{\rtf1\adeflang1025\ansi\ansicpg0\uc1\adeff0\deff0\stshfdbch0\stshfloch0\stshfhich0\stshfbi0\deflang8192\deflangfe8192\themelang8192\themelangfe0\themelangcs0{\fonttbl{\f0\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f34\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02040503050406030204}Cambria Math;}
{\f37\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}{\f43\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Segoe UI;}{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0302020204030204}Calibri Light;}
{\fbimajor\f31503\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\flominor\f31504\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}
{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman;}{\f44\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\f45\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\f47\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\f48\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\f49\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\f50\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\f51\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\f52\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\f384\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Cambria Math CE;}{\f385\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Cambria Math Cyr;}
{\f387\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Cambria Math Greek;}{\f388\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Cambria Math Tur;}{\f391\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Cambria Math Baltic;}{\f392\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Cambria Math (Vietnamese);}
{\f414\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\f415\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\f417\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\f418\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\f419\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri (Hebrew);}{\f420\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri (Arabic);}{\f421\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\f422\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}
{\f474\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Segoe UI CE;}{\f475\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Segoe UI Cyr;}{\f477\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Segoe UI Greek;}{\f478\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Segoe UI Tur;}
{\f479\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Segoe UI (Hebrew);}{\f480\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Segoe UI (Arabic);}{\f481\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Segoe UI Baltic;}{\f482\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Segoe UI (Vietnamese);}
{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri Light CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Light Cyr;}
{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Light Greek;}{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Light Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31533\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri Light (Hebrew);}
{\fhimajor\f31534\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri Light (Arabic);}{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Light Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri Light (Vietnamese);}
{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}
{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}
{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}
{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}
{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}
{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}
{\fhiminor\f31573\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri (Hebrew);}{\fhiminor\f31574\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri (Arabic);}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE;}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr;}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek;}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur;}{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew);}
{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic);}{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic;}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese);}}
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\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 }\noqfpromote {\upr{\stylesheet{\ql \li0\ri0\sb100\sa100\sbauto1\saauto1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
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\sbasedon10 \slink21 \ssemihidden Header Char;}{\*\cs23 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden page number;}{\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
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Appearances1;}{\s40\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext40 \spriority0 \styrsid11299811 
Party Name Criminal;}{\s41\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext41 \spriority0 \styrsid11299811 
Versus;}{\s42\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs18\lang8192\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp8192\langfenp2057 
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\sbasedon0 \snext44 \slink45 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid9261576 Raynor;}{\*\cs45 \additive \fs22\lang0\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp0\langfenp1033 \slink44 \spriority0 \styrsid9261576 Raynor Char;}}{\*\ud\uc0{\stylesheet{
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heading 3;}{\s4\ql \li0\ri0\sb240\sa60\keepn\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\outlinelevel3\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af0\afs28\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f37\fs28\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 
\sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink18 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \sqformat \spriority9 \styrsid9378437 heading 4;}{\*\cs10 \additive \ssemihidden \spriority1 Default Paragraph Font;}{\*
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\rtlch\fcs1 \ab\af31503\afs32 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs32\lang5129\langfe2057\kerning32\loch\f31502\hich\af31502\dbch\af31501\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink1 \spriority9 Heading 1 Char;}{\*\cs16 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \ab\ai\af31503\afs28 \ltrch\fcs0 
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\sbasedon10 \slink3 \spriority9 \styrsid9378437 Heading 3 Char;}{\*\cs18 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\f37\fs28\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink4 \ssemihidden \spriority9 \styrsid9378437 Heading 4 Char;}{
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\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext21 \slink22 \ssemihidden header;}{\*\cs22 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057 
\sbasedon10 \slink21 \ssemihidden Header Char;}{\*\cs23 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden page number;}{\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext24 \spriority0 Number;}{\s25\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink26 \ssemihidden Salutation;}{\*\cs26 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057 
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\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext27 \slink28 \ssemihidden footer;}{\*\cs28 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink27 \ssemihidden Footer Char;}{
\s29\qc \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp240 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp240 \tx5103\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext29 \sautoupd \spriority0 \styrsid15939473 Waistband;}{\s30\qj \li709\ri686\sb240\widctlpar
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Quotations;}{\s31\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 
\sbasedon0 \snext31 \slink32 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid10289806 footnote text;}{\*\cs32 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon10 \slink31 \ssemihidden \styrsid10289806 Footnote Text Char;}{\*
\cs33 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \super \sbasedon10 \ssemihidden \sunhideused \styrsid10289806 footnote reference;}{\s34\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs20\cf1\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 \sbasedon0 \snext0 \slink35 \sqformat \spriority29 \styrsid10289806 Quote;}{\*\cs35 \additive \rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\cf1\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057 
\sbasedon10 \slink34 \spriority29 \styrsid10289806 Quote Char;}{\s36\ql \li720\ri0\sa200\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\contextualspace \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\f37\fs22\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 \sbasedon0 \snext36 \sqformat \spriority34 \styrsid1653495 List Paragraph;}{\s37\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext37 \sautoupd \spriority0 \styrsid11299811 Title Case;}{\s38\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext0 \spriority0 \styrsid11299811 AlignRight;}{
\s39\ql \fi-1418\li1418\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \sbasedon0 \snext39 \spriority0 \styrsid11299811 
Appearances1;}{\s40\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext40 \spriority0 \styrsid11299811 
Party Name Criminal;}{\s41\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 \snext41 \spriority0 \styrsid11299811 
Versus;}{\s42\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs18\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \f43\fs18\lang8192\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp8192\langfenp2057 
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\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 
\sbasedon0 \snext44 \slink45 \sqformat \spriority0 \styrsid9261576 Raynor;}{\*\cs45 \additive \fs22\lang0\langfe1033\dbch\af0\langnp0\langfenp1033 \slink44 \spriority0 \styrsid9261576 Raynor Char;}}}}{\*\listtable{\list\listtemplateid-1\listhybrid
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{\*\ud\uc0{\title CROWNRUL}}}{\upr{\author AISTOND}{\*\ud\uc0{\author AISTOND}}}{\upr{\operator Liliviwa Baleimatuku}{\*\ud\uc0{\operator Liliviwa Baleimatuku}}}{\creatim\yr2023\mo11\dy10\hr15\min7}{\revtim\yr2023\mo11\dy10\hr15\min50}
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\widowctrl\ftnbj\aenddoc\trackmoves0\trackformatting1\donotembedsysfont1\relyonvml0\donotembedlingdata0\grfdocevents0\validatexml1\showplaceholdtext0\ignoremixedcontent0\saveinvalidxml0\showxmlerrors1\noxlattoyen
\expshrtn\noultrlspc\dntblnsbdb\nospaceforul\formshade\horzdoc\dghspace180\dgvspace180\dghorigin1701\dgvorigin1984\dghshow0\dgvshow0\jexpand\viewkind1\viewscale100\pgbrdrhead\pgbrdrfoot\nolnhtadjtbl\nojkernpunct\rsidroot2416 \fet0{\*\wgrffmtfilter 2450}
