention. In relevant part, the rules provide as follows:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls39\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1264311 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
"Rule 1. Where there is an unconditional contract for the sale of specified goods, in a deliverable state, the property in the goods passes to the buyer when the contract is made, and it is immaterial
 whether the time of payment, or the time of delivery, or both, is postponed."
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [31] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1264311 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 For goods to be in a deliverable state means they must be in an adequate condition so that the buyer would be obliged to accept them if they were to be delivered. (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 Gault on Commercial Law,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
 1994, SG20.06) The cases indicate a central issue is whether or not the goods can be physically moved without further work required by the seller: See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 
Underwood v Burgh Castle Brick and Cement Syndicate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  [1922] 1 KB 343; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 Phillip Head & Sons Lt v Showfronts Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  [1970] 1 Lloyd's Rep 140. It is not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11036006  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11036006\charrsid15552693 
possible to suggest here that the mere warranty for further repairs, stated in the contract, rendered the tractor undeliverable. The ability of the plaintiff to later move the tractor from Terry's propert
y to his own proves that the tractor was adequately deliverable}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11036006 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [32] \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
Having regard to the fact the contract created an unconditional sale, the receipt of the $3,000 by Terry Mitchell, and the finding that the undertaking of repairs was merely a collateral cond
ition on which the further would $2,000 pass, the Court finds that title in the tractor passed on the date of the execution of the contract. Thus under Rule 1 property passed in the tractor at the time of the contract formation. It is therefore the case t
hat there was a valid contract for sale, with property in the tractor passing to the plaintiff, on 5 November 2002.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1264311 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 The Pleadings of the Parties }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11036006 \endash }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006  Challenges to the Validity of the Contract
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [33] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1264311 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 The plaintiff pleaded against the first defendant that; (1) on 18 N
ovember 2002, the statement from Terry that he wished to retain possession of the tractor and not perform the contract, amounted to a breach of contract for which the plaintiff was entitled to sue for damages or specific performance,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1264311  and (2) Terry held himself out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
 to be the legal owner of the tractor when he had no authority to do so and on that basis the plaintiff was induced to enter into the contract for sale, and as a consequence suffered loss when the second defendant on-sold the tractor to Mr Ka and M
s Tapora. The plaintiff pleaded against the second defendant that the second defendant was unjustly enriched from the receipt of the $3,000 from the plaintiff and the $5,000 from Mr Ka and Ms Tapora, and as a result the plaintiff was entitled to claim pos
session of the tractor or $3,000 in damages.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [34] \tab}
In reply the second defendant noted that the first two pleadings were matters pleaded against the first defendant, but in any event contended that no contract was formed between Terry and the Plaintiff due to: (1
) a failure of the parties to reach consensus }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15552693\charrsid1264311 ad idem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
, (2) if there was an agreement then it was properly terminated on 18 November 2002, or (3) the agreement was properly terminated by the failure, to perform the repairs as required by the contract. Alter
natively, it was pleaded that Terry "had no right and authority from him [the second defendant] to purport himself to the plaintiff to be the owner or to (attempt) to sell his tractor to the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11036006\charrsid11036006 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11036006\charrsid15552693 plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11036006 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1264311 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11036006\charrsid15552693 
. In reply to the allegation of unjust enrichment, the second defendant pleaded that he had no benefit of the funds paid to the first defendant as there was no}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11036006  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 agency established. Further the second defendant contended that he was at all material times the true owner of the tractor and thus entitled to on-sell the tractor to Mr Ka and Ms Tapora.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1264311 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 Causes of Action Against the First Defendant \emdash  Breach of Contract
