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\par }}{\headerr \ltrpar \pard\plain \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\pvpara\phmrg\posxc\posy0\wraparound\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\field{\*\fldinst {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\insrsid10562616 PAGE  }}{\fldrslt {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\lang1024\langfe1024\noproof\insrsid11743212 9}}}\sectd \ltrsect
\linex0\endnhere\sectdefaultcl\sftnbj {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \cs17\insrsid10562616 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s15\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\tqc\tx4153\tqr\tx8306\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid10562616 
\par }}{\*\pnseclvl1\pnucrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl2\pnucltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl3\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta .}}{\*\pnseclvl4\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxta )}}
{\*\pnseclvl5\pndec\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl6\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl7\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl8
\pnlcltr\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}{\*\pnseclvl9\pnlcrm\pnstart1\pnindent720\pnhang {\pntxtb (}{\pntxta )}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s20\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE COOK ISLANDS
\par HELD AT RAROTONGA
\par (CRIMINAL DIVISION)
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s21\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\noproof0\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 CA 3/12
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\langfenp5129\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 THE QUEEN
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s24\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 v
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s24\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s23\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\caps\fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 GIOVANNI MARSTERS
\par SAMUEL TANGAROA
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s23\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Coram:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Barker, P
\par David Williams, JA
\par Paterson, JA
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s22\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe5129\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp5129 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Hearing:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe5129\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 27 November 2012
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 
\ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Judgment:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 30 November 2012
\par 
\par Counsel:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Messrs T Arnold & S S Perese for the Appellants

\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs24 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Ms S McKenzie & Ms C Evans for the Crown
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\s19\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11743212 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\ul\lang1024\langfe1024\cgrid\noproof\langnp2057\langfenp5129 {
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid11743212\charrsid11743212 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [1]\tab}}\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The appellants, Giovanni Marsters and Samuel Tangaroa, had each pleaded guilty on 11 July 2012 to a variety of charges brought under the Narcotics and Misuse of Drugs Act 2004 (}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 the Act}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 ).
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [2]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Their guilty pleas came on the third day of a trial in the High Court which had been expected to take 10 days.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The jury had been empanelled and counsel for the prosecution had made an opening address.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 One basis for the pleas had been the receipt by the trial judge, Doherty J, of sentencing indication submissions from the Crown.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [3]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
These submissions had been produced after discussions in Chambers by the Judge with counsel for the Crown and counsel then representing the appellants plus one other accused person, a former Police officer, who is not now pursuing an appea
l against sentence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Eventually, some charges were withdrawn and others amended before the guilty pleas were proffered and the sentencing indications canvassed by the Judge with counsel.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [4]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Marsters faced 3 counts of importing
 a class C drug, namely cannabis, one count of conspiring to import cannabis, 3 counts of selling cannabis, 4 counts of offering to supply cannabis and one count of cultivation of cannabis plant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [5]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Tangaroa faced one charge of importing, one of conspiring to import, one of selling and one of offering to supply.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 All of these charges related to cannabis.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [6]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
The trial was a result of an undercover operation by the Cook Islands Police assisted by the New Zealand Police.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Over the period of this operation which lasted from September 2010 to May 2011, there were some 30 officers involved, 18 of them from New Zealand.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Other persons are still to face charges as a result of the operation and others have already been dealt with by the Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [7]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The prosecution a
lleged some drug-dealing by the appellants prior to the commencement of the operation in September 2010.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The operation was set up because of concerns about the spread of cannabis use in the Cook Islands with the possible involvement by Police officers in drug-dealing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [8]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
On 20 July 2012, Doherty J sentenced Marsters to 6 years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
 imprisonment on the charges of importing and conspiring to import.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
He was also given a concurrent term of 2 years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
 imprisonment on the remaining charges.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [9]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Tangaroa was sentenced to 4 years}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  imprisonment on the importing and conspiring to import charges.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 He was also given a concurrent sentence of 12 months}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  imprisonment on the remaining charges.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [10]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
A co-accused, who had been a Police officer and who was the de facto wife of Marsters, was sentenced at the same time to 2 \'bd years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  imprisonment for corruption charges as well as for some cannabis-related charges.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Although she too filed a notice of appeal against sentence, that appeal has now been abandoned and the Court does not need to consider her situation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Facts}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [11]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