\ilfomacatclnup0{\*\template p:\\apps\\office2007\\templates\\Non-Contemp\\Criminal_Ruling_Crown_template_1_2.dot}{\*\ftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid1734898 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\ftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid1734898 \chftnsepc 
\par }}{\*\aftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid1734898 \chftnsep 
\par }}{\*\aftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid1734898 \chftnsepc 
\par }}\ltrpar \sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\titlepg\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid8802738\sftnbj {\headerl \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\pvpara\phmrg\posxc\posy0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\field\flddirty{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs23\insrsid16265130 PAGE  }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs23\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid16265130 1}}}\sectd \ltrsect\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs23\insrsid16265130 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16265130 
\par }}{\headerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\pvpara\phmrg\posxc\posy0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs23\insrsid16265130 PAGE  }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs23\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid15606398 16}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs23\insrsid16265130 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s21\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16265130 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar
\tqr\tx8190\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15939473 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid11299811\charrsid3679533 IN THE COURT OF }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3347521\charrsid3679533 APPEAL OF }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11299811\charrsid3679533 THE COOK ISLANDS}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid14053190\charrsid3679533   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4072785\charrsid3679533 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid15939473\charrsid15939473 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s37\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx567\tqr\tx8190\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4072785 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4260966\charrsid3679533 HELD AT }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11299811\charrsid3679533 RAROTONGA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4072785\charrsid3679533 \tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9261576\charrsid3679533 Ca  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12845210 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9261576\charrsid3679533 /}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid9261576 20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12845210 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9261576 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299811 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11299811\charrsid3679533 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi-1417\li5245\ri0\sa120\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5245\itap0\pararsid12590965 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid13188034\charrsid13188034 BETWEEN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid13188034 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs22\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 PAUL RAUI ALLSWORTH}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid13188034\charrsid13188034 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \fi-1417\li5245\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5245\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 App}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid13188034\charrsid13188034 l}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 ic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid13188034\charrsid13188034 ant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid13188034 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1417\li5245\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5245\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid9261576\charrsid13188034 

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid13188034\charrsid13188034 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1417\li5245\ri0\sa120\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5245\itap0\pararsid12590965 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid13188034\charrsid13188034 AND}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid13188034 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs22\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 HENRY TUAKEU PUNA and MARK STEPHEN BROWN}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid13188034\charrsid13188034 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\qr \fi-1417\li5245\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin5245\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid13188034\charrsid13188034 
Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid13188034\charrsid13188034 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299811 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid11299811 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13188034 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe5129\langnp5129\langfenp5129\insrsid13188034\charrsid3679533 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \fi-1800\li1800\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1800\itap0\pararsid3679533 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3679533\charrsid3679533 
Coram:\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4616403 White }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13188034 P, }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 Fisher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid15939473  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13188034 JA, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13188034\charrsid3679533 Asher JA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3679533\charrsid3679533 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \fi-1800\li1800\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1800\itap0\pararsid3679533 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4072785\charrsid3679533 Hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11299811\charrsid3679533 :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12845210 17 November}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid9199757  2021 (CIT) / 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12845210 8}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9199757  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12845210 November}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid9199757  2021 (NZT)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11299811\charrsid3679533 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi-1800\li1800\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1800\itap0\pararsid3679533 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3679533\charrsid3679533 Appearances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11299811\charrsid3679533 :\tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 N George}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid9199757  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13188034\charrsid13188034 for the Appl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 ic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13188034\charrsid13188034 ant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11299811\charrsid3679533 
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 K Raftery QC and B Marshall for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13188034\charrsid13188034 the Respondent}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210  Henry Puna}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11299811 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \tab K Raftery QC and T Arnold for the Respondent Mark Brown
\par \tab A Maxwell-Scott and J Epati for the Crown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210\charrsid3679533 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10360102\charrsid3679533 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3347521\charrsid15938749 Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10428257\charrsid15938749 
:\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid15606398 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13188034\charrsid15938749  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 December}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10360102\charrsid15938749  20}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13188034\charrsid15938749 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10360102\charrsid15938749 1
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299811 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11299811\charrsid3679533 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid16192782\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth8414\clshdrawnil \cellx8306\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qc \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\intbl\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp240 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp240 
\tx5103\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid8853809 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3347521 
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF APPEAL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15939473\charrsid8853809 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11299811\charrsid3280072 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid16192782\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth8414\clshdrawnil \cellx8306\row }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid16672649\charrsid6700211 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5259627 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210\charrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 A.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi-570\li1279\ri0\sa240\sl276\slmult1
\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin1279\itap0\pararsid1661041 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12845210\charrsid12845210 
The application for special leave to appeal to the Court of Appeal under Article 60(2) of the Cook Islands Constitution against the judgment of the Chief Justice delivered on 19 March 2021 acquitting the Respondents on all charges laid by the Applicant is
 declined.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210\charrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 B.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi-570\li1279\ri0\sa240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls11\adjustright\rin0\lin1279\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12845210\charrsid12845210 