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [35] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1264311 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 While the matters pleaded against the first defendant d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1264311 o not require the consideration }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 of the Court in light of Terry's Confession of Claim, the related 
defences raised by the second defendant require examination. The Court will first consider the defences raised in response to the allegation of breach of contract.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1264311 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 Defence 1: The failure of the parties to reach }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 consensus ad idem}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [36] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1264311 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 The contention of the second defendant that the parti}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11036006 es failed to reach }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11036006\charrsid11036006 
consensus ad }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 idem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
 is easily disposed of. As noted above at paragraphs [27] to [32] the Court has found that an unconditional contract of sale was entered into }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1264311 between the plaintiff and Terry.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  It is clear from the terms of the contract and the conduct of the parties that they intended to, and in fact entered into, a valid contract for sale.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1264311 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 Defence 2: The contract was terminated on 18 November 2002
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\dbch\af0\noproof\insrsid5058468 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [37] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid15036102 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid5058468 
{\shp{\*\shpinst\shpleft11282\shptop13829\shpright11499\shpbottom13907\shpfhdr0\shpbxpage\shpbxignore\shpbypage\shpbyignore\shpwr2\shpwrk0\shpfblwtxt1\shpz0\shplid1026{\sp{\sn shapeType}{\sv 202}}{\sp{\sn fFlipH}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fFlipV}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn lTxid}{\sv 65536}}{\sp{\sn dxTextLeft}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn dyTextTop}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn dxTextRight}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn dyTextBottom}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fillOpacity}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLine}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn pWrapPolygonVertices}{\sv 8;5;(-62,0)
;(-62,21600);(21662,21600);(21662,0);(-62,0)}}{\sp{\sn dxWrapDistLeft}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn dxWrapDistRight}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn posrelh}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn posrelv}{\sv 1}}{\sp{\sn dhgt}{\sv 251674624}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fEditedWrap}{\sv 0}}
{\sp{\sn fBehindDocument}{\sv 0}}{\sp{\sn fLayoutInCell}{\sv 0}}{\shptxt \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl-67\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\nocwrap\nooverflow\aspalpha\aspnum\faroman\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs7 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs7\insrsid1997028 1
\par }}}{\shprslt{\*\do\dobxpage\dobypage\dodhgt8192\dptxbx\dptxlrtb{\dptxbxtext\ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\sl-67\slmult0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\nocwrap\nooverflow\aspalpha\aspnum\faroman\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs7 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs7\insrsid1997028 1
\par }}\dpx11282\dpy13829\dpxsize217\dpysize78\dpfillfgcr255\dpfillfgcg255\dpfillfgcb255\dpfillbgcr255\dpfillbgcg255\dpfillbgcb255\dpfillpat1\dplinehollow}}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
The Court has found that parties formed a contr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11036006 act on 5 November 2002. A party }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
cannot unilaterally terminate a legally binding contract. When Terry advised the plaintiff on 18 November 2002 that he no longer wished to continue the contract, the plaintiff did not agree to such a cancellation. The plaintiff made it clear 
that only in the event that the $3,000 paid on 5 November to Terry was returned, he would cancel the contract. However no such repayment was forthcoming. Terry left Rarotonga on 19 or 20 December 2002 without repaying the $3,000 in question. The plaintiff
 thereafter asserted his possessory right in the tractor by collecting it from the plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189704 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
s property on or about 1 January 2003. It is thus clear the plaintiff had not accepted any cancellation of the contract. On the contrary, by his actions he affirmed its continuation.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189704 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 Defence 3: The contract was terminated by the failure to perform the repairs
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [38] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13189704 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 The failure of Terry to repair the tractor as required b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11036006 y the contract was not a breach }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 of warranty that gave rise to an entitlement of either party to cancel t
