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\qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2842097 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid2842097 IN THE COURT OF APPEAL OF THE COOK ISLANDS }{
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\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 of the Cook Islands Act
\par 1915 ss 390A, 391 & 409(e)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
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\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid13442284 
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\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 of the lands known as Mangaiti Kairoa 30 &}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15213723  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 54 No. 1,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid2842097 Auautangata 56, Vaitakaia 59, Nauparatoa 60, Te Matepa 61, Vairoa 64 & 64B (Ruatonga) Taurupau 69, Rarokava 70}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid2842097 Te Piri 73 (Takuvaine) Koterau 88, Taratiu 93 (Ruatonga)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid2842097 Anga Kopua 125 (Takuvaine), Rimatara 127N (Araitetonga)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
Nokii 182 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2059460 (Ngatipa) Aretura & Takakoka 18}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 E N, Vaiokura 19B Rangimaru 191G (Upper Tupapa) - "the Tumu Lands"}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
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\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid13442284 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2842097 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2842097 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15213723\charrsid15213723 The}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid15213723 
 descendants of Utanga and Arerangi Tumu}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid15213723 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 Applicants}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2842097 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid13442284 AND}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14881201 :}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid13442284 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2842097 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2842097 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15213723\charrsid15213723 The}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid15213723 
 descendants of lopu Tumu
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 Respondents
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\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid552200 Before:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 Barker JA (Presiding) }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid552200 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 Fisher JA
\par Paterson JA}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid552200 Counsel:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 Mr M C Mitchell for Applicant
\par Mrs T P Browne for Respondents
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7746049 Date of}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid552200  hearing:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 24 November 2008
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid552200 Date of judgment:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 28 November 2008
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2842097 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid552200 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2842097 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11693562 {\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid552200 Procedure Histo}{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid552200 ry

\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 1.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
On 18 October 2001, the Applicants made application under s. 390A(1) of the Cook Islands Act 1915 ('the Act') seeking to invalidate orders made in 1912 in res
pect of certain lands in Avarua known as the 'Tumu lands'. They sought, too, an injunction restraining the respondents from dealing with any part of the land until further order of the Court.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 On 23 November 2001, Greig CJ made the following order:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid552200 "Or
der by way of interim injunction until further order of the High Court prohibiting any person from dealing with any part or parts of the Tumu Lands (as described in the Title to these proceedings) whether by way of partition, alienation, leasing or making
 any application to the Court in respect of any such dealing or for a succession order or in any other way so as to affect the ownership title or occupation of the Tumu Lands."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2842097 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11693562 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 3.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 On 23 November 2001, Greig CJ also referred the s. 390A(1) application to the Land Division of the High Court for inquiry and report pursuant to s. 390A(3) of the Act.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 4.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
After hearing submissions from the parties, Smith J issued his report to the Chief Justice on 19 August 2003.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
He recommended that the application be dismissed.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 5.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
On 6 July 2004, Greig CJ issued a memorandum, listing a number of issues which he considered had not been dealt with in Smith J's}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 report and called for submissions which}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097  were duly filed by the parties.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 

\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 6.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
Greig CJ retired before he had finally disposed of the s. 390A application. After calling for and considering further submissions and holding a hearing on 31 March 2008, Greig CJ's successor, Williams CJ, delivered a judgment 
on 24 June 2008 in which he held that }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid552200 "the applicant's claims fail on all grounds."}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid552200  (Para. 136).}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 7.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
In a list of formal orders in the Chief Justice's judgment, an order dismissin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9723491 g the s. 390A application does }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 not feature.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 However, counsel agreed that para. 136 of the judgment had that effect.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 

\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8855428 8.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 The list of formal orders and declarations reads as follows:}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid8855428 \'93[137]}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid8855428 