The Applicant is to pay the Respondents costs in the sum of $1,500 with disbursements to be fixed by the Registrar.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5259627 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa240\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12845210\charrsid12845210 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5259627 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid13202773 \page }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid5259627\charrsid16265130 Introduction
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [1]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 The Applicant
 brought two sets of private prosecutions against the Respondents, who are respectively the former Prime Minister and the current Prime Minister of the Cook Islands, alleging offences of conspiracy under the Crimes Act 1989 and the Ministry of Finance and
 Economic Management Act 1995-96 following the 2018 Cook Islands General Election which had left neither of the two main political parties with a majority. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13202773  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
In essence the informations laid against the Respondents alleged fraudulent use of public funds to fly two recently elected Members of Parliament from two outer islands to Rarotonga for the purpose of discussions around the formation of a Government.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [2]\tab}
The informations went to trial before the Chief Justice Sir Hugh Williams sitting, by consent, as a judge alone in March 2021. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13202773  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
After four days of evidence, the Applicant, as informant, formally closed his case and the Respondents applied for the informations to be dismissed on the ground the evidence disclosed no case to answer.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [3]\tab}
After hearing submissions for the parties, the Chief Justice delivered an oral decision accepting the Respondents' application, dismissing all the informations and acquitting the respondents on all charges.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3099066 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3099066\charrsid13202773 
Allsworth v Puna and Brown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066 , CKHC 19 March 2021, at [136]-[140].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [4]\tab}
In July 2021 the Applicant applied out of time for leave to appeal to the Court of Appeal against the dismissal of his private prosecution. The application was heard in August 2021 and declined by the Chief Justice in a reserved decision delivered on 1 Se
ptember 2021.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3099066 \rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3099066\charrsid13202773 Allsworth v Puna and Brown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066 , CKHC 1 September 2021.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
 The Chief Justice decided there was no jurisdiction to grant leave to appeal following a no case to answer judgment and, if there had been jurisdiction, there was no basis for extending the time for the application for leave to appeal or for granting it.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [5]\tab}
On 28 September 2021 the Applicant applied to the Court of Appeal under Article 60(2) of the Cook Islands Constitution for special leave to appeal against the judgment of the Chief Justice delivered on 19 March 2021 acquitting the Respondents on all the c
harges laid by the Applicant. The application for special leave was opposed by the Respondents.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [6]\tab}Prior to the hearing of the application}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10122698 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
 the Court invited the Crown to provide assistance on the legal issues relating to the interpretation of Article 60(2) and the jurisdiction of the Court to hear an appeal against an acquittal in a private prosecution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3099066 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  \tab Minute of White P dated 18 October 2021.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12845210  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 The Court was grateful to Ms Maxwell-Scott and Ms Epati for their helpful written and oral submissions.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [7]\tab}
Following receipt of the written submissions for the Applicant and the Respondents, it appeared that the parties were under the misapprehension the Court would be addressing the merits of the proposed appeal when hearing and determining the application fo
r special leave. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
The Court therefore sought further written submissions from the parties addressing the issues relating to the interpretation of Article 60(2) and the threshold question about prosecution appeals against acquittals and no case dismissals.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3099066 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  \tab Minute of White P dated 15 November 2021.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12845210    }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 The Court was grateful to Counsel for the Respondents for their written and oral submissions on these issues.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [8]\tab}At the hearing of the application for special leave, it appeared that Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14292854  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
Norman George, Counsel for the Applicant, had not received the Court's request for these further submissions or copies of the further submissions provided by the Respondents and the Crown. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 We therefore ensured he was given sufficient time during the hearing to respond to them. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
The Court was grateful to Mr George for his submissions on all the relevant issues.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [9]\tab}
As the application for special leave was heard during the Covid-19 pandemic, the Judges were unable to travel to Rarotonga and the application was heard by Zoom with White P in Wellington, Fisher and Asher JJA in Auckland, Mr Raftery QC in Auckland, and o
ther Counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10122698 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  the Registrar and members of the public in the courtroom in Rarotonga.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3099066 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  \tab 
By s 53(3) of the Judicature Act 1980-81 as inserted by s 2 of the Judicature Amendment Act 2011 and rule 40 of the Court of Appeal Rules 2012.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 We thank Counsel and the Court staff for their co-operation.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [10]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6363543 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 The judgment proceeds under the following headings:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sa240\widctlpar
\tx709\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid3099066 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 The jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}No right of appeal under Article 60(1).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}No question of law reserved.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}The test under Article 60(2).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}The rule against double jeopardy.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (f)\tab}No special category for private prosecutors.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (g)\tab}The interests of justice in this case.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (h)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sa360\sl480\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid3099066 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 Costs.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13202773 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16720379 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid16720379\charrsid16720379 (a)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12845210\charrsid16720379 The jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [11]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
The jurisdiction of the Court of Appeal to hear and determine appeals is governed by Article 60 of the Cook Islands Constitution as amended in 2009 which provides:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li709\ri685\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin685\lin709\itap0\pararsid16720379 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12845210\charrsid16720379 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\fs22\insrsid12845210\charrsid16720379 Jurisdiction of Court of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12845210\charrsid16720379 
\par 60}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12845210\charrsid16720379 (1) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12845210\charrsid16720379 
Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, and as may be prescribed by Act, the Court of Appeal shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine -
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi-425\li1418\ri685\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin685\lin1418\itap0\pararsid16720379 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16720379\charrsid16720379 (a)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12845210\charrsid16720379 Any appeal from a judgment of the High Court; and
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid16720379\charrsid16720379 (b)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12845210\charrsid16720379 Any cause or matter removed by the High Court to the Court of Appeal.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li709\ri685\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin685\lin709\itap0\pararsid16720379 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12845210\charrsid16720379 
(2)  Notwithstanding anything in subclause (1) of this Article, and any limitations as may be prescribed by Act, the Court of Appeal may in any case in which it thinks fit and at any time, grant special leave to appeal to that Court from any judgment of t
he High Court, subject to such conditions as to security for costs and otherwise as the Court of Appeal thinks fit.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li709\ri685\sa360\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin685\lin709\itap0\pararsid16720379 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12845210\charrsid16720379 (3) In this Artic
le the term "judgment" includes any judgment, decree, order, writ, declaration, conviction, sentence, or other determination."