he contract. The Court has found that the repair condition was not an essential term of the contract, but merely a condition for further payment. The failure to repair therefore simply had the result that the plaintiff was not required to pay the addition
a
l sum. A party is not entitled to cancel a contract for the sale of goods in respect of non-essential terms. It merely allows the disadvantaged party to sue for damages pursuant to section 54 of the Sale of Goods Act. Thus the submission that the contract
 was cancelled as a result of Terry's failure to complete the repairs is untenable.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [39] \tab}In any event, the second defendant is not entitled to re}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11036006 ly on Terry's failure to do the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 repairs because of the principle of law that no person can rely on a state of affairs
 which he or a related person has himself brought about: See }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 NZ Shipping Co Ltd v Societe de Ateliers et Chanters de France}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
 [1919] AC 1; }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15552693\charrsid5521233 Scott v Rania}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  [1966] NZLR 527.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13189704 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11036006 Defence 4: The question of agency
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [40] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13189704 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 It is an important question whether an agency still subsi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13189704 sted at the time of the sale as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 between the second defendant as principal and Terry as agent. If a valid agency was created between the defendants, then the second defendant becomes responsible for the acts undertaken by Terry as his agent. In other wor
ds "it is obvious that the principal is bound by every contract or disposition of property made by the agent with his authority": see Burrows, Finn & Todd }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15552693\charrsid13189704 
The Law of Contract in New Zealand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  (8th ed, 1997) at 15.4.1. Section 60(2) of the Sale of Goods Act 1908 expressly highlights that agency law has been imported into the Act. It states:

\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls34\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11036006 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
"The rules of the common law, including the law merchant, save in so far as they are inconsistent with the express provisions of this Act, and in particular the rules relat
ing to the law of principal and agent, and the effect of fraud, misrepresentation, duress or coercion, mistake, or other invalidating cause, shall continue to apply to contracts for the sale of goods."
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [41] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13189704 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 The second defendant has pleaded that no such valid ag
ency was established, but this is untenable. It is clear that the second defendant had the right to give instructions regarding the sale of the tractor to Terry, pursuant to the Power of Attorney granted to him from his father. He gave such instructions w
hen he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5521233  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
requested that Terry advertise the tractor for sale on television in Aitutaki, with Terry clearly identified as the contact person for the purposes of any sale. Thus an actual agency was established. However, the second defendant had the right to rev
oke that agency. It is accepted that the second defendant made such a revocation to Terry prior to the sale of the tractor on 5 November 2002. Thus there was no actual agency in place at the time the contract was entered into.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid5521233 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [42] \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
Notwithstanding the absence of an agency at the time of sale, the question arises whether an ostensible authority was created, so that the plaintiff was led to believe, and rely on, a representation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\insrsid15552693\charrsid9064975 by the second defendant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  that Terry was in fact entitled to sell the tractor. In such a
 situation, the second defendant would be estopped from denying a valid contract on the basis that his words or conduct had represented an agency did in fact exist. Burrows, Finn & Todd states at 15.4.1:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls36\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13705914 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 "It must be stressed that once "an agent is clothed 
with ostensible authority, no private instructions prevent his acts within the scope of that authority from binding his principal" }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15552693\charrsid5521233 National Bolivian Navigation Co v Wilson}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  (1880) 5 App Cas 176 at 209, per Lord Blackburn. Limitations in fact imposed upon th
e powers of the agent and ignored by the agent will not exonerate the principal from liability, unless, of course, their existence is known to the third party to the transaction."
