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{\f42\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 00000000000000000000}Segoe UI;}{\flomajor\f31500\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31501\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhimajor\f31502\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0302020204030204}Calibri Light;}
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{\fdbminor\f31505\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhiminor\f31506\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 020f0502020204030204}Calibri;}
{\fbiminor\f31507\fbidi \froman\fcharset0\fprq2{\*\panose 02020603050405020304}Times New Roman{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f281\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f282\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f284\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f285\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f286\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f287\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f288\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f289\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f281\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f282\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f284\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f285\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f286\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f287\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f288\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\f289\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\f671\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\f672\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}{\f674\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}
{\f675\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\f676\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri (Hebrew);}{\f677\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri (Arabic);}{\f678\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}
{\f679\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}{\f701\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Segoe UI CE;}{\f702\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Segoe UI Cyr;}{\f704\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Segoe UI Greek;}
{\f705\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Segoe UI Tur;}{\f706\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Segoe UI (Hebrew);}{\f707\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Segoe UI (Arabic);}{\f708\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Segoe UI Baltic;}
{\f709\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Segoe UI (Vietnamese);}{\flomajor\f31508\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31509\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31511\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31512\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31513\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31514\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flomajor\f31515\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flomajor\f31516\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31518\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31519\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31521\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31522\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31523\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31524\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbmajor\f31525\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbmajor\f31526\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fhimajor\f31528\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri Light CE;}{\fhimajor\f31529\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Light Cyr;}{\fhimajor\f31531\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Light Greek;}
{\fhimajor\f31532\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Light Tur;}{\fhimajor\f31533\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri Light (Hebrew);}{\fhimajor\f31534\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri Light (Arabic);}
{\fhimajor\f31535\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Light Baltic;}{\fhimajor\f31536\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri Light (Vietnamese);}{\fbimajor\f31538\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31539\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31541\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31542\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31543\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31544\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbimajor\f31545\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbimajor\f31546\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31548\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31549\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31551\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31552\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31553\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31554\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\flominor\f31555\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\flominor\f31556\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31558\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31559\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31561\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31562\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31563\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31564\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fdbminor\f31565\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fdbminor\f31566\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fhiminor\f31568\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset238\fprq2 Calibri CE;}{\fhiminor\f31569\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset204\fprq2 Calibri Cyr;}
{\fhiminor\f31571\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset161\fprq2 Calibri Greek;}{\fhiminor\f31572\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset162\fprq2 Calibri Tur;}{\fhiminor\f31573\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset177\fprq2 Calibri (Hebrew);}
{\fhiminor\f31574\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset178\fprq2 Calibri (Arabic);}{\fhiminor\f31575\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset186\fprq2 Calibri Baltic;}{\fhiminor\f31576\fbidi \fswiss\fcharset163\fprq2 Calibri (Vietnamese);}
{\fbiminor\f31578\fbidi \froman\fcharset238\fprq2 Times New Roman CE{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31579\fbidi \froman\fcharset204\fprq2 Times New Roman Cyr{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31581\fbidi \froman\fcharset161\fprq2 Times New Roman Greek{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31582\fbidi \froman\fcharset162\fprq2 Times New Roman Tur{\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31583\fbidi \froman\fcharset177\fprq2 Times New Roman (Hebrew){\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31584\fbidi \froman\fcharset178\fprq2 Times New Roman (Arabic){\*\falt Times New Roman};}
{\fbiminor\f31585\fbidi \froman\fcharset186\fprq2 Times New Roman Baltic{\*\falt Times New Roman};}{\fbiminor\f31586\fbidi \froman\fcharset163\fprq2 Times New Roman (Vietnamese){\*\falt Times New Roman};}}{\colortbl;\red0\green0\blue0;
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\par }}{\*\ftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
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\par }}{\*\aftnsep \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
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\par }}{\*\aftnsepc \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
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\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs23\insrsid11747759 PAGE  }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs23\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid6696329 2}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs23\insrsid11747759 
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\b\caps\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3277824\charrsid3679533 
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\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s38\qr \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299811 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11299811\charrsid3679533 
\par 
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\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s40\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299811 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
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\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s41\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299811 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11299811\charrsid3679533 v
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s40\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299811 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4072785\charrsid3679533 RATU }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid2175069\charrsid3679533 SAVENACA }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4072785\charrsid3679533 VIRIVIRISAI}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11299811\charrsid3679533 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \fi-2098\li0\ri0\widctlpar\tx2098\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299811 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11299811\charrsid3679533 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi-1800\li1800\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1800\itap0\pararsid3679533 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3679533\charrsid3679533 Coram:\tab Williams P, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4616403\charrsid3679533 
Asher JA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4616403 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4616403\charrsid3679533  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4616403 White JA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3679533\charrsid3679533 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s39\ql \fi-1800\li1800\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1800\itap0\pararsid3679533 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4072785\charrsid3679533 Hearing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11299811\charrsid3679533 :\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid3347521\charrsid3679533 5 November }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid5267948\charrsid3679533  2019}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11299811\charrsid3679533 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \fi-1800\li1800\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1800\itap0\pararsid3679533 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3679533\charrsid3679533 Appearances}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11299811\charrsid3679533 :\tab }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4072785\charrsid3679533 M}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3347521\charrsid3679533 s}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4072785\charrsid3679533  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3347521\charrsid3679533 K Bell and }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid8585963 Ms }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3347521\charrsid3679533 M Okotai}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11497053\charrsid3679533  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12597040\charrsid3679533 for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4072785\charrsid3679533 Crown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11299811\charrsid3679533 
\par \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid2321095\charrsid3679533 Mr }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4072785\charrsid3679533 
N George}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid2321095\charrsid3679533  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid16540744\charrsid3679533 
for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11299811\charrsid3679533 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4616403 Respondent}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11299811\charrsid3679533 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10360102\charrsid3679533 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3347521\charrsid3679533 Judgment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10428257\charrsid3679533 :
\tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid13435083 7}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10360102\charrsid3679533  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3347521\charrsid3679533 November}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10360102\charrsid3679533  2019