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [12]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
Article 60(1) provides a right of appeal from the High Court to the Court of Appeal subject to the provisions of the Constitution and "as may be prescribed by any Act".}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12845210  An Act may "prescribe" an appeal either by providing for it or by precluding or limiting it.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [13]\tab}
Examples of statutory provisions providing for appeals are ss 58 and 67 of the Judicature Amendment Act 2011.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
 The former provides a right to appeal in civil cases which meet prescribed criteria.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
 The latter provides for appeals in criminal cases: appeals as of right against any conviction in the High Court and by the Solicitor-General against sentence, and appeals with leave following conviction in ce}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid16720379 rtain prescribed circumstances.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [14]\tab}Examples of such statutory provisions precluding or limiting appeals are ss}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14292854  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
479(3) and 390A(2) of the Cook Islands Act 1915, which provide that certain judgments of the High Court in land cases are final, ss 58 and 59 of the Judicature Amendment Act, which contain prescribed criteria for appeals, and s 58(5) of the Judicature Ame
ndment Act, which precludes appeals against a range of High Court interlocutory judgments in civil cases.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [15]\tab}
Article 60(1) also recognises that the Court of Appeal has jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from judgments of the High Court when that Court itself has granted leave to appeal: }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 in civil cases under s 58(3) of the Judicature Amendment Act and in criminal cases under s 68 of that Act.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
 The criteria for the High Court to grant leave in civil cases under s 58(3) include the "general or public importance" of the question involved, "the magnitude of the interest affected", and "where the justice of the case so requires".}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  The criteria for the grant of leave in criminal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3696687  cases under s 68}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
(1) relate to the level of the sentence imposed.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [16]\tab}
Article 60(2) then confers jurisdiction on the Court of Appeal to grant "special leave" to appeal "in any case" if the Court "thinks fit".}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
 As the opening words of Article 60(2) make clear, the jurisdiction exists notwithstanding anything in Article 60(1) or "any limitations as may be prescribed by Act". }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12845210 In other words, none of the statutory provisions precluding or limiting appeals prevent the Court of Appeal from exercising its "special leave" jurisdiction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12845210  In the case of the limitations under s 58 of the Judicature Amendment Act, this is expressly confirmed by s 58(7).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [17]\tab}
Article 60(2) is to be contrasted with its predecessor (Article 60(3)) which was "subject to such limitations as may be prescribed by Act."}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3099066 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  \tab Compare }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3099066\charrsid16720379 Drollet v Police}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  [2003] CKCA 2 at [7] and [9].}
}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
 As the explanatory note to the 2009 Constitution Amendment Act states, the deletion of this restriction on the Court's "special leave" jurisdiction was intended. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12845210 The new Article 60(2) was intended to entrench "a wide discretion in the Court of Appeal to grant special leave against a decision of the High Court".