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid5521233 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [43] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9064975 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5521233 It is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 necessary for the plaintiff to establish that the second defendant cre
ated the inference that Terry was entitled to act on the second defendant's behalf in selling the tractor. The representation that Terry was entitled to make the sale must be made by the second defendant himself, and cannot be a representation made by Ter
ry, as agent. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15552693\charrsid5521233 Savill v Chase Holdings (Wellington) Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
 [1989] 1 NZLR 257 affirmed the principal that an agent's apparent authority to act on behalf of the principal must be created by the principal's representation, and not that of the agent. In addition, i
t is necessary that the plaintiff can prove that he relied on that representation when entering into the contract for sale. On this point, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid9064975 Anson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid15552693\charrsid5521233 's Law of Contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  (28th ed, 2002) states at 668 that the doctrine of ostensible authority cannot apply where th
e third party does not know or believe that person to be an agent, for example if the existence of the principal is unknown to the third party. The final factor is that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5521233  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 agent's want of authority must be unknown to the plaintiff.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid5521233 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [44] \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
The Court finds that when entering into the contract for sale, the plaintiff had approached Terry on the basis of the representation made in the advertisement. However, it is clear there was no reliance on the advertisement when the contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5521233  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 was formed. The plaintiff went to gre
at lengths to ensure that Terry was the true owner of the tractor, as is evidenced by the actual terms of the contract which contain an express representation as to Terry's ownership. Thus it is clear that the plaintiff had no knowledge of an ostensible a
g
ency, and in any event did not rely on it when entering into the contract for sale. The plaintiff as purchaser had no knowledge of the interest of the second defendant in the transaction. Accordingly, the Court finds that the second defendant did not cloa
k Terry with ostensible authority to contract to sell the tractor.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid5521233 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [45] \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
The resultant position therefore is that a valid contrac}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9064975 t of sale had been entered into }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
between Terry and the plaintiff. However, prima facie, due to the finding that no agency was establish
ed between the second defendant and Terry, the nemo dat quod non habet principle, that no seller passes better title than he or she holds, means that the plaintiff merely gains voidable title. Thus the second defendant at first blush would be entitled to 
assert a better title to the tractor than the plaintiff.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9064975 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid5521233 Sale of Goods Act 1908
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [46] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9064975 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 It then becomes necessary for the Court to examin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9064975 e whether the Sale of Goods Act }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 1908 implies any relevant terms into the contract for sale. Section 23 of the Act is pertinent. It states:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls36\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13705914 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15552693\charrsid9064975 23. Sale by person not the owner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \emdash  (1) Subject to the provisions of this Act, where goods are sold by a person which is not the owner thereof, and who does not sell them under the authority or with the consent of the owner, the buyer acquires n
o better title to the goods than the seller had, unless the owner of the goods is by his conduct precluded from denying the seller's authority to sell."
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [47] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14574961 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 Section 23 only applies to contracts for sale, not agreem}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5521233 ents to sell. It reiterates the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 nemo dat quod non habet principle. Howev}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14574961 er, section 23 also states that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
the true owner can be estopped from asserting his title on the basis that the owner has by words or conduct caused the buyer to believe that the seller is in fact the true owner. Thus the section also preserves the law of estoppel.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [48] \tab}The relevant question is therefore whether the second }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5521233 defendant, as the true owner of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
the goods at the time the tractor was sold, by his conduct should be precluded from asserting his title over that of the plaintiff. The reference to conduct in the section includes both actions and words. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid15552693\charrsid5521233 Gault on Commercial Law}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  states at SG23-08:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid5521233 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls36\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13705914 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
"An estoppel will arise by words wherever the true owner of the goods has clearly represented that some other person has the authority or power to give good title to the goods under a contract of sale: see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid15552693\charrsid5521233 Henderson & Co v Williams}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
 [1895] 1 QB 521. Even in the absence of express words, where the true owner of goods has acted in a way which clearly represents that a particular state of affairs exis
ts, then he or she will not be able to deny the existence of that state of affairs when a third party has relied on that representation."