\par }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11299811 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs22 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11299811\charrsid3679533 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid16192782\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb
\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth8414\clshdrawnil \cellx8306\pard\plain \ltrpar\s29\qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\brdrt\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp240 \brdrb\brdrs\brdrw10\brsp240 
\tx5103\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid15871517 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3347521 
JUDGMENT OF THE COURT OF APPEAL}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11299811\charrsid3280072 \cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11299811\charrsid3280072 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid16192782\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth8414\clshdrawnil \cellx8306\row }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\cf6\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10360102 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\cf6\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12877550 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\cf6\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3499099 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\cf6\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12877550 50}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\cf6\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid7360463\charrsid6700211 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\cf6\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12877550 44}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs16\cf6\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid7360463\charrsid6700211 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs16\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid16672649\charrsid6700211 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid16540744\charrsid14252883 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \li1065\ri0\sa360\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1065\itap0\pararsid4616403 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid5192604\charrsid14353354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 A.\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s24\qj \fi-720\li1979\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls10\adjustright\rin0\lin1979\itap0\pararsid6696329 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5192604\charrsid14353354 The appeal is allowed.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid5192604\charrsid14353354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 B.\tab}The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4616403\charrsid14353354 
sentence of 2 years and 9 months imprisonment on the grievous bodily harm charge is quashed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5192604\charrsid14353354 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4616403\charrsid14353354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 C.\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4616403\charrsid14353354 
In its place a sentence of 4 years imprisonment is imposed.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4616403\charrsid14353354 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 D.\tab}The conviction and discharge on the male assaults female charge remains.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4616403 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5192604\charrsid5192604 Introduction
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12877550 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [1]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4616403 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12877550 On 13 March 2019 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12877550 
Ratu Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12877550 was convicted af}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8585963 ter a jury trial on}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7289957  two charges}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12877550 :
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12877550 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi-709\li1418\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\jclisttab\tx1418\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin1418\itap0\pararsid12877550 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12877550 one charge of causing grievous bodily harm to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7564438 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7289957 primary }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7564438 victim (\'93C\'94)}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12877550 
 with intention to cause grievous bodily harm (which carries a maximum penalty of 14 years imprisonment);
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12877550 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}One c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7289957 harge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12877550  of male assaults female by a punch to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12877550 \rquote s partner (which carries a maximum penalty of 2 years imprisonment}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7564438 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12877550 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4616403 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [2]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid413885 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12877550 
 was sentenced on 22 March 2019 by the Judge who had presided over the jury trial, Hugh Williams CJ.  On the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7289957 causing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12877550 grievous bodily harm }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7289957 with intention to cause grievous bodily harm (GBH) }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12877550 conviction he sentenced }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10579035 \~}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7564438  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12877550 to imprisonment for 2 years and 9 months.  On the charge of male assaults female }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12877550  was convicted and discharged.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12877550 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [3]\tab}The Crown appeals against }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12877550 \rquote s sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137  on the GBH conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12877550 .  There was no appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7289957 
 by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7289957  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12877550 against his conviction}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8585963 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12877550 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10844495   There was also no appeal against a refusal by the Chief Justice to order any reparation, which he regarded as \'93pointless\'94.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12877550 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12877550 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [4]\tab}The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7289957 Crown\rquote s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12877550 ground of appeal was that the sentence was manifestly inadequate, and in particular that the Court did not have appropriate regard to the 14 year maximum penalty for the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7289957 GBH}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12877550  charge, and that it did not have appropriate regard to the seriousness of the offending.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12877550 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12877550\charrsid12877550 Background
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14756360 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [5]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid413885 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 On 22 April 2018 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14756360  had been at a kava session with fellow employees and others.  His partner had been drinking separately with some women friends.  After this they }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7289957 all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14756360 went to the home of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360  and his partner for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10844495 alcoholic}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14756360  drinks.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12877550 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14756360 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [6]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 There were various other}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7564438  person}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 s at their home.  One of those, the victim}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7564438  C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 
, became very drunk to the point where he either fell asleep or decided to go to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7289957 lie down}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360  on the balcony.  It seems that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7564438 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360  was sitting }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7564438 or lying }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 next to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 \rquote s partner.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360  thought he saw }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7564438 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360  touch his partner }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7289957 twice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 on her thigh.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7564438 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4616403 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [7]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137 became}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360  incensed and jealous and attacked }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14756360 .  He bashed him several times when he was sitting down, kicked him a few times and then pulled him to his feet.  He swept him across the balcony and up against the railing and continued to assault him.  At this point }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360  was unresponsive and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7289957 was doing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360  nothing to defend himself.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 It seems that others present were crying out to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7289957  to}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199  stop.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14756360 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [8]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 At that point }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360  picked up }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 
 and threw him over the balcony rail.  He fell 2.8 metres onto }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 his head on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 the hard sand below.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14756360 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [9]\tab}It was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14756360 \rquote s defence at the trial that he did not deliberately throw }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11481059  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 over the rail,
 and that the fall arose because }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360  accidently lost his grip on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7289957  when the others were calling out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 , and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15011473 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360  acci}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8585963 