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [18]\tab}
The expression "special leave" for leave granted by the Court of Appeal is used to distinguish the nature of this leave from the ordinary leave to appeal granted by the High Court under ss 58(3) and 68 of the Judicature Act. Leave to appeal granted by the
 Court of Appeal is "special" because it is granted by the Court of Appeal in cases when there is no right of appeal or when the High Court has declined to grant ordinary leave.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [19]\tab}
We discuss the approach which the Court should take in exercising its "wide discretion" under Article 60(2) below.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3099066 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3696687 At [25]-[35]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13202773 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16720379 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid12845210\charrsid16720379 (b)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16720379 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12845210\charrsid16720379 No right of appeal under Article 60(1).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [20]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 There is no dispute there is no }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10122698 statutory }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 right of appeal to the Court of Appeal by a prosecutor, whether the Crown or a private person, against an acquittal following the dismissal of a criminal charge and}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066 
 the discharge of a defendant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3099066 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  \tab 
Criminal Procedure Act 1980-81, ss 111(2) and (3).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [21]\tab}Criminal appeals as of right to the Court of Appeal relate to convictions not acquittals.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3099066 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  \tab Judicature Amendment Act 2011, s 67.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12845210  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [22]\tab}
Apart from s 76 of the Judicature Act 1980-81, there is no Cook Islands statute which provides expressly for a right of appeal by a prosecutor against an acquittal. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12845210 This means there is no provision "prescribing" an appeal of this nature in terms of Article 60(1) of the Constitution. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
The exception under s 76 of the Judicature Act relates solely to acquittals in summary trials presided over by Justices of the Peace. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
While s 76 has no application in this case, we note the decision of the Chief Justice in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12845210\charrsid16720379 Solicitor-General v Boaza}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid3099066\charrsid10122698 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3099066 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  \tab [2011] CKHC 46 at [47]-[49].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
 where he suggested the Crown should exercise constraint before bringing appeals against acquittals in the context of that provision.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [23]\tab}
There is also no dispute that a prosecutor, whether the Crown or a private person, has no right to apply to the High Court for ordinary leave to appeal against an acquittal. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid16720379  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12845210 The right to apply for leave in criminal cases relates only to convictions not acquittals.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3099066 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  \tab Judicature Amendment Act 2011, s 68.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13202773 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16720379\charrsid16720379 \tab (c)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12845210\charrsid16720379 No question of law reserved.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [24]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
There is no dispute the Chief Justice might have reserved a question of law at the trial for the opinion of the Court of Appeal,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3099066 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  \tab Judicature Amendment Act 2011, s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14292854  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066 75D.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12845210  including any question of law raised by the Applicant as the private prosecutor in this case, but no request was made and n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066 o question of law was reserved.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3099066 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  \tab Judgment declining leave}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10122698 
, above note 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  at [22].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13202773 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid16720379 \tab (d)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid12845210\charrsid16720379 The test under Article 60(2).
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [25]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 Mr George submitted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10122698  that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12845210  "special leave" required "extraordinary circumstances" outside the realm of the ordinary with the case raising issues of public interest and importance and the question of overall justice. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [26]\tab}
Both Mr Raftery QC for the Respondents and Ms Maxwell-Scott for the Crown noted the provisions of Article 60(2) before its amendment in 2009, the explanatory note to the amendment and relevant authorities.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  Both submitted the Court's discretion was not unfettered, but required the Court to be satisfied the case was of "special public importance" before granting special leave.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  They cited decisions of this Court which they}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  submitted were to this effect.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3099066 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3696687  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3696687 Tu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid3099066\charrsid16720379 akeu v Tangata}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  [2014] CKCA 1 at [8] and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3099066\charrsid16720379 Johnstone v Police Department}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3099066  [2015] CKCA 3 at [3].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [27]\tab}
We do not agree that these authorities go so far as to suggest "special public importance" is an absolute requirement for the Court in exercising its "special leave" jurisdiction. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12845210\charrsid13202773 Tuakeu v Tangata}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
 the Court said that had there not been jurisdiction to appeal under s 58(5) of the Judicature Amendment Act the "safety-net" was that it could, and would, have given leave to appeal under Article 60(2) as a case of "public importance"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15606398 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid10122698 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10122698 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid10122698 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10122698  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid10122698 Tuakeu v Tangata}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10122698 , above note 14 at [8].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
As the case concerned an election petition, it clearly was a case of public importance.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
 But the Court did not purport to lay down an exhaustive test for all types of case.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [28]\tab}In the second case cited, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12845210\charrsid13202773 Johnstone v Police Department}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 , the Court was careful to avoid confining the grant of leave under Article 60(2) to cases of special public importance, saying}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15606398 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid10122698 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid10122698 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid10122698 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10122698  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10122698 Johnstone v Police Department}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10122698 , above note 14 at [3].}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li709\ri685\sa360\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin685\lin709\itap0\pararsid1706882 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid12845210\charrsid1706882 
"Although special leave under that provision is normally reserved for cases of special public importance, the power of the Court is sufficiently flexible to accommodate unusual situations in order to make a person's right to appeal meaningful."
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1706882 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
This presupposes that, however unusual, there could be cases in which special leave to appeal would be justified even though lacking special public importance. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210\charrsid1706882 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [29]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12845210\charrsid1706882 Johnstone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
 involved an appeal to the High Court following conviction for a drink driving offence by a Justice of the Peace before sentence had been imposed. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
The Court of Appeal granted special leave to appeal under Article 60(2) because the irregularities were not the fault of the parties.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [30]\tab}In our view, as the decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12845210\charrsid3099066 Johnstone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
