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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789625 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 IN THE MATTER OF}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8415814\charrsid14553324 

\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 Article}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8415814\charrsid14553324  60(1), 60(2)(c) and (d) and
\par 60(3) and Part IVA of the
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 C}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8415814\charrsid14553324 onstitutions and Rule 17 of the
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 Court of Appeal Rules
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789625 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 BETWEEN:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14703357\charrsid14553324 
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789625 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 EDWARD DROLLET
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 Applicant
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789625 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14703357\charrsid14553324 AND:
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\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5789625 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 THE POLICE
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 Respondent
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\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4547320 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11348123\charrsid14553324 Hearing: {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}
{\xmlattrvalue 9}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 26}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 2003}}}26 September 2003{\*\xmlclose}.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5789625\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11348123\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11348123\yts15 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11348123\charrsid14553324 
Coram: Casey JA (Presiding}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5197294\charrsid14553324 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11348123\charrsid14553324 
\par Smellie JA
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11348123 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11348123\charrsid14553324 Williams JA)
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\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5197294\yts15 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5197294\charrsid14553324 
Appearances: N. George for Applicant
\par }\pard\plain \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5197294 \fs20\lang1033\langfe1033\cgrid\langnp1033\langfenp1033 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5197294\charrsid14553324 J L Mullineux for Respondent}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11348123\charrsid14553324 
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid81430\charrsid14553324 Judgment: {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname date}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Month}{\xmlattrvalue 10}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0{\xmlattrname Day}{\xmlattrvalue 2}}{\xmlattr\xmlattrns0
{\xmlattrname Year}{\xmlattrvalue 2003}}}2 October 2003}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5197294\charrsid14553324 {\*\xmlclose}
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid209959\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 JUDGMENT OF THE COURT
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\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 Background
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9245147\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 [1] The Applicant/Appellant faced seven separate counts with a co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 accused under ss 5 and 6 of the Secret Commissions Act of 1994}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12670050\charrsid14553324 /}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 5 and joint charges of forgery under s287 of the Crimes Act 1969. Both accused pleaded not guilty and elected trial by judge alone.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9245147\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 [2] The trial commenced before Smith J in the High Court Rarotonga on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}30 June 2003{\*\xmlclose}. Evidence was led for the prosecution
 from a number of witnesses but on the {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}2 July 2003{\*\xmlclose}, approximately three quarters of the way through the hearing of the prosecution}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 s evidence, both accused changed their pleas and pleaded guilty to all charges. However, on the 3 July 2003 the Appellant, who had by then terminated the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12670050\charrsid14553324  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
retainer of his two counsel and retained present counsel, applied by way of a formal written application for leave }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
to abandon all pleas of guilty to all charges... and to enter a plea of not guilty}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1443779\charrsid14553324  to all charges and to elect a t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12670050\charrsid14553324 rial by jury.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
 The application was based on the explicit contention that there would be a totally new trial.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9245147\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 [3] The trial judge, in the exercise of his discretion under s68 of the Criminal}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12472671\charrsid14553324  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 Procedure Act, granted the application for leave to amend the plea but decided}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12472671\charrsid14553324  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 pursuant to s16 of the Judicature Act that the trial must proceed to its end before}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12472671\charrsid14553324  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 him. Section 16 of the Judicature Act reads as follows:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623976\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6623976 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 (1) On the trial o
f any defendant for any offence punishable by imprisonment for a term exceeding 6 months, not being an offence to which section 14 of this Act applies, the person charged may before the charge is gone into but not afterwards, elect whether the Judge shall
 sit with or without a jury. Before the defendant is called upon to make his election under this subsection, the substance of the charge shall be stated to him.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623976\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4547320 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 The Judge ruled that since the charge had been gone into there was no}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7867636\charrsid14553324  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12670050\charrsid14553324 j}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623976\charrsid14553324 urisdiction}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324  to allow the change in the election.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623976\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 [4] The Appellant on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}22 July 2003{\*\xmlclose} applied for special leave to appeal against the refusal of the Judge to:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623976\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12264281 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 [1] order a new trial; and
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623976\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12264281 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 [2] allow fresh election, of trial by jury, after allowing new pleas of
 not guilty to be entered; and
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623976\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12264281 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8344974\charrsid14553324 [3] to rec}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
use himself from the trial after being privy to the guilty pleas.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623976\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12670050 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12670050\charrsid14553324 [5] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
The application for leave to appeal was advanced:
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\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1780991 {\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 UPON THE GROUNDS}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324  of the general right of Appeal pursuant to article 60(1) of the Constitution, as of right pursuant to articles 60(2)(c) and (d) and a further right to appeal pursuant to article 60(3), 