dently fell over the railing.  As t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 he Chief Justice observed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8585963 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360  the jury by its verdict must have rejected }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 \rquote s version of events, and accepted the version of events of the various witnesses who had observed the grabbing of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15011473 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11481059  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 and the sweeping motion }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137 of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 throwing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14756360  over the railing onto the sand below.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid1448199 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [10]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1448199 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11481059  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 hit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 ting}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360  th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 
 hard sand appears to have lost consciousness.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360  initially did nothing to help him, but after some minutes looked over the railing and saw }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15011473 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360  lying below}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 .  H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 e went down and poured some water on him}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360  and a little later went down and dragged him over to a post to get him to sit up, to avoid the danger that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15011473 C}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid214608  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 might vomit and choke to death.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4616403 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [11]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid413885 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 \rquote s partner had run away.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360  chased her and punched her}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1448199  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 n particular }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360  hit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 her }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 behind her left ear which left her tender and bruised.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid15011473 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [12]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15011473 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15682565  was in due course taken to hospital in Rarotonga.  He was diagnosed as having a spinal cord injury.  At that point the effect }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 of the injury }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15682565 
was to render him a quadriplegic, unable to move any part of his body below his neck, apart from the ability to make minor movement with his right leg.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid15011473 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [13]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15011473 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15682565  was transported urgently to Fiji where he remained in hospital for five weeks.  For the first three of those weeks he was unable to stand.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7289957 
  Fortunately he has regained considerable feeling below his neck, and is now able to walk.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15682565 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12724137 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [14]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15682565 he}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137 re is a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15682565  victim impact report.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15011473 C\~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15682565 
suffers from numbness in both his arms and legs, pain in the bottom of his neck and the bottom of his spine area and buttocks, as well as pain in the chest, left arm, torso and left leg.  His left arm is still we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12724137 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15682565 k }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15682565 he is left-handed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15682565 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137 We note i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 t must have been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137 
shocking }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 for him to have little feeling below his neck for those first weeks.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15682565 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12724137 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [15]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15682565  has fortunately been able to return to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 normal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15682565 work as a qualified mechanic.  However it is clear that at the time of
 sentencing he was still suffering from pain, numbness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15682565 
 and some incapacity.  It is not clear what the future prognosis is, and indeed that may not be known at this stage.  However clearly the injuries have been severe with long-lasting effects.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5442255   He is als
o responsible for a debt of approximately $50,000 for his flight to and treatment in Fiji, a most severe financial burden.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15682565 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10844495 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [16]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10844495 
In an admirable gesture C has written a letter to the Court, consistent with his remarks to the probation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8585963 officer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10844495 , expressing his forgiveness of Mr Virivirisai.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6501668 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6501668\charrsid6501668 The Sentencing Decision
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid6501668 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [17]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8585963 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668 The Chief Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149 first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668 
summarised the relevant facts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137  which we have outlined}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668 , and no issue has }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8585963 been taken with that summary.  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668 There was initially some question of reparation, but in the end the Judge put that to one side as there was no evidence that any order to pay reparation could be met.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12477174 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [18]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid413885 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12477174 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137 Chief Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668 
 traverse}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1448199 d}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668  the leading New Zealand case relating to sentencing for causing grievous bodily harm }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149 offending, }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4130926 R }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7605696\charrsid7605696 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7605696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6501668\charrsid15948504 Taueki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8585963 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid6501668 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid214608 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid11747759 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid214608 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15422095 R }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15422095\charrsid7605696 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15422095  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15422095\charrsid15948504 
Taueki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15422095  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759 [2005] 3 NZLR 372.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130926   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149 The New Zealand section for GBH offending is the same}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137  as in the Cook Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149 , and also carries a 14 year penalty.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137   That case sets out sentencing bands, and aggravating and mitigating factors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6634290 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6634290  F}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137 or GBH sentencing in New Zealand }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6634290 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137 and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6634290 
one is 3-6 years imprisonment, b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137 and two is 5-10 years impris}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6634290 onment, and b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137 and three is 9-14 years. }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8585963 The Chief Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668  also refer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130926 red}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668 
 to the New }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948504 Zealand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668  decision of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid6501668\charrsid15948504 Nuku v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10844495 ,}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid6501668 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid214608 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid11747759 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid214608 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15422095\charrsid15948504 Nuku v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15422095  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759 [2012] NZCA 584.}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130926 a decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668  relating to sentencing for injuring with intent to injure}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149 
, which is a lesser crime with a maximum term of only 7 years imprisonment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137 The bands are correspondingly lower.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12724137 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [19]\tab}Having considered the New Zealand authorities, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4130926 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid13435083 Chief Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4130926  stated:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li709\ri728\sa360\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin728\lin709\itap0\pararsid15011473 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid4130926\charrsid15011473 [47]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid15011473\charrsid15011473 \tab 
It seems to me that, although generalisations are always perilous in this area because of the necessity to impose sentences that are appropriate to individual circumstances, GBH offending in the Cook Islands in band one should ha
ve a starting point spanning probably from an unlikely non-custodial sentence to imprisonment for about 1\'bd to 2 years; band two starting points should be in the range of imprisonment from 1\'bd to 2 years to about 3 to 3\'bd