 illustrates, it would not be appropriate to adopt a test for the exercise of the Court's discretion under Article 60(2) which might be said to prevent a grant of leave in a case when the Court thought "fit" in the wider interests of justice leave should 
be granted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  The Court has a wide discretion which should not be unduly fettered in that way.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [31]\tab}
Bearing in mind the range of both civil and criminal High Court judgments which might give rise to an application for special leave under Article 60(2) and the need to ensure the "safety-net", as the Court put it in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12845210\charrsid13202773 Tuakeu v Tangata}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3099066 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  \tab Above }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3696687 note}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3696687 14}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  remains available, it would be unwise to adopt a test which set the bar for the exercise of the Court's discretion too high. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 At the same time, the overall interests of justice test would avoid the risk of opening the floodgates for special leave applications.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3099066 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  \tab Compare }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3099066\charrsid13202773 
R v Knight}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  [1998] 1 NZLR 583 (CA) at 589.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [32]\tab}
An applicant for special leave will need to demonstrate some special feature or features particular to the case that lead to the conclusion that}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10122698 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
 in all the circumstances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10122698 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  justice requires leave to be given.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3099066 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid3099066 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10122698 Compare }{\rtlch\fcs1 \ai\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10122698 R v Knight}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10122698 , above note 18.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3099066  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
 Amongst the considerations which will be relevant in that overall assessment will be the need for finality in litigation, statutory limitations on appeal, Cook Islands Constitutional and common law principles, the strength of the proposed appeal, the pra
ctical utility of the remedy sought, the extent of the impact on others similarly affected, the avoidance of a miscarriage of justice, the administration of justice, and the absence of prejudice to the Crown.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [33]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1661041 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
It is also important to recognise in this context that the Cook Islands Court of Appeal is an intermediate appellate court with the Privy Council being the ultimate appellate court in the Cook Islands judicial hierarchy. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 Unlike appeals to ultimate appellate courts which may be brought only with leave,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7896905 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  \tab Privy Council, New Zealand Supreme Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15293518 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  High Court of Australia}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15293518  and Supreme Court of Canada}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  appeals may also be brought as of right to the Cook Islands Court of Appeal}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10122698 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  as well as with ordinary leave from the High Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7896905 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  \tab Above at [12]-[15].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  This means that Article 60(2)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3696687 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  which stands in juxtaposition to Article 60(1)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3696687 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
 should be interpreted in the context of the Cook Islands Constitution's specific appeal provisions. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
While the tests for granting leave by ultimate appellate courts requiring "a matter of general or public importance" or "a substantial miscarriage of justice"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3696687 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7896905 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  \tab Senior Courts Act 2016 (New Zealand), s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14292854  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905 74.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  "violation of the principles of natural justice" or "substantial and grave injustice"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3696687 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7896905 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  \tab Privy Council test for leave in criminal proceedings.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  or '"gravity involving matters of public interest or some important question of law, or affecting property of considerable amount, or \'85.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12845210 otherwise of some public importance or of a very substantial character"}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7896905 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  \tab Privy Council test for leave in civil proceedings.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
 provide guidance, they should not be used to constrain the discretion of the Cook Islands Court of Appeal to grant special leave under Article 60(2) in the overall interests of justice taking into account the circumstances of the particular case and the 
relevant considerations, including those which we have mentioned.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [34]\tab}
For these reasons we agree with Mr George that the test for the exercise of the discretion should be the overall interests of justice in the circumstances of the particular case. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 We agree with the Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12845210\charrsid3696687 Johnstone}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
 that "special public importance" is not necessarily an essential prerequisite. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
Similarly, while "extraordinary circumstances" may well warrant a grant of leave, their existence is also not a necessary prerequisite. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
Mr George went too far in making this suggestion. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [35]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
Accordingly, the issue in the present case is whether the Court is satisfied it is in the overall interests of justice that the Applicant, a private prosecutor, should be granted special leave to appeal in the face of the common law rule reflected in the 
Cook Islands legislation precluding an appeal by a prosecutor against an acquittal.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13202773 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1706882\charrsid1706882 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid12845210\charrsid1706882 (e)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1706882\charrsid1706882 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12845210\charrsid1706882 The rule against double jeopardy.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [36]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
All Counsel recognised a serious impediment to the grant of special leave in this case was the common law rule that appeals by prosecutors against acquittals are not normally permitted because they are contrary to the fundamental rule against double jeopa
rdy which forbids a second trial for the same offence. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 There is little doubt this rule is well-established throughout the common law world.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7896905 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  \tab See, for instance, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7896905\charrsid13202773 Green v United States}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  355 US 184 (1957) at 187-188, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7896905\charrsid13202773 Davern v Messel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7896905  (1983) 155 CLR 21 at [4], "Acquittal Following Perversion of the Course of Justice" NZLC R70 (March 2001) at [12], and the Chief Justice's leave judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15293518 , above note 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  at [32].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [37]\tab}
Mr George submitted, however, that the common law rule did not apply to private prosecutors and could be "overruled" by Article 60(2), and there were in any event exceptional or extraordinary circumstances justifying the grant of special leave in this cas
e in the interests of justice.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13202773 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1706882\charrsid1706882 \tab (f)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid12845210\charrsid1706882 No special category for private prosecutors.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [38]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
Mr George sought to distinguish the authorities relating to the rule against double jeopardy on the ground that they were based on the existence of well-resourced Crown or state prosecutors with statutory powers which created an inequality of arms whereas
 a private prosecutor was in a separate special category.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
 A private prosecutor such as the Applicant in this case was not well-resourced and was disadvantaged in not having access to the statutory powers of the Police in relation to the gathering and production of evidence.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [39]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\keep\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15293518 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