}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 AND UPON THE FURTHER GROUNDS}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324  that his Honour}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 s decision has disadvantaged the Applicant to a fair trial guaranteed by part IVA of the Constitution}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 s Declarations of Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms article 64(1)(b) of the Cook Islands Constitution Act 1964 as amended by the Constitution Amendment Act (No. 9) 1980}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 81 and }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 UPON THE FURTHER GROUNDS THAT}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6248054\charrsid14553324 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4547320 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623976\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1780991 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 1. THE LEARNED judge failed to give proper 
weight to the fact that the Applicant was successful in obtaining an order granting him leave to withdraw his plea of guilty.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623976\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1780991 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 2. The learned Judge failed to give proper weight to the reasonabl}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7763271\charrsid14553324 e apprehensions that it would be difficult }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 for the Applicant to
 obtain a fair trial from a Judge who was aware that he had previously pleaded guilty and was ready to s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4599681\charrsid14553324 entence the Applicant on the 2}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\super\langnp2057\insrsid4599681\charrsid14553324 nd}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
 of July 2003 but for the intervention of defence counsel to ask for a probation report which would otherwise conclude the trial.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623976\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1780991 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 3. The interest of justice }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7940526\charrsid14553324 require}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324  that the Applicant be given an opportunity to be t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5908493\charrsid14553324 ried by a jury who do not know t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 hat he has previously pleaded guilty.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623976\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1780991 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
4. To the extent that it was proper to permit the Applicant to change his pleas, it follows that he should have the benefit of a fresh trial before a tribunal, which could not be thought to be influenced by the fact of his change of plea.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623976\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1780991 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
5. An accused who pleads not guilty is entitled to be tried by a tribunal of fact, which has no knowledge of any prior inconsistent plea.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623976\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1780991 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
6. Where there are reasonable grounds for concluding that the Applicant might not have been properly advised in relat
ion to his plea and the advice he received in relation to the election for trial by a Judge alone was from the same source, he ought to be permitted to change his election especially if the interests of justice are not substantially prejudiced.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623976\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1780991 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 7. The Applicant is entitled to a re}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 trial upon the grounds that a co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 defendant had changed his plea in the course of the trial, where to continue the trial would result in an injustice to the Applicant.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6623976\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1780991 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 8. Due to the unsatisfactory nature of witness cross examinat
ion where critical issues such as witness bias and unprofessional conduct were not tested by defence counsel, it is the wish of the new counsel for the defence to apply a recall of all witnesses for further cross examination which if all matters are taken
 into account for a fair and just trial to take place, a new trial may as well be ordered, taking into account all surrounding facts and circumstances.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15277012 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15277012\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1780991 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
THIS APPLICATION is made in reliance on Articles 60(1), 60(2)(c) and (d) and 60(3) and Part IVA of the Constitution and Rule 17 of the Court of Appeal Rules.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5723219 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5723219\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 Jurisdiction
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4547320 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10239368\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 [6] In the course of argument it became clear that the sole and only possible basis for suggesting jurisdiction was the combined effect of Artic}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8658288\charrsid14553324 le 62(2)(e), an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5250138\charrsid14553324 d Article 60(3).}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
 Article 60 reads as follows:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5250138\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9971708 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
60(1) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, the Court of Appeal shall have jurisdiction to hear and determine any appeal from a judgment of the High Court.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5795447 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5795447\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9971708 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
(2) Subject to the provisions of this Constitution, and except where under any Act a judgment of the High Court is declared to be final, an appeal shall lie to the Court of Appeal fr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 
om a judgment of the High Court-}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13594676\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9971708 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 (a) A
s of right, if the High Court certifies that the case involves a substantial question of law as to the interpretation or effect of any provision of this Constitution;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13594676\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9971708 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
(b) As of right, from any conviction by the High Court in the exercise of its criminal j
urisdiction whereby the appellant has been sentenced to death or to imprisonment for life or for a term exceeding 6 months or to a fine of not less than $200 and from any such sentence (not being a sentence fixed by law);
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13594676\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid9971708 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
(c) As of right, when the matter in dispute on the appeal amounts to or is of the value of $400 or upwards;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13594676\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
(d) As of right, from any judgment of the High Court involving any question as to the interpretation or application or effect of any provision of P}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2493686\charrsid14553324 art I}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728521\charrsid14553324 VA of this Constitution;
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid728521 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728521\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
(e) With the leave of the High Court in any other case, if in the opinion of that Court the question involved in the appeal is one which by reason of its general or public importance, or of the magnitude of the interest affected, or for any other}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13594676\charrsid14553324  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 reason, ought to be submitted to the Court of Appeal for decision.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13594676\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8945363 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
[(3) Notwithstanding anything in subclause (2) of this Article, and subject to such limitations as may be prescribed by Act, the Court of Appeal may in any case in which it thinks fit and at any time, grant special leave to appeal to that Court from any }
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945363\charrsid14553324 judgment}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
 of the High Court, subject to such conditions as to security for costs and otherwise as the Court of Appeal thinks fit.]