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [49] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14574961 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 Whether the true owner has acted innocently or in a blameworthy manner in making the representation that some other pe
rson is the true owner is not a relevant basis for determining whether an estoppel is found. It is necessary to look at the representation made by the owner and the conclusions that can be drawn reasonably and objectively from that conduct.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [50] \tab}Several factors
 could lead the reasonable person to the conclusion that Terry was the true owner of the tractor for the purposes of sale. The advertisement, undertaken pursuant to the actual authority of the second defendant, represented that Terry was the person to con
t
act for the purposes of purchasing the tractor. Terry was in possession of the tractor. The reasonable person, contacting Terry with no knowledge of an agency relationship, could be under the belief that Terry was the true owner. On the facts, Terry perpe
tuated that belief by further representing to the plaintiff that he was in fact the true owner. This situation would not have arisen in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5521233  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5521233 the present circumstances if the advertisement had not t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 aken place}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5521233 Terry did not }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
have possession of the tractor. Possession of the tractor alone would be insufficient to amount to a representation: see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid5521233 Farquharson Bros v C King & Co Ltd}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  [1902] AC 325. However much more has been established in the instant case. The second defendant, having taken steps that would lead the reas
onable person to believe Terry was the owner, was required to undertake similar steps to negate that belief when the instruction to sell was terminated. The steps required were not difficult \emdash 
 all that it needed was another television advertisement advisin
g that the tractor was no longer for sale. The second defendant's poor appreciation of his brother's reliability ("idle and useless") heightened the need for such action. No such steps were undertaken. The Court therefore finds that the second defendant i
s by his conduct, estopped from denying the plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14574961 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 s claim to title to the tractor, resulting from the contract of sale dated 5 November.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid5521233 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [51] \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
In summary the Court finds that a valid contract for sale was entered into between the first defendant and the plaintiff. Title passed on the completion of the contract}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5521233  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
pursuant to sections 19 and 20 of the Sale of Goods Act, and having regard to the intention of the parties. The title that passed was prima facie voidable, as Terry did not himself hold good title to the
 tractor. This was because Terry was no longer acting pursuant to the authority originally granted to him from the second defendant, as that agency had been revoked prior to the contract being entered into. No ostensible agency was established on the fact
s
. However, the plaintiff gained good title pursuant to section 23 Sale of Goods Act, due to the conduct of the second defendant, namely his failure to take the reasonable and obvious step of advising the public that Terry no longer had authority to sell t
he tractor, estopping him from asserting his previous title to the goods.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid5521233 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13705914 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid5521233 Voluntary Abandonment of Rights
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [52] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13705914 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 The question remains whether the plaintiff by his }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5521233 conduct evinced an intention to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 voluntarily abandon his rights under the contract. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15552693\charrsid5521233 Paal Wilson & Co v Partenreederei Hannah Blumenthal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  [1983] 1 All ER 34 Lord Brandon stated the position of the law of abandonment at 47:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls36\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13705914 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 "The concept of the implied abandonment of a contract as a result o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5521233 
f the conduct of the parties to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 it is well established in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5521233  law : }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 see
 Chitty on Contracts (23}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13705914 rd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  edition, 1968) vol I, para 1231 and cases the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5521233 
re cited. Where A seeks to prove}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  that he and B have abandoned a contract in this way, there are two ways in which A can put his case. The first way is by showing that the conduct of ea
ch party, as evinced to the other party and acted on by him, leads necessarily to the inference of an implied agreement between them to abandon the contract. The second method is by showing that the conduct of B, as evinced towards A, has been such to lea
d
 A reasonably to believe that B has abandoned the contract, even though it has not in fact been B's intention to do so, and that A has significantly altered his position in reliance on that belief. The first method involves actual abandonment by both A an
d B. The second method involves the creation by B of a situation in which he is estopped from asserting, as against A, that he, B, has not abandoned the contract (see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15552693\charrsid5521233 
Pearl Mill Co Ltd v Ivy Tannery Co Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  [1919] 1 KB 78, [1918-19] All ER Rep 702)."