While we accept a private prosecutor is not in the same position as a Crown or state prosecutor, the rule against double jeopardy is not based solely on the existence of a well-resourced prosecutor with statutory powers. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
As the authorities make clear, there is a second reason for the rule, namely that a person who has been acquitted should not be subjected again to embarrassment, expense, continuing anxiety and insecurity}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10122698 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  and the possibility that, even though innocent, that person may be found guilty. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 A 
fundamental purpose of the rule is to prevent the unwarranted harassment of an accused by repeated prosecution for the same matter, thereby protecting the administration of justice by preventing harassment and inconsistent results}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10122698 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  and promoting confidence in court proceedings and the finality of verdicts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7896905 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15293518 NZLC R70, at [12] and [14]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12845210  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 This reasoning applies equally in the case of a private prosecution.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [40]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
We would also be reluctant to create a special category for private prosecutors in this context, especially when they are not under the same constraints as Crown and state prosecutors who are required to comply with prosecutorial codes or guidelines when 
considering whether an appeal or application for leave to appeal is appropriate in a particular case. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [41]\tab}
We therefore do not accept Mr George's submission that the common law rule does not apply to private prosecutors or that it has been "overruled" by Article 60(2). }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12845210 As Ms Maxwell-Scott also pointed out, there is no express statutory provision in the Cook Islands similar to the provisions in England and Wales}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15293518 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7896905 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15293518 Criminal Justice Act 2003, s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14292854  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15293518 58, which was enacted following a report by the Law Commission of England and Wales Double Jeopardy and Prosecution Appeals (Law Com No.267) in March 2001}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  New Zealand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15293518 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7896905 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  \tab Criminal Procedure Act 2011, s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14292854  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905 296.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  Canada}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15293518 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7896905 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  \tab Criminal Code, s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14292854  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905 676(1).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12845210  and Australia}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7896905 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  \tab 
Federal Court of Australia Act 1976, s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14292854  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905 30AA.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
 permitting the prosecution to appeal a legal ruling (often specifically including a submission of no case to answer) providing a clear statutory exception to the bar on appealing an acquittal. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [42]\tab}
The absence of any express provision of this nature in the Cook Islands makes it very unlikely it was intended Article 60(2) should be used to fill the gap in these circumstances. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 This conclusion is reinforced by the existence of a range of express provisions prescribing rights of appeal and avenues for leave to appeal in criminal cases following convictions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7896905 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  \tab See summary of these provisions at [12]-[15] above.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  and by the provisions of the Cook Islands Constitution designed to protect the interests of defendants following acquittals, including acquittals based on no case to answer dismissals.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7896905 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  \tab Constitution Articles 64(1)(b) and 65(d).}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12845210  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13202773 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1706882\charrsid7896905 \tab (g)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid12845210\charrsid7896905 The interests of justice.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [43]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
Mr George submitted, however, there were exceptional or extraordinary circumstances in this case which justified the grant of special leave in the interests of justice, namely:
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid1706882 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
The trial Judge's errors of statutory interpretation in respect of the Electoral Act 2004, the Civil List Act 2004, the Civil List Order 2009/04 and the Remuneration Tribunal (Queen's Representative and Members of Parliament  Salaries and Allowances) Orde
r 2009/04.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}
The trial Judge's excessive control of the hearing and restrictions on the evidence produced by the prosecution.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}The trial Judge's refusal to hear evidence of actual readouts of critical text messages.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}The rushed nature of the hearing and the lack of "much sympathy" from the trial Judge.

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}
The vulnerability of the Cook Islands to electoral fraud and corruption because of its small size.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (f)\tab}
The difficulties faced by the Applicant in gathering evidence for the private prosecution when the small size of the population of the Cook Islands meant the public service was inevitably intimidated by senior politicians.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (g)\tab}The overall unfairness of the acquittals.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [44]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
At the same time Mr George acknowledged he was not challenging the integrity, impartiality or independence of the Cook Islands judiciary in respect of electoral fraud or corruption issues which reached the courts. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 In particular, he acknowledged that such issues were dealt with appropriately by the courts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7896905 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  \tab For example, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7896905\charrsid13202773 Browne v Hagai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  [2018] CKCA 4.}
}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  Nor was he challenging the integrity, impartiality or independence of the Chief Justice in his conduct of the trial in this case.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  He acknowledged there were no allegations of perjury or witness intimidation which might have tainted the trial as occurred in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid12845210\charrsid13202773 R v Moore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7896905 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15293518\charrsid15293518 R v Moore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15293518 
 [1999] 3 NZLR 385 (HC and CA) and unreported CA 399/99 (23 November 1999), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15293518\charrsid15293518 and \'93Acquittal Following Perversion of the Course of Justice: A Response to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid15293518\charrsid15293518 R v Moore}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15293518\charrsid15293518  NZLC PP42.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12845210 Apart from the charges in this case, no other allegations of electoral fraud or corruption were before the Court.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [45]\tab}
In addition Mr George acknowledged there were no charges laid against the Respondents alleging intimidation of any nature and consequently no evidence at the trial relating to such allegations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  He also acknowledged he was not challenging the integrity, impartiality or independence of the Crown Law Office which had in fact provided some assistance to the prosecution in this case.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [46]\tab}
In our view none of the other matters identified by Mr George in his submissions was established or would meet the test for granting special leave.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [47]\tab}
The Applicant could have asked the trial Judge to reserve the questions of statutory interpretation for the opinion of the Court of Appeal under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14292854  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
75D of the Judicature Amendment Act 2011, but he did not do so. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [48]\tab}
The allegation of excessive control of the hearing and restrictions on the evidence produced by the prosecution was based on the Judge's decision to exclude from the witness statement of a former Member of Parliament, Mr James Beer, clearly irrelevant or 
inadmissible opinion evidence.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [49]\tab}
The trial Judge's refusal to hear evidence of actual readouts of critical text messages was perfectly appropriate in the context of a judge alone trial. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
