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\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9459269 \fs24\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\cs18\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid4855123 {\*\bkmkstart BM9452_}[2002] NZAR 520}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid4855123 {\*\bkmkend BM9452_}
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373620 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4855123 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4855123\charrsid4855123 HIGH COURT OF THE COOK ISLANDS
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4855123\charrsid9459269 CR 147/01
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373620 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4855123\charrsid9459269 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373620 {\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 P}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4855123 OLICE
\par 
\par }{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4855123\charrsid9459269 V}{\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4855123 
\par 
\par }{\cs19\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 T}{\cs19\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4855123 UTAKIAU}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373620 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4855123 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 19 November 2001}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269\charrsid9459269 
{\*\bkmkstart SEGH_CATCHWORDS}
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373620 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269\charrsid9459269 
\par }{\cs20\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 CATCHWORDS:}{\cs20\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269\charrsid9459269 {\*\bkmkend SEGH_CATCHWORDS}
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6885765 {\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid6885765 
Admissibility of evidence - Cook Islands - Arrest or detention - Positive duty to inform detainee or arrestee of the right to consult a lawyer - Rights to be given as soon as detention or arrest o
ccurs - Constitution of the Cook Islands, Art 65- Criminal Procedure Act 1980-1981 (Cook Islands), s 9 - Police Act (Cook Islands) - Crimes Act (Cook Islands) - Acts Interpretation Act 1924, s 5(j)}{
\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269\charrsid6885765 {\*\bkmkstart SEGH_HEADNOTE}
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2373620 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269\charrsid9459269 
\par }{\cs20\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 HEADNOTE:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269\charrsid9459269 {\*\bkmkend SEGH_HEADNOTE}
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9459269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 The accused attended
 a Police Station where he was put into a room and agreed to wait. A detective informally interviewed him for some time during which the accused made a general admission of guilt. Thereafter from about 10:35 am he was formally interviewed for some hours, 
u
ntil he signed a confession statement at 5:05 pm. He was then arrested and charged with rape and told that he had a right to consult a solicitor. In a voir dire the voluntariness of the written statement was challenged upon the basis that it was taken in 
b
reach of the Constitution of the Cook Islands, which provided that any person ''who is arrested or detained'' has the right to retain and instruct a lawyer without delay. The accused had not been informed until the completion of the statement that he had 
t}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6885765 he right to retain}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269  a lawyer.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par 
\par }{\cs20\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 Held}{\cs20\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6885765 :}{\cs20\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 (Ruling that the written statement was inadmissible as being in violation of a right protected by the Cook Islands Constitution)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 (1) Article 65(1)(c)(ii) of the Cook Islands Constitution should not be r
ead narrowly or strictly. It provided an open right to any person detained or arrested to retain and instruct a lawyer. On a generous and purposive construction, the constitutional right to instruct a lawyer came with a companion right to be informed of t
he existence of the right to instruct a lawyer and to be given advice of those rights as soon as any person was detained or was under de facto arrest.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 (2) On the facts the accused was under de facto arrest upon the completion of the informal oral statement
 containing a confession and before he commenced the formal written statement. A mere suspect who is being interviewed is not a person under arrest or detention and therefore the earlier informal interview was admissible, while the later statement was ina
dmissible.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 {\*\bkmkstart SEGH_CASESREFTO}
\par 
\par }{\cs20\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 {\*\bkmkend SEGH_CASESREFTO}Case referred to in judgment}{\cs20\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6885765 :}{\cs20\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par }{\cs18\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 R v Wilson}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269  [1981] 1 NZLR 316 (CA){\*\bkmkstart SEGH_INTRODUCTION}
\par 
\par }{\cs20\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 {\*\bkmkend SEGH_INTRODUCTION}Application}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 This was an application by way of voir dire to challenge the admissibility of a statement which was taken by the Police from the accused on 25 March 2001}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 {\*\bkmkstart SEGH_COUNSEL}.
\par 
\par }{\cs20\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 COUNSEL:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 {\*\bkmkend SEGH_COUNSEL} }{\cs18\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 P Elikana}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269  for the Police.