 years; and band three starting points would run from 3 to 3\'bd to probably 5 or 6 years or in very bad cases more than that. 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3160933 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [20]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid413885 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933 H}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668 av}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933 ing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668  considered the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137 band}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668 s and evaluated the seriousness of the offending, the Judge determined that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12724137 offending was \'93borderline band one and band two\'94, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8585963 and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668 starting point should be 2 \'bd }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid214608 
years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149  imprisonment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10844495 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid12724137 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s31\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid4616403 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid12724137 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12724137 At [47] and [48].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149  He}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149 then considered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668 
aggravating features }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149 and increased }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668  starting point }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948504 to 3 to 3 \'bc years imprisonment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10844495 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid12724137 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s31\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid4616403 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid12724137 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12724137 At [49].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948504   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid3160933 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [21]\tab}The Judge }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948504 noted }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948504 \rquote s drunkenness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948504  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3160933 C\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948504  touching of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid31233 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948504 \rquote s partner}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948504  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8585963  He said that the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid3160933 se}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8585963  were mitigating factors which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933  reduced the sentence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10844495 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid12724137 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid4616403 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid12724137 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12724137 At [50].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948504  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933  W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948504 eighing all the factors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948504  the end sentence imposed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933  was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8585963 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149 
 as we have stated}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8585963 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15948504  2 years 9 months imprisonment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6501668 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10844495 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid3160933 Outline of submissions
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10957147 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [22]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8585963 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957147 In general terms it is the submission of the Crown that the Chief Ju}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10844495 
stice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957147  erred in his approach to sentencing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957147 
It is submitted that he failed to take into account the fact that the maximum sen}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933 tence}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149  for GBH offending}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933 
 is 14 years imprisonment.  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957147 he Judge did not correctly apply the r}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149 elevant New Zealand authorities.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957147  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149  T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957147 he sentencing bands }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957147 
applied in reaching a starting point were too low.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149   The Crown relied on the recent decision of the Court of Appeal of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid4469149\charrsid8585963 R v Goodwin}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid10844495 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid31233 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid10844495 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10844495  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid31233 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10844495\charrsid15422095 R v Goodwin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4671583  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4671583\charrsid15422095 [2018] CKHC 21}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15422095\charrsid15422095 , CRs 93/2018, 136-137/2018 (23 November 2018) Keane, J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10844495\charrsid15422095 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149  which had been critical of the sentence approach taken in this sentencing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5442255 
  The Crown}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6634290  is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5442255  recorded }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8585963 by}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5442255  the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid8585963 Chief Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5442255  as having submitted that the offending fell between }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6634290 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5442255 ands one and two in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5442255\charrsid8585963 Taueki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10844495\charrsid8585963 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\i\super\insrsid5442255 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s31\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid31233 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid5442255 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5442255  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid31233 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5442255 At [40].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5442255   Before us the Crown submitted that the offending was towards the top of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6634290 b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5442255 and two.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957147 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10957147 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [23]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid413885 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957147 The Crown also submit}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5442255 ted}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957147 
 that the Judge erred in taking into account provocation and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4474465 drunkenness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957147  as mitigating fa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10844495 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957147 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10844495 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957147 rs.  It }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5442255 wa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957147 
s submitted that the end sentence should}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933  ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957147 ve been 4 to 4 \'bd }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid214608 years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid10957147  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10112845 imprisonment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10957147 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid10112845 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [24]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10112845 In response Mr George, f}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7564438 o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10112845 r }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10112845 
, submitted that the bands applied by the Chief Justice were within the ran}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid283663 g}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10112845 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid283663 
, and that the starting point fixed by the Judge was in all the circumstances fair.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149 He explained the particular sentencing environment of the Cook Islands.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid283663 
He stated that on the facts of the case it was appropriate to treat provocation as a mitigating factor, and further that the Judge was correct to apply a discount for intoxication.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10112845 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12724137 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4474465\charrsid3160933 The approach }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid7605696\charrsid3160933 to the sentencing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4474465\charrsid3160933 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid4469149 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [25]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3160933 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149 As we have indicated, s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933 ince the sentencing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12724137 by the Chief Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4474465 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4474465  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4474465 ourt }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933\charrsid15422095 Appeal }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4474465\charrsid15422095 has delivered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid214608\charrsid15422095 it}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4474465\charrsid15422095 s judgment in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid4474465\charrsid15422095 Goodwin v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8585963\charrsid15422095 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid4474465\charrsid15422095 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s31\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid214608 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid11747759 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid214608 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15422095\charrsid15422095 Goodwin v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid15422095  [2019] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759 CA 11/2018, CICA, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15880174 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759 3 May 2019}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15880174 ) Williams P, Barker JA, Paterson JA}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759 .}}