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid13705914 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [53] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13705914 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid13705914 Two distinct scenarios might give rise to th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11158461\charrsid13705914 e suggestion that the plaintiff }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid13705914 contemplated abandoning the contract. The first arose pursuant to the plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11158461\charrsid13705914 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid13705914 
s agreement to accept $3,000 from Terry in return for the cancellation of the contract on 18 November. This
 did not result in a mutual agreement of abandonment as it was clear from the conduct of the parties that there was no intention to perform the terms. There was no intention on Terry's part to return the funds, or on the plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5058468 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid13705914 s part to relinquish his 
rights to the original contract unless the $3,000 was received. The plaintiff consequently affirmed the contract by taking possession of the tractor, unequivocally confirming that there was no intention to abandon the contract.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [54] \tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5058468 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 The second situation arose a
s a result of the phone con}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11158461 versation between the plaintiff }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
and Mr Ka on 24 January, whereby the plaintiff, under duress, agreed to accept $3,000 for the tractor. The Court finds that the plaintiff only agreed to accept $3,000 offered as a result of the pre
ssure applied by Mr Ka during the phone conversation of 26 January. Thus duress invalidated any consensus ad idem between the parties. When the plaintiff refused the $3,000 offered by Mr Strickland Henry on 8 February, he was electing to affirm the origin
al contract of sale. Therefore it cannot be suggested that the plaintiff evinced an intention to abandon the contract.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [55] \tab}
Thus the plaintiff has in all circumstances asserted his legal right to the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11158461  tractor. Only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 on 7 March 2003 did he finally agree to a cancel
lation of the contract, but this was on the basis of the return of the $3,000 which he had then been offered.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5058468 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11158461 Cause of Action Against the Second Defendant - Unjust Enrichment
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid5058468 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [56] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5058468 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid5058468 The plaintiff pleads that the $3,000 the second def}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11158461\charrsid5058468 endant received pursuant to the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid5058468 alleged agency relationship with Terry, and the $5,000 further received f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11158461\charrsid5058468 rom the on-sale of the tractor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid5058468  Mr Ka and Ms Tapora amount to an unjust enrichment. T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11158461\charrsid5058468 he second defendant submits that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5058468  there was no un}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid5058468 just enrichment, first on the basis that no legal
 agency was established and thus he had no benefit of the $3,000 paid by the plaintiff to Terry. Secondly, the receipt of the $5,000 was in consideration of a legitimate sale, on the basis that the second defendant had retained valid title to the tractor.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [57] \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 In 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15552693\charrsid11158461 National Bank of New Zealand v Waitaki In}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11158461\charrsid11158461 ternational Processing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11158461  [1999] 2 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 NZLR 211 at 215, Henry J confirmed the elements of unjust enrichment required to be established by the plaintiff, namely; enrichment of the defendant by the receipt of a benefit, w
hich was at the expense of the plaintiff, in circumstances rendering it unjust that the enrichment be retained. Burrows, Finn & Todd describe restitution as "a series of rules enabling one person to recover money from another where the retention of money 
o
r some other benefit would unjustly enrich the other party at the, expense of the first." This occurs inter alia where money has been had and received from a third party to the plaintiffs use or where the plaintiff has conferred a benefit on the defendant
 in circumstances where it is fair that it should be paid for.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [58] \tab}
There has been debate over whether as a matter of pleading it is possible to plead a cause of action of unjust enrichment simpliciter, or if such a pleading is only relevant as a basis for seeki
ng relief based on a cause of action which pleads [inter alia] a payment by mistake or monies had and received. Laurenson J addressed this question in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15552693\charrsid5058468 ASB Bank Ltd v Davidson}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  (2003) 7 NZBLC 103,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5058468  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 9}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5058468 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 7, stating at 103,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5058468  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 940 that:
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls36\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid5058468 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 "Based on my understanding of the views of Henry and Thomas JJ in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15552693\charrsid11158461 
National Bank of New Zealand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
 my conclusion is that the point has been reached where realistically a cause of action said to be founded on unjust enrichment should be regarded as acceptable, providing it is related to an 
accepted cause of action and it meets the three criteria I have referred to."