\par }{\cs18\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 J McCleary}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 {\*\bkmkstart SEGH_PANEL} for the accused.
\par 
\par }{\cs20\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 {\*\bkmkstart SEGH_JUDGMENT1}{\*\bkmkend SEGH_PANEL}JUDGMENT}{\cs20\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6885765  OF }{\cs20\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6885765\charrsid9459269 
GREIG CJ.}{\cs20\b\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 :}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 {\*\bkmkend SEGH_JUDGMENT1}
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 This is an application which I have heard by way of voir dire to challenge the admissibility of the statement which was
 taken by the Police from the accused on 25 March 2001. The only evidence which has been put before me has come from the Detective Sergeant who took the statement and the evidence of the accused himself. There are one or two factual matters which though n
ot incontrovertible are not altogether challenged.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 
The facts upon which I proceed to give this decision begin with the accused being taken to the Police Station quite early in the morning of 25 March 2001. According to his evidence he was put in a room and
 told to wait there. He says he waited for about two hours. It appears that during that time he was not questioned by anybody. The Detective Sergeant who took the statement had not been on duty but was called to duty earlier in the day. He was not given a
ny specific task to perform in the investigation that was ongoing following the complainant's complaint. At or about 9.30 in the morning the Detective Sergeant having learnt that the accused was present at the Police Station decided to talk
 to him. The Detective Sergeant did not at that stage have any but the broadest information about the events and had no knowledge of any of the details of the complainant's complaint. The Detective Sergeant started speaking in a general way to the accused
.
 He advised him that he did not have to speak to him but spoke to him generally about the desirability of telling the truth. The accused says that in this general conversation he was told that he would have to stay there until he spoke the truth, that ass
e
rtion was not challenged. During this conversation which took about an hour the accused made a general admission of guilt. Following that the Detective Sergeant asked some further questions and obtained some details from the accused of what had occurred. 
T
he Detective did not, in evidence, give any detail of that oral interview. Following a discussion with his superior officer the Detective sought some clarification from the accused as to the way he had entered the complainant's house. He then asked the ac
cused if he would make a written statement. The accused agreed and both then moved into the Detective's offic}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6885765 e where the Detective proceeded}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 
 to take a statement on his computer. It was in question and answer form and in Maori. It began with a form of caution.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 
The statement is recorded as beginning at 10.35 am and concluded at 3.30 pm. There was opportunity for breaks for toilet and refreshment and a break is recorded at 12.18 pm to 12.40 pm. At 3.30 pm the Detective printed the statement an
d left the accused to read it. At 5.05 pm the accused signed the statement recording in his own hand that it was correct. He was then arrested and charged with rape and told that he had a right to a solicitor and was asked if he had any complaint and was 
e
ntitled to see a doctor. He indicated that he did not want a lawyer. He was not advised of any right to a solicitor at any earlier time by the Detective or by any other Police officer. It was the accused's evidence that after about half an hour after the 
Detective began to speak to him he asked to make a phone call but his request was ignored. He said that he intended to call his grandparents. He said that he did not know that he had a right to a lawyer.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 

\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 The grounds of challenge were that the statement was involuntary and that it was taken in breach of the Constitution of the Cook Islands.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 

\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 On the issue of voluntariness reference was made to }{\cs18\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 R v Wilson}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 
 [1981] 1 NZLR 316 (CA). That was a very different case on its facts and is of little assistance here. Though the accused was in the Police Station and under questioning for a long time I am satisfied that the statements oral and written were voluntary an
d were not subject to any oppression or overbearing conduct which made them unfair or inadmissible.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 The Constitution of the Cook Islands contains in Part IVA a declaration of fundamental human rights and freedoms. Article 65 was relied on and as relevant}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269  to this case reads as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4855123 {\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269\charrsid4855123 65.}{\cs20\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4855123  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 (1)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269  }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 
Subject to subclause (2) of this Article and to subclause (2) of Article 64 hereof, every enactment shall be so construed and applied as not to abrogate, abridge, or infringe or to authorise the abrogation, abridge