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7605696\charrsid15422095   That judgment set out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7605696  guidelines for sentencing persons convicted of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149 GBH}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7605696  offending carrying a maximum penalty of 14 years imprisonment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3698322 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7605696 
he Court fully review}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7605696  the decisions of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15011473\charrsid15011473 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15011473  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7605696\charrsid3160933 T}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid10844495 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7605696\charrsid3160933 ueki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7605696  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7605696\charrsid3160933 Nuku v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7605696  and a number of High Court authorities}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7605696  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149  It considered in detail }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7605696 the sentencing in this case, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149 and the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3698322 Chief Justice
\rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4469149  summary of the appropriate levels, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7605696 stated:
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \fi-551\li1260\ri818\sa360\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin818\lin1260\itap0\pararsid11481059 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7605696\charrsid214608 [51]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid214608\charrsid214608 \tab The Chief Justice suggested a tariff which we consider was on the lenient side.  We rule that, using the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid214608\charrsid15011473 Taueki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid214608\charrsid214608  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid214608\charrsid15011473 Nuku}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid214608\charrsid214608  categorisations, Band One should attract 1 to 3 years\rquote 
 imprisonment, Band Two, 3 to 5 years\rquote  imprisonment and Band Three, 5 years\rquote  imprisonment and upwards.  Applying the bands in an evaluative way, as counselled by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\fs22\insrsid214608\charrsid15011473 Taueki}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid214608\charrsid214608 , the appellant\rquote 
s offending must come into Band 3 when the serious life-threatening injuries to the principal victim are taken into account plus the fact that two other victims were knifed, despite self-defence ha
ving been found by Keane J to have been initially justified, albeit exceeded}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7605696\charrsid214608 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid7605696 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid9919948 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [26]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15011473 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9919948 The effect of th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8585963 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9919948 
 decision }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8585963 in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8585963\charrsid8585963 Goodwin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8585963  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9919948 
is to confirm a sentencing regime}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729  for GBH offending}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9919948  in the Cook Islands which is considerably more lenient than in New Zealand.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid1589729 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [27]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3698322 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 As we have said, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15011473 Mr George for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15011473  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid9919948 supported the Chief Justice\rquote s approach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7805734 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid9919948  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7805734 which involved lower bands.  He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15011473 
submitted to us that in approaching sentencing, the Court should bear in mind the fact that the people of the Cook Islands by and large adhere to the Christian faith and are regular churchgoers.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 They practi}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10844495 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 e forgiveness.  This}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7805734  is a small connected commun
ity where people look after each other more than in larger communities, and those who have done wrong may b}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3698322 e less likely to do so again.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5442255 
Forgiveness is fundamental to the community.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid1589729 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [28]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15753695 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 In general terms we accept this.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7805734 It was recognised in}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15011473  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15011473\charrsid7805734 Goodwin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15011473  that the virtue of forgiveness frequently manifests itself in Cook Islands cases}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10844495 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid15011473 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15011473 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid15011473 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15011473  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15011473  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid3698322        }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid10844495 At [44]-[48].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15011473   Indeed it is a feature of many of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 violent offending }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15011473 cases which we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 re}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15011473  cited to us, that the victims have forgiven the defendant who has inflicted violence on them.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid7605696 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [29]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1589729 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7605696 We respectfully adopt th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7605696 
 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid3160933\charrsid3160933 Goodwin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7605696 approach }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 as quoted at [}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729\charrsid8585963 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8585963\charrsid8585963 5}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 ] }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7605696 to sentencing for }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 GBH offending}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7605696 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3160933   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 
As this Court did in that case, we conclude that the bands applied by the Chief Justice were too low.  The bands that we apply in reconsidering the sentence are those set out in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1589729\charrsid1589729 Goodwin}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid7805734 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [30]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid413885 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7805734 We also }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 record}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7805734 
 that we do not agree with the Chief Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 \rquote s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7805734  re}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 liance }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7805734 o}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 n}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7805734  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7805734\charrsid7805734 Nuku}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7805734  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\insrsid7805734\charrsid7805734 v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7805734  in the context of GBH sentencing.  That case modified the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid7805734\charrsid7805734 R v Taueki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7805734  bands for the much less serious offence of injuring with intent, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid1589729\charrsid1589729 Nuku}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7805734 
 bands are of no help in GBH sentencing.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14756360 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11817258 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [31]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11817258 
Before we leave the general approach to sentencing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729  for violent offending}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11817258 , we note that in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312 
 the earlier sentencing decision of}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11817258  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11817258\charrsid11817258 Police v Nicholas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid11817258 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar 
\pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid14697453 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid11747759 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid214608 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid15422095\charrsid11817258 Police v Nicholas}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15422095   CR }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759 251/18}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15880174 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15880174 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759 1 August 2018}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15880174 ), Doherty, J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11817258  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8585963 
referred to in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid8585963\charrsid8585963 R v Goodwin }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312 it }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11817258 was observed in rela
tion to the one-third deduction for a guilty plea, that there were a number of reasons why a different approach in the Cook Islands to that of New Zealand was appropriate.  The Judge there referred to the cost of trials in bringing people to justice being
 high}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312 er}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11817258  in the Cook Islands}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312  than in New Zealand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11817258 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid12735856\charrsid12735856  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid12735856 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s31\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid14697453 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid12735856 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12735856  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid12735856 At para [25].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11817258 
