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{\title IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE COOK ISLANDS}{\author ruddley_e}{\operator Teniau_D}{\creatim\yr2007\mo8\dy29\hr13\min17}{\revtim\yr2007\mo9\dy13\hr10\min37}{\version4}{\edmins158}{\nofpages3}{\nofwords1352}{\nofchars7710}{\nofcharsws9044}
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{\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3870751 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3870751\charrsid15346036 
IN THE HIGH COURT OF THE COOK ISLANDS}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 
\par H}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3870751\charrsid15346036 ELD AT {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}RAROTONGA}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 {\*\xmlclose}
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3870751\charrsid15346036 (CRIMINAL DIVISION)}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3870751 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3870751\charrsid4671204 CR NO. 147/01
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3870751 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3870751\charrsid15346036 POLICE}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3870751 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3360682\charrsid4671204 v}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3870751\charrsid4671204 
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\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3870751\charrsid15346036 TUTAKIAU
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3870751\charrsid11288796 Defendant
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3870751 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3870751\charrsid15346036 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6247040 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 Mr Elikana for Police
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3870751\charrsid15346036 Mr J}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036  McCleary for Defendant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4671204\charrsid15346036 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 Date of Hearing: 19 November 2001}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3870751\charrsid15346036 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 D}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3870751\charrsid15346036 ate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036  of Decision: {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 11}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 19}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 2001}}}19 November 2001{\*\xmlclose}
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3870751 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3870751\charrsid15346036 RULING}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036  OF GREIG}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3870751\charrsid15346036  CJ}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3870751 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3870751\charrsid4463573 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6247040 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 This is an application which I have he
ard by way of voir dire to challenge the admissibility of the statement which was taken by the Police from the accused on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 3}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}
{\xmlattrvalue 25}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 2001}}}25 March 2001{\*\xmlclose}. The only evidence which has been put before me has come from the Detective Sergeant who took the
 statement and the evidence of the accused himself. There are one or two factual matters which though not incontrovertible are not altogether challenged.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3870751\charrsid15346036 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 The facts upon which I proc}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15760146\charrsid15346036 eed to give this decision begin}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036  with the accused being taken to the Police Station quite early in the morning of {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 3}}
{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 25}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 2001}}}25 March 2001{\*\xmlclose}
. According to his evidence he was put in a room and told to wait there. He says he waited for about 2 hours. It appears that during that time he was not questioned by anybody. The 
Detective Sergeant who took the statement had not been on duty but was called to duty earlier in the day. He was not given any specific task to perform in the investigation that was ongoing following the complainant}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4463573 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 s complaint. At or about 9.30 in the morning the Detective Sergeant having learnt that the accused was present at the Police}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15760146\charrsid15346036  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 Station decided to talk to him. The Detective Sergeant did not at that stage have any}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036  but the broadest info}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 rmation about the events and had no knowledge of any of the details of the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 complainant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4463573 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 s}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 
 complaint. The Detective Sergeant started speaking in a general way to the accused. He advised him that he did not have to speak to him but spoke to him generally about the desirability of telling the truth. The accused says that i
n this general conversation he was told that he would have to stay there until he spoke the truth, that assertion was not challenged. During this conversation which took about an hour the accused made a general admission of guilt. Following that the Detec
t
ive-Sergeant asked some further questions and obtained some details from the accused of what had occurred. The Detective did not, in evidence, give any detail of that oral interview. Following a discussion with his superior officer the Detective sought so
me clarification from the accused as to the way he had entered the complainant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4463573 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 
s house. He then asked the accused if he would make a written statement. The accused agreed and both then moved into the detective}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4463573 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 s office where the Detective proceeded to take a statement on his computer. It was }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 in}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036  question and answer form and in Maori. It began with a form of caution.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4463573 
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 The statement is recorded as beginning at 10.35 am and concluded at 3.30 pm. There was opportunity for breaks for toilet and refreshment and a break is recorded at {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname time}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Hour}{\xmlattrvalue 12}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Minute}{\xmlattrvalue 18}}}12.18 pm to 12.40 pm{\*\xmlclose}. At {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname time}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Hour}
{\xmlattrvalue 15}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Minute}{\xmlattrvalue 30}}}3.30 pm{\*\xmlclose} the Detective printed the statement and left the accused to read it. At {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname time}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Hour}
{\xmlattrvalue 17}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Minute}{\xmlattrvalue 5}}}5.05 pm{\*\xmlclose} the accused signed the statement recording in his own hand that it was
 correct. He was then arrested and charged with rape and told that he had a right to a solicitor and was asked if he had any complaint and was entitled to see a doctor. He indicated that he did not want a lawyer. He was not advised of any right to a solic
itor at any earlier time by the Detective}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15760146\charrsid15346036  or by any other police officer.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15760146\charrsid15346036 It}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036  was the accused}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4463573 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 s evidence that after about half an hour after the Detective began to speak to him he asked to make a phone call but his request was ignored. He said that he intend
ed to call his grandparents. He said that he did not know that he had a right to a lawyer.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 The grounds of challenge were that the statement was involuntary and that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 it}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15760146\charrsid15346036  was taken in breach}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036  of the Constitution of the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Cook Islands{\*\xmlclose}.}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 On the issue of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 voluntaries}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 
 reference was made to }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 R v Wilson}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15760146\charrsid15346036  [1981] }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11219010 1 }{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15760146\charrsid15346036 NZL}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 R 316}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid4463573 .}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15760146\charrsid4463573  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15760146\charrsid15346036 T}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 