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [59] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5058468 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 The three criteria are those listed in paragraph 57. As to the requirement that the unjust enrichment is related to an accepted cause of action the Court finds that the tort of c
onversion provides this requirement in the present case. The essential feature of the tort is the denial by the defendant of the possessory interest or title of the plaintiff in the goods. The defendant is said to convert the goods to his or her own use, 
thereby manifesting an assertion of rights or dominion over the goods which is inconsistent with the rights of the plaintiff. It is this conduct by the defendant which is inconsistent or incompatible with a recognition of the plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 s continuing rights in the goods which l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4201910 ies at the heart conversion: see}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  Todd (e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5058468 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 ), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15552693\charrsid5058468 The Law of Torts,}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  (2nd ed, 1997) at 11.3.1.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [60] \tab}
On the basis of the factual findings in paragraphs [5]-[26] and the legal conclusions under the Sale of Goods Act at [46]-[51], conversion of the trac
tor has clearly occurred in this case. Conversion is an intentional wrong which means that the defendant must intend to do the act which constitutes the denial of the plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11158461 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 s rights. Once intention is established, liability is generally strict and conv
ersion may be committed-with no moral fault or dishonest intention on the part of the defendant. On the facts of this case, even if the second defendant was been unaware that he was acting in violation of the plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 s rights and was acting in the honest 
belief that his actions were lawful, this would not alter this intention to deal with the tractor. The relevant intention that is required by conversion is to do the act itself, not to challenge the plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693 
f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11158461 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 s rights.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [61] \tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1997028 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 The plaintiff had title to the tracto
r, and the right of possession, although actual physical possession of the tractor was held by the relatives of Ms Tapora. The}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11158461  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 second defendant clearly intended to sell the tractor. This is the act that constitutes conversion. The fact that the second defe
ndant may have had no intention to act illegally is of no consequence, as has already been noted. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid11158461 Helson v McKenzies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid11158461 Cuba Street}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 ) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid1997028 Ltd}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  [1950] NZLR 878 it was held that the respondent's act in handing over a handbag to a stranger who claimed it was a den
ial of the claimant's title. The critical issue was whether an act was done that was incompatible with the appellant's right of dominion as owner. Disposing of the bag to someone other than the true owner was such an act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid11158461 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [62] \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
Merely purporting to sell another's goods will not amount to conversion unless the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11158461  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11158461 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
s right to possession or property is affected. However, where delivery of the goods has resulted from the defendant's acts, the owner's right to exercise his possessory rights over the- goods is affected by the delivery itself: see }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid11158461 Edelstein v Schuler & Co}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  [1902] 2 KB 144 at 156:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid11158461 
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qj \li1440\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls36\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1997028 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
But if in addition to negotiating a sale the broker meddles with the goods themselves and hands them to the buyer with the object and intention of transferring to the buyer
 the property and possession in pursuance of the unauthorised sale, then he makes himself liable in trover to the true owner, for he is guilty of an act in relation to the goods themselves which is inconsistent with the rights of the true owner.
\par {\listtext\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls34\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1997028 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 In this case, delivery of the go}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11356311 ods occurred wh}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 en the tractor was placed in the possession of Ms Tapora's agents. Thus conversion of the tractor is established on the facts.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [63] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1997028 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 The comments of Laurenson J in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15552693\charrsid11158461 ASB Bank Ltd v Davidson}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
, noted above, make it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11158461  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 clear that the 
plaintiff was entitled to plead unjust enrichment as a cause of action simpliciter. As to the elements of unjust enrichment, the benefit received by the defendant must be something objectively tangible. Burrows }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid1997028 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid11158461 Law of Restitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 , (1993) states, at 10,
 "The receipt of money is the most obvious example of an incontrovertible benefit". This receipt must be at the expense of the plaintiff, and the retention of the benefit must be unjust. The unjust factor may be a wrong against the plaintiff, such as the 
tort of conversion. In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid11158461 Chesworth v Farrar}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
 [1967] 1 QB 407 the deceased landlord had wrongly converted prop}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1997028 erty belonging to the tenant by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  selling it off. The Court awarded a restitutionary remedy: see Burrows }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid11158461 
The Law of Restitution}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  (1993) at 383.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11158461 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid11158461 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [64] \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11158461 The court has considered each dispo}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1997028 si}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11158461 tion of funds in turn. The matter of the $3,000 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