  He observed further that the conditions of imprisonment are perhaps more extreme }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312 in the Cook Islands }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11817258 than they are in New Zealand.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11817258 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [32]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11817258 
We would not wish it to be thought that in this judgment we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671583 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11817258 re endorsing those remarks.  We accept the Crown\rquote 
s observation that there was no factual basis for making such assumptions}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312  about th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12735856 e cost}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12735856 of bringing offenders before the Court, or the conditions of the prisons.  Indeed, the assumptions made seem to us to be contestable.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11817258 However}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12735856 , consistent with what we have said earlier,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11817258  we do agree with other remarks made in that decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312  to the effect }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11817258 that the culture of the Cook Islands is different from that of New Zealand, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10844495 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11817258 n that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10844495 in }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11817258 th}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11817258  country and the people are more forgiving.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1589729 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12735856 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid11817258\charrsid11817258 ppropriate starting point
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12735856\charrsid12735856 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [33]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid413885 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12735856\charrsid12735856 R v Taueki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12735856  is a leading }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 New Zealand decision not only for setting out the New Zealand approach to GBH offending, but also for setting out an approach to sentencing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3698322  in general}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 .  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid1589729 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [34]\tab}On the approach to sentencing i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 
t was stated in that case}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid5782041 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid14697453 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid5782041 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14697453 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid5782041 At para [8].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041  that in}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11817258  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7299312 sentencing it is necessary to first }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7100210 consider the features of the offending itself, and the particular aggravating and mitigating aspects o
f that offending, to fix the starting point.  This initial fixing of the starting point is carried out without reference to mitigating and aggravating features personal to the offender.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312 
  It is focussed on the actions involved in the offending.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11817258 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid7299312 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [35]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11747759 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312 Once the starting point has been fixed, there is then}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7100210 
 the second stage of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312 sentencing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729  This }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 is }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312 where the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7100210  mitigating and aggravating features relating to the offender }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312 personally }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7100210 are applied to the starting point already fixed for the offending}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3698322 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729  to reach an end out
come.  This is where matters such as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3698322 a guilty plea or }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 
past good community works (mitigating), and a bad previous record of similar offending (aggravating) are taken into account}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7100210 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280   }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7299312 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid5782041 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [36]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5782041 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 The Crown in its submissions observed that this approach }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 to sentencing }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 was now widely adopted in the Cook Islands.  We agree that it provides a useful framework.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid5782041 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [37]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 
We also received submissions on the purposes and principles of sentencing.  The question arose as to the relevance of sections 7, 8 and 9 of the Sentencing Act 200}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697453 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5782041  (NZ), which set out the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697453 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 urposes and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697453 p}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 rinciples}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697453 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 entencing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 , and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 
a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 ggravating and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 itigating }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5782041 actors}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697453 , in New Zealand}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 .  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14697453 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [38]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697453 
There is no dispute that as a result of the application}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041  of Article 46 of the Constitution }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697453 of the Cook Islands }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179 
none of the provisions of the New Zealand Sentencing Act appl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697453 ies directl}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179 y in the Cook Islands.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697453 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697453  t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697453 same time,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3698322  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697453 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179 owever, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697453 
as both counsel accepted, to the extent that sections 7, 8 and 9 codify the common law, these New Zealand provisions continue to provide useful checklists for trial court Judges }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179 in the Cook Islands.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12350179 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid5782041\charrsid5782041 The starting point in this sentencing

\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid7299312 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [39]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7299312 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 Chief Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312 
 first fixed }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312 he starting point by reference to the offending. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041  As we have set out,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7299312  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280 n fixing the appropriate starting point the Chief Justice }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3698322 accepted the (then) Crown submission}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280  that the offending was borderline band 1 and 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 , applying }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 the bands as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid5782041 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041  assess}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 ed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041  the}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1589729 m}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12350179 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [40]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12350179 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179 We first consider the gravity of the offending generally.  By any standards this was a very serious assault.  It
 involved the application of a considerable amount of force.  There was deliberate intention to throw C off the balcony and onto the ground.  The risk of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 some injury was certain, and the risk of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179 severe injury from such an action was very high indeed.  C was drunk and sleepy}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 , and unable to properly protect himself}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12350179 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid1589729 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [41]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 There were therefore }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179 at least three significant aggravating factors in this offending.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 There was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179 extreme violence, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid1589729 there was }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179 serious injury, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 all }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179 this }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid1589729 to }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179 a vulnerable victim who was lying on the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671583 floor of the balcony}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179 , who was drunk and asleep or sleepy.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid12350179 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [42]\tab}We agree with the Crown submission }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15602643 
that with three such aggravating factors }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179 such offending fell into the higher part of band 2 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697453 the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid14697453 Taueki}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697453  bands as modified for the Cook Islands by the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12350179\charrsid11563238 Goodwin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697453  decision.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179   Band 2 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid12350179\charrsid7484416 Goodwin}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179  sets a range of 3 to 5 years imprisonment.  