The critical text messages were all produced as exhibits and available for the Judge to read and to be referred to by Mr George in his submissions at the trial.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [50]\tab}
The allegations about the "rushed nature" of the trial and the lack of "much sympathy" from the Judge appear}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10122698 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
 to be the subjective impressions of Counsel for the Applicant not supported by the fact the hearing took four days and was the subject of a comprehensive and balanced oral judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn 
{\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-567\li567\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid7896905 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7896905 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7896905  \tab 
For completeness we note there is no dispute that the judgment was wrong to state all Members of Parliament were sworn in on 5 July 2018 when in fact only the new Cabinet was sworn in then.  Members of Parliament were sworn in on 19 September 2018.  We 
agree with the Counsel for the Respondents this was an immaterial mistake.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [51]\tab}
The Applicant was no doubt disappointed when the Judge found there was no case to answer, but that does not of itself mean the consequential acquittals were unfair.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12845210  In our view there is no reason to find the trial was tainted or contaminated in any way.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [52]\tab}
For these reasons therefore we are not satisfied there are any special features particular to this case where the overall interests of justice require the grant of special leave to appeal and the application is accordingly declined.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid1706882 \tab (h)\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid12845210\charrsid1706882 Costs
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [53]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
At the conclusion of the hearing, Mr Raftery QC indicated that, if the Respondents were successful, they sought costs of $20,000 essentially because costs should follow the event and the prosecution was without merit. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 Mr George responded that an order of that magnitude would be strongly opposed. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
Ms Maxwell-Scott advised the Court that the Crown would not be seeking costs.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [54]\tab}
In response to the Court's request, further memoranda have been filed for the Respondents and the Applicant. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
The memorandum for the Respondents provided information indicating that their actual solicitor-client costs exceeded $20,000 by a significant margin, but did not address further the factors which the Court should take into account in determining the issue
 in the circumstances of this case.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [55]\tab}
Mr George in his memorandum for the Applicant provided information about the impecuniosity of the parties behind the prosecution and advised the Court that he and his assistants had worked throughout on a pro bono basis. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 The Applicant, if successful, did not seek costs, but left the issue entirely to the discretion of the Court. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12845210 Mr George recommended the parties should meet their own costs, noting that under s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14292854  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
71(6) of the Judicature Amendment Act 2011 no security for costs is payable by any applicant for leave to appeal in criminal proceedings in the Court of Appeal.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [56]\tab}We agree with Mr George that the prohibition in s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14292854  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 76(1) is significant. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
It indicates that in the context of criminal proceedings an applicant for leave to appeal, who will usually be a convicted defendant, should not be unduly deterred from pursing an application by a requirement to pay security for costs. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 While an unsuccessful private prosecutor will not be in the same position as a convicted defendant, he or she will also be entitled to the benefit of the prohibition.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [57]\tab}
The prohibition on the payment of security for costs in this context reflects the fact that applications for leave to appeal in criminal proceedings will normally be able to be dealt with in a relatively expeditious and straightforward manner and often fo
llowing the hearing of the substantive appeal itself. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 It also reflects the fact that orders for costs in criminal appeals are rare.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [58]\tab}
The application for special leave to appeal in the present case was in a different category because clearly there was a threshold issue to be determined before the appeal was heard on the merits, namely whether leave should be granted at all under Article
 60(2) of the Constitution and in the face of the common law rule that appeals by prosecutors against acquittals are not normally permitted. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
This issue was a novel one involving consideration of the scope of Article 60(2), the scheme of the relevant statutory provisions, the application of the common law rule to a private prosecution and the reasons for the rule against double jeopardy.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [59]\tab}
In our view the public interest in the resolution of this novel threshold issue militates against an award of indemnity costs as sought by the Respondents. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
The application for special leave has been unsuccessful, but it would not be correct to describe it as hopeless or totally without merit. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
It involved novel legal questions requiring careful analysis. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
Nor would it be reasonable for the Respondents to recover costs incurred in preparation for a hearing of the appeal itself when there was a clearly identified threshold issue.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [60]\tab}
At the same time we do not give weight to the impecuniosity of the parties behind the prosecution. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 
This is normally an irrelevant factor when determining costs. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [61]\tab}
Exercising our discretion to award costs in the circumstances of this case, we therefore consider that while costs should follow the event the award should be for a relatively modest sum in Cook Islands terms. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1706882  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12845210 The Applicant is to pay the Respondents costs in the sum of $1,500 with disbursements to be fixed by the Registrar.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12845210 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12845210\charrsid1706882 Result}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid1706882\charrsid1706882 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid1706882\charrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [62]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1706882 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882\charrsid12845210 
The application for special leave to appeal to the Court of Appeal under Article 60(2) of the Cook Islands Constitution against the judgment of the Chief Justice delivered on 19 March 2021 acquitting the Respondents on all charges laid by the Applicant is
 declined.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid1706882\charrsid12845210 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [63]\tab}
The Applicant is to pay the Respondents costs in the sum of $1,500 with disbursements to be fixed by the Registrar.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1706882 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1706882 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9583899 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf0\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid9583899 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7617744 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf0\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid7617744 
\par 
\par 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs20\cf0\lang3081\langfe2057\langnp3081\langfenp2057\insrsid7617744 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261576 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9261576 __________________\tab __________________\tab __________________
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9261576\charrsid9261576 Douglas White}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9261576 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9261576\charrsid9261576  P \tab \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid15293518 Robert Fisher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9261576 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9261576\charrsid9261576  JA\tab \tab Raynor Asher}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9261576 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid9261576\charrsid9261576  JA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid9261576 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid14904178 \sect }\sectd \ltrsect\lndscpsxn\pgwsxn16838\pghsxn11906\marglsxn900\margtsxn1135\margbsxn284\linex0\endnhere\sectlinegrid272\sectdefaultcl\sectrsid4468993\sftnbj {\headerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s21\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12845210 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4468993\charrsid12845210 
\par }}{\headerf \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5320248 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\ul\cf6\insrsid4468993\charrsid5320248 DRAFT}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\cf6\insrsid4468993\charrsid15558627  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\fs22\cf6\insrsid4468993  -}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\cf6\insrsid4468993\charrsid15558627 (29.10.2021)
\par }}\pard\plain \ltrpar\s44\ql \li0\ri0\sa160\sl259\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9261576 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp1033 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4468993\charrsid9261576 
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