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13594676\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8945363 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 (4) In this Article the term }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 judgment}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
 includes any judgment, decree, order, writ, declaration, conviction, sentence, or other determination.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8945363 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945363\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4547320 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
[7] In his submission before this Court counsel for the Respondent noted that the Cook Islands Court of Appeal, like the New Zealand Court of Appeal is a creature of statute and has only the powers of appeal provided for by statute:}{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324  R v Watson }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8263225\charrsid14553324 [}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
1999] 3 NZLR 257 at 258 para 4. He submitted that there was no right of appeal at this stage of the proceedings. To qualify under article 60(3) via article 60(2)(e), the question must be one of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 general or public importance}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
 or affect some sizeable interest or }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 for any other reason.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15866174\charrsid14553324  This last ground mu}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 st, it was su}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7569331\charrsid14553324 
bmitted, be treated sui generis}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16321296\charrsid14553324  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 as implying some element of considerable legal significance 
if it is not to amount to a general right of appeal on any ground whatsoever. Counsel for the Respondent further submitted that the point at issue could not be described as of any importance. Moreover, considerations of legal policy militated against the 
interpretation of Article 60(3) as providing a right of appeal against any order during the trial. It was contended that the following reasoning from a full bench of the New Zealand Court of Appeal in }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 R v Coleman}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324  [1996] 2 NZLR 525 at 527}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 528 relating to pre}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
trial appeals applied mutatis mutandis to the present situation of a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4466106\charrsid14553324 ppeals in the course of a trial:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8945363\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8945363 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
There are good reasons for confining the availability of s379A [ie granting rights of appeal to the NZ Court of Appeal] and restricting appeals against pre}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 trial rulings. The importance of trials being processed expeditiously is now well recognised. The achievement of that aim is not helped by the proliferation of pre}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 trial applications, sometimes not designed to that end, and the need to accommodate subse
quent appeals if the intermediate right to appeal is generally available.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13663018 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13663018\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4547320 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
[8] The Court considers that there is much force in these contentions and it would be loath to establish a precedent which might encourage pre or mid}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 trial appeals in criminal cases. However, it accepts that the right to elect a trial by jury is an important right. As was said by Haslam J in }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 Ratu v {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Harlow}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 {\*\xmlclose} [1960] NZLR 861 at 864:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13663018\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13663018 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
While there is no necessity to embark upon a critical assessment of the history and place of the jury in the administration of our criminal law, a field adequately surveyed in recent times by Sir Patrick Devlin in }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 Trial by Jury}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324  (Hamlyn Lecture series), it 
is sufficient to repeat that where the Legislature has not in clear language reduced the privileges of an accused person in that regard, the relevant enactments may safely be construed in a manner that preserves the long established right to have his guil
t or innocence determined by twelve fellow citizens.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4547320 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13663018\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
[9] Nevertheless, there is no doubt that this fundamental right to elect trial by jury was accorded to the appellant at the commencement of his trial and he duly made his election. What was in essence be
ing submitted on his behalf was that a second fundamental right arose on a change of plea to guilty followed by a reversion to a plea of not guilty. On this footing we do not consider that the matter is of sufficient general importance to justify granting
 
leave to appeal under Article 60(3). Nevertheless, we have decided that it would be appropriate to express our views on the substantive issue since there appear to be no authorities on the matter either in the Cook Islands or in New Zealand and because it
 is desirable that some guidance should be given in case such a situation arises again.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13663018\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 The precise sequence of events
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13663018\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
[10] Before addressing the legal contentions of the Appellant it is desirable to record the precise sequence of events when the Appellant changed his plea. Fortunately there is a complete record of what occurred, amplified in one minor respect by the agre
ed recollection of counsel. When the matter came before Smith J on {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}3 July 2003{\*\xmlclose} Mr George made the application to which reference has already been made in paragraphs [4]}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 [5] above. The grounds of the application were:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13568077\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13568077 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13568077\charrsid14553324 [1] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
First, that there was a right to change the plea with leave of the Court pursuant to s68 of the Criminal Procedure Act 1980}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 81.