An extensive Statement of Facts was prepared by the prosecution.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
The Judge accepted this Statement because there was no challenge to it and no application for a pre-sentencing hearing to establish disputed facts relevant to the sentencing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 This Court takes a similar approach.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [12]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
The Statement of Facts disclosed numerous admissions made by Marsters to an undercover police officer.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 In pre-trial rulings, Doherty J had rejected defence challenges to the admissibility of the undercover officer}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 s evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Despite their then defence counsel}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 s florid characterisation of the use of undercover officers as }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 new, strange and socially repugnant,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  no appeal was filed against the judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 s ruling.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
A misconceived appeal against conviction was filed after the sentencing but, when it was pointed out to counsel that such an appeal would be difficult to run after pleas of guilty, and that, in order to mount a viable appeal against conviction, a successf
ul application to change pleas would have to have been made to the High Court, the appeals against conviction were withdrawn.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The Court notes that all this occurred before Mr Arnold and Mr Perese were instructed for the appellants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The Court records its appreciation of their thoughtful and responsible submissions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The Court also records its appreciation of equally helpful submissions from Ms McKenzie and Ms Evans for the Crown.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [13]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
The Court notes for the guidance of the High Court in future cases that, in
 principle, it sees no reason against a trial judge admitting evidence obtained from an undercover officer, leaving it to the jury to assess the relevance and credibility of that evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The Court makes this general observation without commenting on whet
her Doherty J was correct on the facts of this case to admit the undercover evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 That question simply does not arise since there has been no appeal in that regard, although it appears from the Judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 s sentencing remarks that he had indeed applied the 
usual and correct tests for the admissibility of this sort of evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [14]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
It is not necessary to set out all the facts relating to the offending in this judgment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 As the Judge noted, Marsters was the primary offender, if not the ringleader.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 He arranged and financed imports of cannabis and engaged in the retail selling of it.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 He cultivated cannabis for himself in small crops but using paraphernalia of some sophistication.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 He imported cannabis from New Zealand because it was of a better quality and therefore commanded a better price in the Cook Islands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 This meant he derived a greater profit and would also have been }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 cutting out}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  the middle man, namely his supplier.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Nevertheless, the appellant}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 s operation was small in comparison to some revealed in the reports of New Zealand cases.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 It was however significant in its potential in a Cook Islands context.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [15]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Tangaroa was an important player in the illegal operation because he had been employed by the Post Office.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 And as a result of this employment, he was able to intercept imported contraband before it got to Customs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 He was paid in cannabis.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 He used this substance himself, but, in the view of the Judge, he sold the balance for profit.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 He therefore was dealing on his own account.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [16]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Conversations with Marsters reported by the undercover officer indicated that he had used or was considering using a variety of methods for introducing into and/or circulating drugs within the Cook Islands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [17]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Various calculations 
were submitted by the Crown as to the profits the appellants may have been expected to have made.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Marsters opined to the undercover officer that, at least, his drug dealing had financed two cars.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The Judge noted the difference in relative worth of profits in New Zealand as compared with profits in the Cook Islands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The Judge accepted that some of the assumptions of profit made by the Crown }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 may be on the wild side}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 He accepted that the cannabis dealing of the appellants was of a moderate level but was at a level to be significant in Cook Islands society.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
The Crown assessments had ranged between $46,500 and $107,275 for Marsters and between $26,414 to $53,700 for Tangaroa.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The ranges depended on numbers of sales whether there had been bulk deals or sales of a multitude of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 tinnies}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [18]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Detailed and comprehensive reports on each appellant from the Probation Service were supplied to the Judge.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Numerous laudatory references including a petition signed by 209 persons, were also filed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Apart from an historic assault conviction against Marsters, both had clean criminal records.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Both had settled domestic arrangements and were well regarded in the community.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The Judge noted correctly that limited regard should be had to personal circumstances of offenders in drug-dealing cases.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [19]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Marsters gave the impression to the report writer that the undercover officer was to blame for his (Marsters}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 ) predicament.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