 The Court finds and declares as follows:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid8855428 
(a) Judge MacCormick did not commit any mistake, error, or omission whether of fact or law when he signed the 1912 Order thus removing the names of the applicants' ancestors; and;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid8855428 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid8855428 (b) The 1912 Order of Judge MacCorm}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10909906 
ick is hereby validated under s. }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid8855428 416 of the Cook Islands Act. This validation will not take effect until the validation of the 13 May 1912 Order is}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid8855428  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid8855428 
first, assented to in writing by the Attorney-General and second, drawn up signed and sealed by a Judge of the High Court. Once that has taken place, the Order will rake effect from the date it was made, i. e. from 13 May 1912.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8855428 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid8855428 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid8855428 
(c) In compliance with s. 476(3) of the Cook Islands Act 1915, the respondents are ordered to prepare a submission to the Attorney General which will include a copy of this ju
dgment, requesting that the Attorney-General assent to the validation. Once the assent is obtained, the respondents are to submit the Order to the High Court for drawing up, signature and sealing.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid8855428 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid8855428 (d) The existing injunction issued by Greig CJ on 23 Novem
ber 2001 shall remain in place until either (i) the Attorney General's assent is received}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid8855428  and the Order referred to in (c}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid8855428 )}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid8855428  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid8855428 
above has been sealed, signed and drawn up by this Court, or (ii) a further Order of this Court is made discharging the injunction.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid8855428 (e) The applicants have no legal interest in the following sections:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid8081084 
\par }\pard \ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang3084\langfe1033\langnp3084\insrsid11693562\charrsid8855428 (i) Te Piri Section 73, Takuvaine;}{\i\fs24\lang3084\langfe1033\langnp3084\insrsid11693562 

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang3084\langfe1033\langnp3084\insrsid8855428\charrsid8855428 
\par }\pard \ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid8855428 (ii) Taurupau Section 69, Takuvaine and}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8855428\charrsid8855428 
\par }\pard \ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid8855428 (iii) Rarokava Section 70, Takuvaine.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11693562 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid8855428 (f) The respondents are entitled to their reasonable costs of and inci
dental to the proceedings up to the date of this judgment. The parties shall endeavour to agree on costs. Failing agreement, the respondents shall lodge submissions as to costs within 42 days from the date of delivery of this judgment. The applicants shal
l then have 21 days to reply in writing. Thereafter the Court will issue a decision "on the papers" unless it considers a further hearing in costs is necessary."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11693562 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 9.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
For reasons that are not apparent, the formal order of the Chief Justice, as sealed, encapsulated only paragraphs a),b) and c) of the list of orders and declarations cited in the preceding paragraph. The sealed order bore the written assent of the Attorne
y-General, as required by section 416(3) of the Act for any validation under that section.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 10.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
The sealed order recorded a finding of Williams CJ that the 1912 order had been made without jurisdiction but tha}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6579461 t the irregularity had been one}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562  of practice and procedure of the Cour}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13401581 t and did not }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
go to the substance of the order itself.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
Hence it was capable of validation under s. 416, provided the Attorney-General assented.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 11.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
Strangely, the formal order, as sealed, said nothing about the dismissal of the s. 390A application which was obviously the principal matter to have been decided. Nor did it address the question of the 2001 injunction on the terms set out in para. (d)}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6579461  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 of the Chief Justice's list of orders and declarations.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 12.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
We observe that there is a clear responsibility on both counsel and the registrar to ensure that sealed or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6579461 ders of the High Court cover all}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562  matters raised in a judge's reasons for judgment.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 3.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 On 7 
July 2008, the applicants filed in this Court an application for special leave to appeal pursuant to Article 60(3) of the Constitution. We were informed from the bar by counsel that application was deliberately made to this Court and not the High Court. C
ounsel accepted that this Court's decision in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 Ariki }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6579461\charrsid6579461 v}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461  Upokotini}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
 (2 June 2006) held that Article 60(2) of the Constitution and s. 390A(2) of the Act prevented the High Court from giving leave to appeal a decision of the Chief Justice declining an order under s. 390A.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 14.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 The Chief Justice however, by mi}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12015132 nute issued on 16 October 2008 p}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 urported to remove the application into this Court pursuant to Se}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6579461 ction 53 of the Judicature Act }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 1980-}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6579461 1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 . Whilst we agree that, had the application for leave to appeal been made t
o the High Court such a course would have been appropriate. In this case, removal was not necessary since the application for leave to appeal had been made to this Court }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 ab initio.