\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13594676\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13568077 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
[2] Secondly, that the Applicant held the view that his case had not been adequately handled by his f}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10960441\charrsid14553324 o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
rmer counsel and that his original decision to elect trial by judge alone and a change of plea of guilty was that of his counsel and not himself.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12540976 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12540976\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13568077 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8014324\charrsid14553324 [3] }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
Third, when evidence in his defence was presented before Judge and Jury he had a reasonable chance of being acquitted and that there were legal and factual defences available to him which would be utilised for his defence at a future trial.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4547320 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11469499\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 [11] The learned Judge first dealt with the right to change of plea and readily granted the application. At that point the Judge asked the accused to stand so that the charge
s could be read. The Court clerk read the first charge and when asked to plead the appellant entered a plea of not guilty. At that stage it appears that, by agreement between counsel and the Court, it was resolved not to read out all of the charges. The C
ourt record states}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10624745\charrsid14553324 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10624745\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid10624745 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 Court: You are not guilty on }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10826918\charrsid14553324 all of the charges against you?
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 Mr Drollett: Yes.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4547320 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11469499\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 [12] Thereafter the Court invited submissions from counsel for the prosecution in respect of the application to change the ele
ction. Counsel submitted that there was no provision for a stop in the trial and referred to s16 of the Judicature Act.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11469499\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 [13] On this basis counsel for the prosecution submitted that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 there is nothing to be done for the accused, he must wait until the tria
l is over and then if he is unhappy with the result he must bring an appeal but the trial must proceed to its end as the law provides}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 . In response, counsel for the Appellant argued that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
the trial ended last Tuesday}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 . The Court then drew attention to the 
fact that section 16 said that a plea could only be changed before the case is gone into which co}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 unsel for the Appellant replied-}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 

\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2308963\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid9047599 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
Well, your Honour, our interpretation is that we are about to embark upon a new trial,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817  that the other trial was over.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 ...}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4547320 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11469499\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
[14] Counsel for the appellant referred to various elements of the articles of the Constitution and the right to fairness but the Judge ruled that the question of fairness went both ways. The prosecution had not completed giving its evidence and the plea 
of guilty had pre}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
empted the rest of the evidence. He ruled that the prosecution were entitled now to bring that evidence and bring the trial to a close. The trial had not ended and he was bound to continue the case. At that point counsel for the Appellant 
placed on record that the ruling would be appealed.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11469499\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 [15] It is readily apparent that the major hurdle facing the appellant is the statutory qualification on the change of election namely that the election, may only be changed }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 before the charge is gone into but not afterwards}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 . In }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 Ratu v {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Harlow}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 {\*\xmlclose}
 [1960] NZLR 861 the circumstances were that before the charges were gone into, the defendant was informed of his right to elect trial by jury. The defendant at that stage was not represented by counsel and elec
ted to be dealt with summarily and pleaded guilty to both charges. He was duly }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid529694\charrsid14553324 convicted}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1781755\charrsid14553324  on his plea of }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 guilty and remanded to appear for sentence. He then retained counsel and after investigation counsel formed the opinion that the defendant had a defence
. Accordingly he applied for leave to withdraw the pleas of guilty. This was refused by the Magistrate who held that he had no jurisdiction to grant an accused person the right to change an election once a plea had been made. In the High Court it was held
 that it was open to the defendant to elect trial by jury having changed his plea even though he had earlier elected to be tried summarily. Haslam J said at page 861:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13594676\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 The phrase }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 before the charge is gone into}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
 also appears in s66(l) and (2). It is the customary practice to take the election before asking for the plea (}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 R v Cockshott (supra)}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 ), but, in my view, a defendant who has been allowed to withdraw his plea of guilty and thereupon is entitled to claim that, for practical purposes, the charge has not be