The Judge considered that Marsters had seen the undercover operator as providing an opportunity to further his drug-dealing operations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Tangaroa took a similar stance, but the Judge noted that Marsters had told the undercover officer that Tangaroa}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 s involvement in drug dealing preceded his.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The Judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 s Sentencing Approach}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [20]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Doherty J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 s sentencing remarks were comprehensive and carefully structured.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
He made a number of observations which clearly pointed to the reasons for the sentences which he ultimately imposed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 These can be summarised thus:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (a)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 This was the first sentencing in the C
ook Islands for major drug dealing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
There had been sentences imposed for simple possession of cannabis in recent times which had contemplated imprisonment where the amount was clearly more than needed for personal use.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (b)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The scourge of drugs in any soci
ety and its impacts are well-known.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Not just the impact on users, the wasted lives of addicts and the impact on their immediate families, but also on the wider society.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Dealing in drugs and the money it generates involves, generally other crime \endash  crime to finance the habit and crime to enforce drug debts or even between drug factions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Things such as those are likely to have significant impacts on an island society.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (c)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Whilst it is useful to draw on New Zealand precedent for drug offending, there are distinctions between the two jurisdictions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The Cook Islands and the New Zealand Parliaments have treated class C drugs differently with regard to maximum sentences.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 For example, for cultivation, the New Zealand penalty is 7 years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  imprisonment, but in the Cook Islands it is 20 years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (d)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Consequently, there should not be a lighter approach to sentencing in the Cook Islands when one considers the significant differences in maximum sentences.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (e)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
There needs to be kept in mind the difference in the relative worth of profits in the two countries.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 New Zealand wages are much higher than Cook Islands wages:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 therefore, profits from easy drug-dealing may incentivise people significantly to supplement their Cook Islands lawful earnings.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 For example, the Crown alleged that an ounce of cannabis sold in the Cooks would represent 2 to 4 weeks}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  salary depending upon the range.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 (f)\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\ilvl1\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Cannabis is becoming more prevalent in the Cook Islands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 There had been 27 sente
ncings for cannabis-related offences in the preceding 12 months.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [21]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Doherty J referred to several New Zealand Court of Appeal cases:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 R v Terewi}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 [1993] 3 NZLR 62 (approved by this Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Mata v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 (CA 2/2000)), }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 R v Qui}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 (NZCA 202/06) and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Cai v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  [2012] NZCA 293.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Terewi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 related to growing and dealing and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Qui}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  to importing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The categorisation of importing offences in the New Zealand High Court decision of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 R v Ho}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
(CRI 2005-092-000567, Winkelmann, J 12 April 2005) had been approved by the New Zealand Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Qui}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Cai}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [22]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
These New Zealand authorities set levels for different degrees of criminality.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 In }
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Qui}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
, the Court of Appeal approved the starting points identified in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Ho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 , namely:}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Category 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
offenders at top level, instigators, masterminds, prime movers and controllers \endash  a start point in the range of 6-7 years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Category 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
offenders who are crucial players but not masterminds, but without whom the enterprise would not be brought to fruition \endash  a start point in the range of 3-5 years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [23]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The New Zealand Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 R v Terewi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  classified cannabis cultivation offences into 3 broad categories:
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Category 1}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Growing a small number of plants for the offender}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 s personal use without any sale t
o a third party being intended.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
A fine or another non-custodial sentence is appropriate.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Where there has been some supply to others, prison could be appropriate in serious cases.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Category 2}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Small scale cultivation for commercial purposes.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The starting po
int for sentencing is usually 2-4 years but, if sales were limited, a lower start point could be justified.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Category 3}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 :}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Large scale commercial growing with a considerable degree of sophistication and organisation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The start point is 4 years or more.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [24]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Terewi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