hat was a very different case on its facts and is of little assistance here. Though the accused was in the police station and und}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11219010 er questioning for a long time I}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036  am satisfied that the statements oral and written were voluntary and were not subject to any oppression or overbearing conduct which made them unfair or inadmissible.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid16145559 The Constitution of the Cook Islands}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15760146\charrsid16145559  contains in Part IVA}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid16145559  a declaration of fundamental human rights and freedoms. Article 65 was relied on and as relevant to this case reads as follows:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4344546 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid16145559 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4344546 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4463573\charrsid16145559 65}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid16145559 
(1) Subject to subclause (2) of this Article and to subclause (2) of Article 64 hereof, every enactment shall be so construed and applied a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid804339\charrsid16145559 s not to abrogate, abridge, or i}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid16145559 nfringe or to authorise the abrogation, abridgement, or infringement of any of the rights or freedoms recognised and declared by subclause (1) of Article 64 hereof, and in par}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid16145559 ticular no enactment shall be con}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid804339\charrsid16145559 strued or applied so as to -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid16145559 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11288796 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11288796\charrsid16145559 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid11288796 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 (c) Deprive any person who is arrested or detained }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11288796 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11288796 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11288796 
\par }\pard \ql \li2160\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid11288796 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 
(ii) Of the right, wherever practicable to retain and instruct a barrister or solicitor without delay;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6247040 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 Subclause (2) of Article 65 requires all Acts and their provisions to be construed purposively and
 "to receive such fair, large, and liberal construction and interpretation as will best ensure the attainment of the object of the e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4463573 nactment according to its true i}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 ntent, meaning and spirit}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16212204 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 
" This subclause corresponds to the pro}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15620196 visions and intent of Section 5}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid4463573 (j)}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036  of the former Acts Interpretation Act of New Zealand.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 I think it is relevant to note here that there is in addition a further enactment in s. 9 of the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403760  Criminal Procedure Act 1980-81.}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036  Subsection 1 of that says that it is the duty of everyone arresti
ng any other person to inform promptly the person arrested of the grounds of his arrest and of any charge against him and to allow him to consult a legal practitioner of his own choice without delay, so that there is a positive enactment in that regard.

\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 
\par I t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 hink it must be said that where there is a right to retain and instruct a lawyer that has to be an open right. It is n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403760 
ot a right if it is kept secret;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036  if a person is unaware of it and is not told of it. So that there is, concurrent with tha}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403760 
t right, clearly a right to be informed of i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 t and that information has to be given at a r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403760 easonable time at an early time}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4463573 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403760  so that i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 t can be exercised in an effective way if it is so wished.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 
\par The}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036  provisions of the Constitution and in particular Clause 65 do not provide as does the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname time}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Hour}{\xmlattrvalue 10}
}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Minute}{\xmlattrvalue 30}}}New Zealand{\*\xmlclose}
 and the Canadian Bill of Rights provisions a positive duty to inform as to the right. Moreover the Article 65 talks about the construction and application of enactments so that it has as it appears
 an interpretative tendency in construction and application. But as I have said, these provisions should not be read narrowly or strictly and it would not be right to say that because it was difficult or not easy to show which enactment was being construe
d or applied but there wa}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403760 s not in a case such as this an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 y right to a lawyer, any right to be informed i}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 n proper time as to that right. In }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 
any event of course the Detective Sergeant and any policeman is acting in accordance with and under the powers and authorities that are given to him under the Police Act, under the Crimes Act and under the Criminal Procedure Act. So that }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 it}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036  is not difficul
t to find some enactment which gives the authority or the power which the policeman applies and which give rise to the obligations and rights.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 My conclusion then therefore in this particular case is that the accused was detained or was under de facto arrest at about {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname time}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0
{\xmlattrname Hour}{\xmlattrvalue 10}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Minute}{\xmlattrvalue 30}}}half past ten}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 {\*\xmlclose} in the morn}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 ing. He was not informed of his right to a lawyer but he was entitled to be informed of his right }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403760 to a lawyer at about that time i}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 n the morning. It was too late to do it at the end of the interview and the obtaining of the full statement. In those circumstances then I rule}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16149382  that the written statement is i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 nadmissible.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403760 Now that leaves of course the i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 nterview which was not taken down }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036  writing it seems between about {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname time}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Hour}
{\xmlattrvalue 10}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Minute}{\xmlattrvalue 30}}}half past nine{\*\xmlclose} and {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname time}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Hour}{\xmlattrvalue 10}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Minute}
{\xmlattrvalue 30}}}half past ten{\*\xmlclose} }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036  the morning.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 
As I have said the duty and the requirement for the commencement of the right to have a lawyer and the corresponding or allied duty to be informed of that right arises on the arrest or detention of the accused. A mere suspect who is being interviewed }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 
 not a subject of such a right and is not required to be given any information of the right. It is only when the police officer reaches the point at which the person }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 is}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036  no longer just a suspect or and perhaps more important, where the person }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 is}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11403760  i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 n detention or in de facto arrest. I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4463573 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 ve said that this occurred at 10.30. There is a question as to whether it might have occurred at an earlier point. The evidence was that the accused was at the Police Station, he was to
ld to wait, that is the evidence that is before me and he was there he says for some two hours but I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4463573 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 
m inclined to think that it was for a shorter period than that.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 In all the circumstances I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4463573 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036 
m not persuaded that the accused was in detention o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4344546\charrsid15346036 r under any form of arrest before}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6247040\charrsid15346036  {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1
{\factoidname time}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Hour}{\xmlattrvalue 10}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Minute}{\xmlattrvalue 30}}}10.30am{\*\xmlclose}
. I rule therefore that the evidence of the interview with the Detective Sergeant before that is admissible.
\par }}