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6579461 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 15. Article 60 of the Constitution provides:
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid6579461 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx567\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid6579461 \'93}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 160. }{
\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 Jurisdiction of Court of Appeal}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 
 - (1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Court of Appeal shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine any appeal from a judgment of the High Court.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx567\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid6579461 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx567\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 (2) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, and e
xcept where under any Act a judgment of the High Court is declared to be final, an appeal shall}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6579461  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 
lie to the Court of Appeal from a judgment of the }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6579461 H}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 igh Court }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid6579461 \endash }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6579461 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid6579461 
\par }\pard \ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8081084 (a) As of right, if the H}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 
igh Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation or effect of any}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14908025  provision of this Constitution;}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid6579461 
\par }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 (b) As of rig}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6293514 ht, from any conviction by the H}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 
igh Court in the exercise of its criminal jurisdiction whereby the appellant has been sentenced to death or to imprisonment for life or for a term exceeding 6 months or to a fine of not less than $200 and from any such}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid6579461  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 sentence (not being a sentence fixed by law);
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid6579461 
\par }\pard \ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 (c) As of right, when the matter in dispute on the appeal amounts to or is }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid6579461 of the value of $400 or upwards;}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid6579461 
\par }\pard \ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 (d) As of right
, from any judgment of the High Court involving any question as to the interpretation or application or effect of any provision o}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13387636 f Part I}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid6579461 VA of this Constitution.}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid6579461 
\par }\pard \ql \li1134\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1134\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 (e) With the 
leave of the High Court in any other case, if in the opinion of that Court the question involved in the appeal is one which by reason of its general or public importance, or of the magnitude of the interest affected, or for any other reason, ought to be s
ubmitted to the Court of Appeal for decision.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6579461 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid6579461 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 
(3) Notwithstanding anything in subclause (2) of this article, and subject to such limitations as may be prescribed by Act, the Court of Appeal may in any case in which it thinks fit and at any time, grant spec
ial leave to appeal to that Court from any judgment of the High Court, subject to such conditions as to security for costs and otherwise as the Court of Appeal thinks fit.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6579461 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid6579461 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 
(4) In this Article the term "judgment" includes any judgement, decree, order, writ, declaration, conviction, sentence, or other determination.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11693562 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6579461\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 16.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 S 390A(2) of the Act provides:}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6579461 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6579461\charrsid6579461 "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 
(2) Any order made by the Chief Judge upon any such proceedings amending, varying, or cancelling any prior order shall be subject to appeal in the same manner }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid6579461 as any final order of }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6293514 [[}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6579461 the Land Court]] but there shall be no appeal against the refusal to make any such order."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11693562 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 17.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid2842097 Ariki v Upokoti}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid2842097 ni}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562  decided that because s. 390A(2), 
expressly states that there is no appeal against the refusal of the Chief Justice to make an order under s. 390A(2), it comes within the ambit of Article 60.(2): i.e. "except where under any Act or judgment of the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097  High Court is declared to be fi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 na}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097 l}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2842097\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 18.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
However, counsel for the applicants sought to differentiate the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6579461  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 position under Article 60(3) from that under Article 60(2).}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 He}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
stressed that the words in s. 390A(2), }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6293514 "declared to be final"}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562  cannot be read as a }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6293514 "limitation"}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562  under article 60(3) which has to be read }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6293514 Notwithstanding anything in subclause (2) of this Article.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 19.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
We cannot accept this argument. Although the phrase "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6293514 subject to such limitations as may be prescribed by Act}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
" in Article 60(3) is differently worded to the phrase "}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6293514 except where under any Act a judgment of the Nigh Court is declared to be final...}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
". the intent of both is the same. The Constitution envisages that there will be some situations where the legislature might consider that, for policy reasons an appeal to the Court of Appeal mi
ght need to be excluded by Act of Parliament. It is not hard to see the policy reasons behind the prohibition of appeal against a refusal to grant an order under s. 390A}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 (2). An end to land disputes going back often for more than a century would be seen as desirable.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 If after careful scrutiny of an application to re-open an old land dispute by the Chief Justice - usually supported by a rep}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2432229 
ort from a Land Division Judge}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2432229 - }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
no justification for re-opening is found, Parliament has said "enough is enough."}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 20.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
Accordingly the application to appeal that part of the Chief Justice's decision}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7895604  which refused an order under s.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562  390A is declined.