 remarked that the borderlines between categories could be indistinct and sometimes incapable of exact demarcation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 This Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Mata v R}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  (CKCA 1) referred to }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Terewi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  with approval when it upheld a sentence of 2 years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  imprisonment for the cultivation of 11 small cannabis plants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [25]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The New Zealand Court of Appeal in }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 R v Gray}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
 (2008) NZCA 224 stated that for sentencing purposes, no distinction should be made between selling and cultivating.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Hence, Doherty J applied }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Terewi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  principles to dealing as well as to cultivation offences.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [26]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Doherty J, whilst accepting the general thrust of the above New Zealand decisions, noted the need to adapt their principles to Cook Island conditions.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The first necessary qualification arose from the greater penalties imposed under the Cook Islands statute.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 For example, for possession of even a small amount of cannabis, the New Zealand maximum is 3 months}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  imprisonment, whilst the Cook Islands maximum is 2 years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 For importation, 7 years in New Zealand but 20 years in the Cook Islands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 For supplying, 8 years in New Zealand but 10 years in the Cook Islands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [27]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The Judge considered that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Terewi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  tariff ought to be adjusted upward to reflect the Cook Islands situation.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Thus Category 1, fine to short term imprisonment,}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Category 2, 2-6 years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  imprisonment and Category 3, 5-10 years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  imprisonment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
On the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Ho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
 analysis, he saw Category 1 as deserving 5-9 years and Category 2, 3-6 years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [28]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The Judge used the above pr
inciples-guidelines in sentencing the appellants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
He placed Marsters in Category 1 of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Ho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
 and Tangaroa in Category 2.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
His starting points were 5 years and 4 years respectively.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [29]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
For Marsters, the Judge placed him at the lower-end of the main-player category of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Ho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  and used 5 years as a starting point.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
He then added another 2 years for the other drug-dealing offences, deducted 6 months for the very late guilty plea and 6 months for his personal circumstances, reaching an end sentence of 6 years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  imprisonment.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [30]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
For Tangaroa, the Judge placed him in the secondary offender category of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Ho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  and therefore a starting point of 4 years was adopted.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 He then added another year for the other offences and deducted 6 months for the late plea and 6 months for personal circumstances, reaching the end sentence of 4 years}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  imprisonment. }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Grounds of Appeal}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [31]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
In his useful submissions, Mr Perese rightly acknowledged some of the grounds in the notice of appeal which were unsustainable and concentrated on a submission that the sentences were manifestly excessive.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
He rightly acknowledged that the discount for personal circumstances is not a strong mitigating factor in a drug-dealing case and that the discount for the guilty plea was generous when one considers the stage at which it had been made \endash 
 part way through a trial.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [32]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Mr Perese acknowledged the decision of this Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Mata}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
 in 2000 which endorsed the sentencing Judge}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
s view that the appearance of drugs in the Cook Islands was a matter of great anxiety and that the deterrent aspect of sentencing had to be emphasised.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Counsel also acknowledged the enactment of new legislation in 2004 in the Cook Islands which fixed higher maximum penalties than those found in its New Zealand counterpart on which it was based.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [33]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
The Court has had, thanks to the sterling efforts of all counsel, exhaustive details of sentences imposed in the Cook Islands High Court in recent years for drug-related offending.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Mr Perese referred to some recent sentencing decisions which show a rather lenient trend by dwelling on offender}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 s personal circumstances.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Much of the offending related to simple possession or to minor supplying.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 More recent sentencing of small-time offenders shows a gradual tightening which led Hugh Williams J to remark in 
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 R v Upu}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  (3 June 2011):}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li720\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
...that there is an increasing concern in this community at the prevalence of cannabis and cannabis offending, and in view of that fact it would appear the responsible position for the Court to take is to reflect those increasing c
ommunity concerns to an extent at least and impose stiffer sentences for cannabis offending.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 This has been the case in the past.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 "