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4671583 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid4671583\charrsid4671583 Provocation
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid618280 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [43]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid413885 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280 We }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 next consider}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280 
 the issue of whether provocation should }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312 have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280 be}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312 en}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280  treated }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312 by }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671583 the Chief Justice}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7299312  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280 
as a mitigating factor relating to the offending.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671583 He }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280 considered that it was}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697453 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid618280 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid214608 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid11747759 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid214608 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759 At para [50].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid618280 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [44]\tab}It was said in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid618280\charrsid618280 Taueki }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280 that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 provocation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280  may justify a lower starting point.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 
We recognise that provocation can be a mitigating factor in sentencing in the Cook Islands.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280 However we agree with what was said in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid5782041\charrsid5782041 R v Taueki}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280 .  It is not sufficient for a  defendant to claim to have been incensed by the actions of the victim.  The sentencing Judge \'93\'85 will need to satisfied that there was serious provocation }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280 was an operative cause of the violence inflicted by the offender, and which remained an operative cause throughout the commission of the offence\'94}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697453 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid618280 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid214608 
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid11747759 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid214608 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759 At para }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4671583 [}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759 32}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid4671583 ]}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759 (a) of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15011473 R v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759\charrsid618280  Taueki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759 .}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280   
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid618280 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [45]\tab}Here }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280  may have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15602643 felt}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280  some anger at the actions of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid618280 .  Indeed Mr}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14697453 \~}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280 George referred us to a part of his evidence where }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid618280 he }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238 following exchange occurred:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li706\ri0\sl276\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin706\itap0\pararsid14697453 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11563238\charrsid214608 Q.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid214608\charrsid214608 \tab And that was unacceptable to you, wasn\rquote t it?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li709\ri0\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid214608 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid214608\charrsid214608 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs22\insrsid11563238\charrsid214608 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid214608\charrsid214608 \tab Yes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid11563238\charrsid214608 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid214608\charrsid214608 Q.\tab It made you angry?
\par A.\tab Was quite not happy about it.
\par Q.\tab So it made you angry?
\par A.\tab I was upset about it.
\par Q.\tab Made you jealous, did it?
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li709\ri0\sa360\sl276\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin709\itap0\pararsid214608 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid214608\charrsid214608 A.\tab I was upset about it.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs22\insrsid214608 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11563238 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [46]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid413885 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238 We are prepared to accept that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11563238 \rquote s actions may have angered }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7564438  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238 
and that this might provide some limited excuse for his initial assault on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238  where he pushed him and punched him.  However}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid14697453 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238  it was Mr George\rquote s estimation, which we accept, that the whole process of assault }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2770808 would }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11563238 have taken }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid3698322 about }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238 a minute.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2770808 Given that time lapse, we}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11563238  cannot agree that the initial touching of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238 \rquote s partner could be seen as an operative cause of a pr
ocess of assault lasting a minute, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 culminating }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238 in the deliberate act of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238  lifting up }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15011473 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238 
 and throwing him off the balcony.  We do not accept that the relatively minor initial provocation, if it can be called that, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041 can be regarded as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238 an operative
 cause}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid5782041  of the throwing}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2770808 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid7484416 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [47]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11563238 t }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 can be }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238 further observed that }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238 
\rquote s action }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238 throwing }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15011473 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238 
 off the balcony was so disproportionate to any perceived insult or slight, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 a minute earlier, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238 as to render it irrelevant }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid7484416 as a mitigating }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238 f}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238 or.
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid7484416\charrsid12350179 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [48]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7484416 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416\charrsid12350179 W}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238\charrsid12350179 e }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid12350179\charrsid12350179 therefore put provocation to one side, and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238\charrsid12350179 accept the Crown\rquote s submission}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671583 in this Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238 that the appropriate starting point is}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416  at the higher end of band 2, at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11563238 4 to 4 \'bd years imprisonment.  Given that this is a Crown appeal we fix the starting point at 4 years imprisonment.  We note that such a starting point is close to 50 percent less than the equivalent starting point if the bands of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\insrsid11563238\charrsid7484416 Taueki}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238  were applied}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846290 , where band 2 }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 was set at }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846290 5 to 10 years imprisonment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11563238 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid618280 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2846290 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid12350179 Intoxication}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\b\insrsid11563238\charrsid2846290 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid2770808 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [49]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2846290 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2770808 We now turn to the mitigating factors relating to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2770808  personally.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846290 n the High Court }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846290 \rquote s drunkenness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416  was treated as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2770808 such }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 a mitigating factor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2846290 .