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 l.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 However, that is not the end of the application. The Chief Justice made a number of order and declarations as set out in 
para 8 above. The principal one was to validate a decision of a Judge MacCormick. There were questions as to whether he had been properly appointed and whether sitting alone, he had lacked jurisdiction to make the order which was the subject of the s. 390
A application.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 22.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
The Chief Justice held that Judge MacCormick's lack of jurisdiction was capable of being validated under the provisions of section 416 of the Act which provides as follows:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6187612 "Section 416 }{\b\i\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6187612 
Validation of former orders
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid11693562 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6187612 (1) When any question
 arises as to the validity of any order made by the Cook Islands Land Titles Court before the commencement of this act, and [the Land Court] is satisfied that having regard to equity and good conscience such order ought to be validated, [the Land Court] m
ay by order validate the same accordingly.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid6187612 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6187612 (2) No such order shall be of any force or effect until drawn up, signed and sealed.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5401659\charrsid6187612 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6187612 (3) No such order shall be signed or sealed until and unless it h}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid6187612 as been assented to by the Attorn}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6187612 ey-General in writing.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid6187612 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6187612 (4) Every such order shall take effect as from the date of the order validated thereby."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6187612 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid6187612 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11693562 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 23.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 The Chief Justice rightly observed that he had the power of a "Land Court" judge under }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4198257 s. 416, by virtue of Article 47(4)}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562  of the Constitution.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 He also referred to
 s. 399 of the same Act which provides:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx567\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid11693562 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx567\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6693276 "Section 399 }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6693276 
Validity of orders}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6693276 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx567\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid11693562 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx567\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6693276 (1) }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10250514 No order of the [}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14365141 Land Court\}}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6693276 
 shall be invalid because of any error, irregularity, or defect in the form thereof or in the practice or procedure of the Court, even though by reason of that error, irregularity, or defect the order was made without or}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid6693276  }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6693276 in excess of jurisdiction.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx567\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid6693276 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\tx567\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6693276 (2) Not
hing in the foregoing provisions of this section shall apply to any order which in its nature or substance and independently of its form or of the practice or procedure}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid6693276  }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid6693276 of the Court was made without or in excess of jurisdiction. (3) Every order made by [th
e Land Court] shall be presumed in all Courts and in all proceedings to have been made within the jurisdiction of the Court, unless the contrary is proved or appears on the face of the order."
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11693562 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 24.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
Accepting that the 1912 order was made without jurisdiction, the Chief Justice then ruled that this was an 'irregularity' - one of the practice and procedure of the Court - and therefore a candidate for validation under s. 418.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 Because the 1912 order had been made}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 by consent, he considered that it would be contrary to principles of equity and good conscience not to validate it.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 25.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
It is of course trite law that jurisdiction cannot be conferred by consent. Moreover, we wonder, without deciding, whether a lack of jurisdiction is capable of being validated since the order in question must be deemed always to have been a nullity.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 26.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 S. 390A}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
(2) precludes appeals against orders of the Chief Justice refusing to amend, varying or cancelling any prior order. It says nothing about validating orders under s. 416. Therefo
re, an order of validation must be eligible to be appealed under the general authority of Article 60 of the Constitution.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 27.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
The application for leave to appeal to the Court was made promptly after the Chief Justice's decision was given. Therefore delay factors, which usually accompany Article 60(3) applications, are refreshingly absent in this case.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 28.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
Leave to appeal against the order of the Chief Justice validating the 1912 Orders of Judge MacCormick is granted. It may be relevant in this context for
 the Court when the appeal is before it to consider the doctrine of the de facto judge, as exemplified in such cases as }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid2435079 Barbados Mills and others v Attorney-Genera}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6693276 l}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid2435079  of }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid2435079 Fiji}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 (Fiji Court of Appeal 004).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 29.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 B}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079 y virtue of the Attorney-General}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
's assent being received, and the Chief Justice's orders having been sealed (albeit imperfectly), under clause (d) of the list of orders, the injunction of Greig CJ became automatically discharged. Counsel for the applicant had overlooked this occurrence.
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 30.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 In order to preserve the }{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid2435079 status quo}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562  pending the hearing of the appeal, we reinstate that injunction on Mr Mitchell's oral application.

\par 
\par 3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12520674 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4085747 
Leave to appeal }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 against the validation order is given to the applicants under Article 60(3) of the Constitution in the following terms:}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid11693562 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid12520674 
(a) The applicants are to file their case on appeal within 3 months and to prosecute the appeal with all diligence.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid12520674 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid12520674 
(b) The appeal is to be set down for the next sitting of the Court of Appeal in Rarotonga in 2009.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid12520674 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12520674 (c}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid12520674 
) The applicants pay into Court $3000 for security for costs within 2 months.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid12520674 
\par }\pard \ql \li567\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin567\itap0\pararsid3692508 {\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid12520674 (d) The injunction of Greig CJ is reinstated pending further order of the High Court.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11693562 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 32.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 
The question of costs on this application is reserved.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid11693562 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12520674 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid2435079 Barker JA}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079\charrsid2435079 Fisher JA
\par Paterson JA}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid2435079 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\nowidctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11693562 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2435079 
\par }{\b\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid2435079 Solicitors:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11693562\charrsid11693562 Charles Little PC for applicants
\par Browne Harvey and Associates PC for respondents
\par }}