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [34]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Mr Perese submitted that there needed to be a recalibration of the balance between deterrence and rehabilitation \endash  especially in the Cook Islands context.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
He noted a recent report by the New Zealand Law Commission which concluded that the criminal law can be most effective when it adopts a more holistic approach to drug control rather than a purely punitive purpose.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
He pointed out that there had been no Crown appeals against lenient drug sentences and, that in the 7 years since the introduction of the harsher maximum sentences, there had been several cases where cultivation offenders had been discharged without convi
ction or placed on probation.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [35]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
 Counsel discovered a sentence imposed in March 2007 by Hingston J in the High Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 R v Rubena}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 3 \'bd years}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
 imprisonment was imposed for possession of firearms, possession of 2.57 kg of cannabis and selling and offering to sell cannabis.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 No sentencing notes could be found.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 However, this offending seems to have been the most serious shown in previous sentencings for drug offences.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [36]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Mr Perese criticised what he called Doherty J}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 s }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 "}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 uncritical application}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Terewi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Ho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 , despite }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Terewi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  having been approved by this Court in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Mata}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 .}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
He acknowledged that the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Terewi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
 categories were helpful in determining culpability as between offenders, but submitted that the length of sentences these indicated should not be followed.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 He noted that New Zealand has drug rehabilitation programmes for prisoners and parolees.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The Cook Islands does not.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [37]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Counsel emphasised that many of what would be normally aggravating circumstances were absent.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 There were no firearms, large amounts of cash or caches of cannabis.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Two of the importation charges were the result of confessions to the undercover policeman.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 There was no suggestion of class A or B drugs.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [38]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Counsel essentially submitted that the Judge was wrong in his approach when he rejected a lighter approach to sentencing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Counsel said that an almost lateral transportation of New Zealand tariffs underlines the integrity of the Cook Islands sentencing paradigm.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [39]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Next, counsel for the appellants criticised the Judge for his use of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 agg
ravating but untested}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 "}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Basically this evidence was the record of conversations by the appellants with the undercover officer.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Transcripts of these conversations were given to the jury at the start of the trial 
\endash  well before the guilty pleas.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 They were reflected in the Summary of Facts.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [40]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Next, it was submitted that the sentencing Judge failed properly to consider rehabilitation of the appellants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 A short sentence of imprisonment should have been followed by a period of probation during which rehabilitative measures would have been put in place.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Reference was made to the wealth of testimonials provided for each appellant.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [41]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Finally, mention was made about the discretionary nature of parole in the Cook Islands as compared with the detailed legislation in New Zealand relating to the release from detention, giving statutory rights to those admitted to parole.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Decision}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [42]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
The Court is impressed with the careful and thoughtful approach taken by Doherty J, who has had considerable experience in criminal trials and sentencing in New Zealand.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 With respect, his analysis is by far the most stringent and focussed amongst the many sentencing remarks in the Cook Islands High Court to which we were referred.}
{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
The Court considers that he canvassed fully all relevant matters, especially those raised by the appellants.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 This case, with the possible exception of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Rubena}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  for which no sentencing comments exist, appears to reveal the most serious crop of drug-related offences to date to come before the High Court of the Cook Islands.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
It showed, albeit on a smallish scale, a dedicated enterprise to circulate drugs in a small community which had indicated in its legislation, a very condemnatory view of cannabis importation, cultivation and dealing.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Clearly, the Judge was entitled to send a clear message of deterrence which he effectively did.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [43]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The Court is unable to find that the sentences wer
e manifestly excessive.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Possibly, they were towards the upper end of the acceptable levels, but were still within the range.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Therefore, this Court cannot interfere with them.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [44]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
Previous sentencing for drug offences seems in some instances in the High Court to have been too lenient.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 In some cases, too little regard appears to have been paid to the very high maximum sentences.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The Court must faithfully heed the message sent by the legislature by stipulating these maximum sentences.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 It may be regarded, as 