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11747759 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [50]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2770808 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 t is to be noted that i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11747759 n New Zealand, s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671583 ection}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759 
 9(3) of the Sentencing Act provides specifically that a court must not take the voluntary consumption or use of alcohol into account by way of mitigation in sentencing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416   However, t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759 he Crown has righ}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2770808 tly not relied on this section.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179 As we have }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6116294 already noted,
 the New Zealand Sentencing Act does not apply in the Cook Islands.  The relevance or otherwise of intoxication as a sentencing factor is therefore to be determined at common law where, depending on the facts of the particular case, it may be an aggravati
ng, mitigating or neutral factor.  In most cases, however}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179 ,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6116294  it is likely to be neutral and therefore irrelevant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759 .}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid6116294 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s31\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid6116294 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid6116294 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6116294  \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6116294\charrsid6116294 Lin v Public Prosecutor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid6116294   [2008] SGHC 146.  We thank Crown counsel for bringing this case to our attention.}}}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11747759 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [51]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid413885 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759 There is no relevant Cook Islands authority on intoxication in sentencing, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid2770808 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 which}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759  we have been made aware.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6116294 A}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759 
part from the sentencing in this case, we }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 h}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 v}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759 e not be}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 e}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759 n shown by either counsel any decision where intoxication }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2770808 ha}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759 s }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2770808 been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759 taken into account as a mitigating factor.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2770808 However, w}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759 
e have been referred to two cases where the High Court has expressly refused to take intoxication into account as a mitigating factor}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416\charrsid7484416  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 where}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid7484416  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 there has been violent offending}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs33\super\insrsid11747759 \chftn {\footnote \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar
\s31\ql \fi-540\li540\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin540\itap0\pararsid214608 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cs33\super\insrsid11747759 \chftn }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid214608 \tab }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759\charrsid11747759 Police v Robinson}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759   CR}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15422095 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759 
 934/12 & 177/13, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2179771 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759 6 December 2013}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2179771 ) Grice, J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759 , para [13]; \line }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759\charrsid11747759 
Police v Maxwell}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid214608  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759 CR
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid15422095 s}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759  384/17 & 452/17}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2179771 ,}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2179771 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759 7 December 2017}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2179771 )}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2179771\charrsid2179771  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid2179771 
Grice, J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang1033\langfe2057\langnp1033\insrsid11747759 , para [20].}}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid7484416 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11747759 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11165944 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [52]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11165944 In this case }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11165944  was a mature adult}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671583 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11165944   We are unable to speculate }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14491248 on the degree to which }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11165944 his actions were affected by alcohol.  There was certainly no plea made on his behalf based on drunkenness}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14491248 .
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11165944  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14491248  In }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11165944 our view no such plea }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2770808 c}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid11165944 ould have succeeded.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2770808 C was a 37 year old man who chose to get drunk.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11165944 
This was not one of those unusual cases where intoxication could be regarded as either mitigating or aggravating.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14491248   I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179 n our view his intoxica}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14491248 t}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179 ion}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14491248  was irrelevant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11165944 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11165944 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [53]\tab}Therefore we see no basis for any discount on the basis of intoxication.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11165944 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid11165944\charrsid11165944 Conclusion
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid11165944 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [54]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid413885 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11165944 The starting point in this case was set at }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4671583 a}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11165944  mark}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6181414  that was too low.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2770808 Given the gravity of the offending, i}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6181414 
t should have been 4 years imprisonment}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2770808 .  There was no basis for a deduction for provocation}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6181414 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11165944 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid6181414 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [55]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6181414 As to personal mitigating factors, the}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179  only }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6181414 point raised was intoxication, and for the reasons given we regard }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6181414 \rquote s intoxication as a neutral factor.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid2770808   Intoxication has not been raised as an aggravating factor.  There is therefore no adjustment for personal circumstances.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6181414 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid6181414 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [56]\tab}We conclude that the
 sentence of 2 years and 9 months imprisonment was manifestly inadequate.  The sentence should have been 4 years imprisonment.
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\keepn\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3698322 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\insrsid6181414\charrsid6181414 Result
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid6181414 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [57]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid413885 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6181414 The appeal against sentence is allowed.  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6116294 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid6181414 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [58]\tab}}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6181414 The sentence imposed upon }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4616403 Mr Virivirisai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6181414  by the Chief Justice on the charge of causing grievous bodily harm to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid8915353 C}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6181414  with intention to cause that grievous bodily harm is quashed}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6116294 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6181414  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6116294  I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6181414 n its place a sentence of 4 years imprisonment is imposed.  
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s24 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid6181414 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [59]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls2\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12350179 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6181414 The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6116294 conviction and discharge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\insrsid6181414  on the charge o}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12350179 f male assaults female remains.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6181414 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sa360\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15936545 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6181414 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts44\trqc\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid6696329\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0
\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802\clshdrawnil \cellx2694\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl 
\cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2976\clshdrawnil \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2636\clshdrawnil \cellx8306\pard \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1
\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid2110627 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid14960835\charrsid14960835 David Williams, P\cell Raynor Asher, JA\cell Douglas White, JA\cell }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\cf1\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 
\cf0\lang5129\langfe2057\langnp5129\langfenp2057\insrsid14960835\charrsid14960835 \trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow
\ts44\trqc\trgaph108\trleft-108\trftsWidth1\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid6696329\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl
\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802\clshdrawnil \cellx2694\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2976\clshdrawnil \cellx5670\clvertalt\clbrdrt
\brdrtbl \clbrdrl\brdrtbl \clbrdrb\brdrtbl \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2636\clshdrawnil \cellx8306\row }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qj \li0\ri0\sl360\slmult1\widctlpar
\tx709\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid14960835 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12072339 
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