en gone into, can also claim to be still entitled to exercise his right of election. Such a construction best ensures the attainment of the object of the sections under review.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4547320 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11469499\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 [16] Counsel for the Appellant rel
ied on the fact that one of the charges had been put to the Appellant by the Court. He contended that having done so he was bound by s16(2) to put the election.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11469499\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 [17] On this basis it was submitted that the failure to address the election paved}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11541607\charrsid14553324  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 the way for a new trial after the guilty plea was withdrawn so long as it had be}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8072646\charrsid14553324 en}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5202981\charrsid14553324  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 done, as it had here, before sentencing. It was further submitted that:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11469499\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11469499 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 11. ...}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
after the guilty pleas, it would be difficult to persuade the trial Judge to take a fresh approach to defence arguments and could lead to a miscarriage of justic}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12323253\charrsid14553324 
e, unless the trial Judge is rec}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
used from further participation. It would be an uphill task to persuade the trial Judge to disregard evidence which may be unfair, prejudicial or untested by defence counsel at the earlier hearing.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13594676\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11469499 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
12. A fresh trial with a new Judge presiding, will mean there will be no prejudging of known facts.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13594676\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid11469499 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
13. It is submitted that the interests of justice require the appellant to be given the opportunity to elect a new trial by jury, otherwise there will be a substantial miscarriage of justice.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13594676 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11469499\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4547320 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 [18] We are unable to accept these submissions and we accept the Respondent}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 s contention that the learned Judge had no power to discontinue the trial. The trial was not concluded until 
sentence had been passed: }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 R v Ripia}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324  [1985] 1 NZLR 122 at 126 where the Court said:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9992993\charrsid14553324 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5202981 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 But we are here concerned with an earlier stage in the proceedings }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324  the power of the High Court to allow a change of plea before sentence has been imposed in that Court it
self. In such a case no question of a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 ppeal against conviction arises}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 ...
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4547320 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1390809\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 [19] We uphold the Respondent}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
s submission that where a plea of guilty has been changed to not guilty all the previous issues between the Crown and the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4346868\charrsid14553324 defenc}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9704099\charrsid14553324 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
 that have not been specifically admitted are thereby resurrected. Logically the situation is that the trial stops when the plea of guilty renders it unnecessary (for it removes the issues between the Crown and the Defence). The trial resumes when the alt
ered plea resurrects the issues. As for the earlier pleas they are treated as if they had never been made.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1390809\charrsid14553324 
\par [20}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 ] In the particular circumstances of this case it is impossible for the Appellant to suggest that the charges had not been gone into. As Haslam J said in }{
\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 Ratu v {\*\xmlopen\xmlns1{\factoidname place}}Harlow}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 {\*\xmlclose}
 in the passage already cited, a practical approach must be taken to the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5202981\charrsid14553324  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
question of whether the charge has been gone into. In this case it would be fanciful to suggest that the charges had not been gone into.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809743\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 [21] Moreover, the Appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 '}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
s assertion that in the circumstances of cases like the present a second right of election is available would create absurd results. One can instance a criminal trial which had been underway for three months before a Judge alone when a plea of gu
ilty is entered. Then leave is given to change back to a not guilty plea with the accused also wishing to elect to trial by jury. On the basis of the Appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 s argument the whole trial would have to recommence before a jury. The Court considers that the critical phrase }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 "}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 before the charge is gone into but not afterwards}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 "}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 
 is designed to avoid precisely these difficulties.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4809743\charrsid14553324 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 [22] For all these reasons the Court finds that the Appellant}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11152817 '}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4547320\charrsid14553324 s argument is untenable. The trial must resume before Smith J. The formal order of the Court will be that leave to appeal under Article 60 is refused.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\wrapdefault\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid992119 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7801005\charrsid14553324 Casey JA
\par Smellie JA
\par Williams JA
\par }}