suggested by Mr Perese, that legislating for heavy maximum sentences is rather a blunt instrument.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Regard should be had to the economic and social costs of lengthy terms of imprisonment \endash  especially the impact on offenders}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  families who could usually be le
ft with minimal financial resources for years while the breadwinner was incarcerated.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 However, that is a matter for the legislature and not for this Court.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [45]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
In some of the sentences to which we were referred, too much regard seems to have been placed on the personal circumstances of offenders.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Because drug-dealing is so corrosive in its impact on the community, with often an unknown number of persons affected detrimentally, the law for some time in the Cook Islands \endash 
 certainly since this Court}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 s decision in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Mata}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
 in 2000, has indicated that deterrence must assume greater importance in sentencing over personal circumstances in drug cases.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 For other types of offending which do not have as wide a community impact as drug-dealing, leniency based on personal circumstances can play a bigger part in the sentencing process.}{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [46]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The Court, following its earlier endorsement of }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Terewi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  classifications in }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Mata}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 , approves of Doherty J}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 s adaptation of the }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Terewi}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  and }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\i\ul\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Ho}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  classifications as indicated above.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 The Judge adop
ted the tariffs he indicated to acknowledge the higher maximum sentences mandated in this jurisdiction.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [47]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
In an ideal world where there were ample resources for criminal rehabilitation in a small economy, approaches such as those suggested by the New Zealand Law Commission and by counsel for the appellants might be possible and desirable.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
However, this Court has to operate within the existing legal structures where the legislation has sent a clear message about the distaste with which it views drug-dealing in this community.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [48]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
As to parole, we were informed from the bar that although there is nothing specific in a statute it is routine for prisoners of good behaviour to be paroled at the half-way point of the sentence for those serving more than 5 ye
ars, and at the two-thirds point for those serving less than 5 years.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
The operation of this somewhat arbitrary scheme would mean that, if Marsters were to be imprisoned for 4 \'bd years instead of 6 years, he would be legible for parole after 3 years in both situations.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Section 17(5) of the Criminal Justice Act suggests that parole for any prisoner is discretionary.}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [49]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
We reject the ground of appeal that the Judge relied on }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 untested}{\rtlch\fcs1 
\af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 '}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239  evidence.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{
\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 There could have been a untested facts hearing before sentencing, had the defence chosen not to accept aspects of the Statement of Facts.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 
\ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239  }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 In the absence of any challenge, the Judge was entitled to rely on the Statement of Facts and did so.
}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239 
\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par {\listtext\pard\plain\ltrpar \s18 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\langfenp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \hich\af0\dbch\af0\loch\f0 [50]\tab}}\pard \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\ls1\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Both appeals against sentence are dismissed.

\par }\pard \ltrpar\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par _________________________
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 Sir Ian Barker, President
\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par 
\par \ltrrow}\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf1 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf1 
\trftsWidth3\trwWidth8301\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid8335209\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth675\clshdrawnil \cellx567\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802\clshdrawnil \cellx3369\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth850\clshdrawnil \cellx4219\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth884\clshdrawnil \cellx5103
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3090\clshdrawnil \cellx8193\pard \ltrpar
\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\pararsid6827239 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 \cell Justice David Williams\cell \cell \cell 
Justice Paterson\cell }\pard \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\intbl\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \b\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\trowd \irow0\irowband0\lastrow \ltrrow\ts11\trgaph108\trleft-108\trbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \trbrdrh\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf1 \trbrdrv\brdrs\brdrw10\brdrcf1 
\trftsWidth3\trwWidth8301\trftsWidthB3\trftsWidthA3\trautofit1\trpaddl108\trpaddr108\trpaddfl3\trpaddft3\trpaddfb3\trpaddfr3\tblrsid8335209\tbllkhdrrows\tbllkhdrcols\tbllknocolband\tblind0\tblindtype3 \clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb
\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth675\clshdrawnil \cellx567\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth2802\clshdrawnil \cellx3369\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone 
\clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth850\clshdrawnil \cellx4219\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrnone \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrnone \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth884\clshdrawnil \cellx5103
\clvertalt\clbrdrt\brdrs\brdrw10 \clbrdrl\brdrnone \clbrdrb\brdrnone \clbrdrr\brdrtbl \cltxlrtb\clftsWidth3\clwWidth3090\clshdrawnil \cellx8193\row }\pard\plain \ltrpar
\s18\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs24\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid6827239\charrsid6827239 
\par 
\par }\pard\plain \ltrpar\ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\wrapdefault\aspalpha\aspnum\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6827239 \rtlch\fcs1 \af0\afs20\alang1025 \ltrch\fcs0 \fs20\lang5129\langfe2057\cgrid\langnp5129\langfenp2057 {\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 
\fs24\lang2057\langfe2057\langnp2057\insrsid1972231\charrsid6827239 
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