paid by the plaintiff to the Terry may be quickly disposed of in light of the finding that there was no agency relationship between Terry and the second defendant. Terry received the benefit of the payment. As Terry was not at the time of his purported}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11158461  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 sale to the plaintiff acting pursuant to an agency, the second defendant did not}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11158461  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 consequently receive any benefit of the funds as principal. Thus there is no question}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11158461  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 of unjust enrichment in relation to that payment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid11158461 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [65] \tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
The second disposition was $5,000 paid from Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11158461  Ka and Ms Tapora to the second }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
defendant on 26 January 2003. The second defendant has admitted receipt of the funds. Thus the Court must examine whether this disposition was at
 the expense of the plaintiff, and if it was unjust for the second defendant to retain such funds. The Court has held that the plaintiff had at all times retained his property right in the tractor. He had obtained legitimate title to the tractor and at no
 stage abandoned his rights. As a result, the second defendant no longer had title to the tractor. The second defendant was aware of the plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13774943 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 s interest in the tractor. This is evidenced by the second defendant's offer of $3,000 for the return of the tr
actor. Mr Ka, acting as the second defendant's agent, was similarly aware of the plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13774943 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
s interest. Moreover, as the agent of the second defendant, Mr Ka said in evidence that he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13774943 knew}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
 and understood the Sale of Goods Act, which clearly provides rights f
or the plaintiff in circumstances such as the present. Indeed, it was in light of such knowledge that Mr Ka advised the second defendant that he should offer $3,000 in return for the tractor.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [66] \tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13774943 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
In summary, the second defendant interfered with the plaintif}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11158461 's legitimate title to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
the tractor by on-selling it to a third party when he had no legal right to do so. The second defendant was enriched by receiving payment for the sale of goods while providing no consideration in return. The payment was in respect of the plaintif}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11158461 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
s property and thus represented a loss to the plaintiff, which was acquired as a result of committing a wrong against the plaintiff. Thus the second defendant was unjustly enriched by the receipt of fund}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11158461 
s which should be the property }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 of the plaintiff. The Court therefore finds that the plaintiff}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13774943 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 s claim of unjust enrichment has been established.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11158461 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13774943 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid11158461 Result
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [67] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13774943 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 No judgment has been entered against the first defendant because the plaintiff has not made a written request to the Registrar under Ru
le 102(2) for the entry of judgment against him. As the Court understands it, the plaintiff has elected to pursue only the second defendant, at least at this stage. The plaintiff is entitled to recover one sum of $3,000 plus interest and costs only. It wi
ll therefore not be permissible for the plaintiff, if it successfully recovers $3,000 plus interest and costs from the second defendant, to then seek to enter judgment against the first defendant.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [68] \tab}On the basis of the finding of unjust enrichment referr}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13774943 ed to in paragraphs [56] -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
 [66] the plaintiff is entitled to judgment in the sum of $3,000.00. Pursuant to the Judicature Act 1980-1981, the plaintiff is awarded interest on the said sum of $3,000 at 8% per annum from the period of 10 March 2003 until the 
date of payment of the principal sum of $3,000.00
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [69] \tab}
For the avoidance of doubt it should be recorded that the second defendant lodged no cross claim against the first defendant in these proceedings, nor did he seek to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13774943 claim indemnity or contribution}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  fr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13774943 om the first defendant. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 
Therefore the court has not had to rule on such matters.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s1\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa120\keep\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13774943 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid10245368 Costs
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s20 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang3081\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp3081\langfenp1033\insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [70] \tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qj \fi-720\li720\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls38\outlinelevel0\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13774943 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang3081\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp3081\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693 The plaintiff is entitled to recover all reasonable costs and disbursements from the unsuccessful second defendant. If the parties cannot agree the amount of costs 
and disbursements they must file memoranda on costs and disbursements within 21 days from the date of this judgment.
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10245368 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15552693\charrsid10245368 SIGNED}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15552693\charrsid15552693  at Auckland on 18 December 2003 at 4.30 pm
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s39\qc \li0\ri0\sb240\sa240\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10245368 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid15552693\charrsid10245368 David Williams J
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