ment, or infringement of any of the rights or freedoms recognised and declared by subclause (1) of Article 64 hereof, and in particular no enactment shall be construed or applied so as to - }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9459269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4855123 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 ...}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9459269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4855123 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 (c)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 Deprive any person who is arrested or detained - }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9459269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid4855123 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 ...}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9459269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par }\pard \ql \li2160\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin2160\itap0\pararsid4855123 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 (ii)}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269  }{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 Of the right, wherever practicable to retain and instruct a barrister or solicitor with}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 out delay;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9459269 {\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 Subclause (2) of Art 65 requires all Acts and their provisions to be construed purposively and ''to receive such fair, large, and libe
ral construction and interpretation as will best ensure the attainment of the object of the enactment according to its true intent, meaning and spirit''. This subclause corresponds to the provisions and intent of s 5(j) of the former Acts Interpretation A
ct 1924 of New Zealand.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 I think it
 is relevant to note here that there is in addition a further enactment in s 9 of the Criminal Procedure Act 1980-81. Subsection (1) of that says that it is the duty of everyone arresting any other person to inform prompt
ly the person arrested of the grounds of his arrest and of any charge against him and to allow him to consult a legal practitioner of his own choice without delay, so that there is a positive enactment in that regard.}{
\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 I think it must be said that where th
ere is a right to retain and instruct a lawyer that has to be an open right. It is not a right if it is kept secret; if a person is unaware of it and is not told of it. So that there is, concurrent with that right, clearly a right to be informed of it and
 that information has to be given at a reasonable time at an early time; so that it can be exercised in an effective way if it is so wished.}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269 
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 The provisions of the Constitution and in particular Art 65 do not provide as does the New Zealand
 and the Canadian Bill of Rights provisions a positive duty to inform as to the right. Moreover Art 65 talks about the construction and application of enactments so that it has as it appears an interpretative tendency in construction and application. But 
a
s I have said, these provisions should not be read narrowly or strictly and it would not be right to say that because it was difficult or not easy to show which enactment was being construed or applied but there was not in a case such as this any right to
 
a lawyer, any right to be informed in proper time as to that right. In any event of course the Detective Sergeant and any Policeman is acting in accordance with and under the powers and authorities that are given to him under the Police Act, under the Cri
mes Act and under the Criminal Procedure Act. So that it is not difficult to find some enactment which gives the authority or the power which the Policeman applies and which gives rise}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269\charrsid9459269 
 to the obligations and rights.
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 My conclusion then therefore in 
this particular case is that the accused was detained or was under de facto arrest at about half past ten in the morning. He was not informed of his right to a lawyer but he was entitled to be informed of his right to a lawyer at about that time i
n the morning. It was too late to do it at the end of the interview and the obtaining of the full statement. In those circumstances then I rule that the wri}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269\charrsid9459269 tten statement is inadmissible.

\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 Now that leaves of course the interview which was not taken down in writing it seems between about half past nine an}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269\charrsid9459269 
d half past ten in the morning.
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 As I have said the duty and requirement for the commencement of the right to have a lawyer and the corresponding or allied duty to be informed of that right arises on the arr
est or detention of the accused. A mere suspect who is being interviewed is not a subject of such a right and is not required to be given any information of the right. It is only when the Police officer reaches the point at which the person is no longer j
ust a suspect or and perhaps more important, where the person is in detention or in de facto arrest. I have said that this occurred at 10.30. There is a question as to whether it might have occurred at an earlier point. The evidence was 
that the accused was at the Police Station, he was told to wait, that is the evidence that is before me and he was there he says for some two hours but I am inclined to think that it was }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269\charrsid9459269 
for a shorter period than that.
\par 
\par }{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 In all the circumstances I am not pe
rsuaded that the accused was in detention or under any form of arrest before 10.30 am. I rule therefore that the evidence of the interview with the Detective Serg}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9459269\charrsid9459269 
eant before that is admissible.
\par 
\par }\pard \qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6885765 {\cs18\i\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 Reported by:}{\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2373620\charrsid9459269 
 Gerard McCoy QC
\par }}