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\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9376971\charrsid11159934 T OF APPEAL OF THE COOK ISLANDS}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
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\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9376971\charrsid11159934 of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 the Declaratory Judgments Act 1908
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\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 of Part IVA of the Constitution of the Cook Islands
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid13121931 Coram:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  Sir Robin Cooke, President
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1452984 Sir Graham Speight, Chief J}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12678701 ustice
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Mr Justice K.J. Keith
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9376971\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9376971\charrsid13121931 Hearing:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  At Wellington 13 and 14 December 1982
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9376971\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid13121931 Counsel:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9376971\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 D.A.R. Williams a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1452984 nd G.B.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12678701  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9376971\charrsid11159934 Chapman for Appellant
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 G.P. Barton and J}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9376971\charrsid11159934 .E. Hodder for Respondent
\par S}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 olici}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9376971\charrsid11159934 tor}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9376971\charrsid11159934 General }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9376971\charrsid11159934 M.C. Mitchell}{
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\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2230904  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9376971\charrsid11159934 Temm Q}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 .C. as Amic}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1920906 i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  Curiae
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid807632 Judgment: }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16350245\charrsid11159934 Delivered by Chief }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Justice in Rarotonga}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16350245\charrsid11159934 : 24 February 1983}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
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\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 This is an appe}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16350245\charrsid11159934 al from a judgment of Dillon J.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  on an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16350245\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 originating appl}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16350245\charrsid11159934 ication to the High Court seeking declaratory orders determining three questions. In answ
er to the first two questions the Judge made declarations that the Rehearing of Te Puna Lands Act 1980}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1452984 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
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\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16350245\charrsid11159934 
 is an infringement of the fundamental human rights and freedoms of the Plaintiffs and, in particular, of their right not to be deprived of certain lands except in accordance with law, and
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\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 now Parliament}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  of the Cook Islands.
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\par He reach}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 ed those conclusions becaus
e he held that the 1980 Act is contrary to provisions of Part IVA of the Cook Islands Constitution, as inserted into the Constitution by the Constitution Amendment }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 No.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6841434  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 9}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  Act 1980}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 81 which came into force on 5 June 1981.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10701667\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 We begin by explaining the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627898\charrsid11159934 background to the case very }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 briefly. In 1908 Colonel W.E.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4860709  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627898\charrsid11159934 Gudgeon, as Chief Judge of}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  the Cook Islands Land}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627898\charrsid11159934 
 Titles Court, determined that certain lands belonged to the Karika family. But he awarded life interests in the same lands to rival claimants who had lived
 on the lands for many years as planters but in his view had no case for any greater title. The plaintiff in the present proceedings }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627898\charrsid11159934 the respondent in this Court}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627898\charrsid11159934  represents }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1452984 the Karika family. The defendant }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1452984 the appellant in the Court}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1452984  represents }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627898\charrsid11159934 des}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1452984 cenda
nts of the persons awarded}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11627898\charrsid11159934  life interests.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3557577\charrsid11159934 At the time of the original decision there was no right of appeal from it. Under provisions enabling rehearing}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13905460\charrsid11159934 
s to be granted in the discretion of the Court, applications were made for rehearings regarding part of the lands in 1912 and }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
1949, but without any success. Each time the Court took the view that there was no new evidence justifying a reopening of the question. From at least the mid nineteen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 sixties the title to the lands has been disputed despite those Court decisions. But there was by then no available legal procedure for reopening th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1452984 e question. So there has never }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 been a full rehearing or appeal on the merits.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3557577\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The controversy became such that in 1980 Parliament passed a private Act especially to deal
 with it. We shall set out the Act in full shortly. It enabled applications for rehearings regarding these particular lands to be made within six months from the commencement of the Act. And applications were duly made. But in the next year an Amendment t
o the Constitution was passed. It declared certain 'fundamental human rights'. The plaintiff argues that these provisions take away any rehearing rights given by the 1980 Act}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  in other words, that the 1980 Act now has no effect at all. This argument has been upheld in the High Court and the defendant has appealed from that decision.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12003787\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 We must make it perfectly clear that the present case is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12003787\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 concerned only with }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12003787\charrsid11159934 whether rehearings can be held for }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 these}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12003787\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
particular lands. It is not concerned}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12003787\charrsid11159934  at }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 all with trying to }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12003787\charrsid11159934 predict the results of any rehearings. If rehearings are held, it will be for the Land Division of the High Court to hear all the evidence and decide who are the true owners. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 But the respondent says that the 1981 Amendment to the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12003787\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Constitution prevents that from happening and that the title}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12003787\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 of the Karika family cannot now be questioned.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12003787\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Three specific questions were put to the High Court in the originating application made by the present respondent:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8783156\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4917991 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8783156\charrsid11159934 Question 1: I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
s the private enactment o
f the Legislative Assembly of the Cook Islands entitled the Rehearing of Te Puna Lands Act 1980 an infringement of the fundamental human rights and freedoms of the Plaintiffs and, in particular, of their right not to be deprived of the Karika Lands except
 in accordance with law?
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8783156\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4917991 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
Question 2: If the answer to Question 1 is 'Yes' is the Rehearing of Te Puna Lands Act 1980 a valid enactment of the Legislative Assembly }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 now Parliament}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  of the Cook Islands?
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8783156\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4917991 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Question 3: On the true cons}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5248117\charrsid11159934 
truction of the Rehearing of Te }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Puna Lands Act 1980 are the persons represented by the Defendant entitled to a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11882069\charrsid11159934  
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 rehearing of the application before the Cook Islands Land Titles Court in 1908 without first satisfying the High Court of the Cook Islands }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Lands Division}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 as successor to the Land Court of the Cook Islands}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  that it should, in the exercise of its discretion, grant a rehearing of the application?
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11882069\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4917991\charrsid11159934 After a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1015219\charrsid11159934 
contested hearing in the High Court Dillon J. reserved his decision, and it was delivered on 27 April 1982. As}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13920625\charrsid11159934  we have s
aid, he answered the first question Yes and the second No. He did not find it necessary to answer the third.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15990884\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The defendant in the Court below, who argues that the 1980 Act is valid, has appealed under article 60 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 
(}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 of the Constitution, also inserted by Amendment No.9, which provides for an appeal as of right from judgments of the High Court involving the interpretation, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7812503\charrsid11159934 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 pplication or effect of any provision of Part IVA.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7812503\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 In this Court the Solicitor}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 General and Mr T
emm appeared for the Crown by leave as am}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7812503\charrsid11159934 ici curiae, as the validity of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
an Act is in issue. In that and in other respects we had the advantage of arguments much fuller than and probably to some extent different from those put before the High Court Judge.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7812503\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid7812503 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The Lands
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7812503\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The lands in dispute, 147 acres in extent, are situated}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15038216\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 at and near Titikaveka in the District of Takitumu on the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15038216\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Island of Rarotonga. They are known as Te Puna Sections 50A}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15038216\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 and B. They are attractive and fertile, capable of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15038216\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 sustaining many families. In July 1908 the Cook }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15038216\charrsid11159934 and }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 other}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15038216\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
Islands Land Titles Court made orders determining}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15038216\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 that members of the Karika family were the owners. The}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15038216\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 plainti}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15038216\charrsid11159934 
ff, Margaret Karika, holds the title}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  of Makea Karika Arik}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15038216\charrsid11159934 i and in this litigation represents all the other
 members of the Karika family concerned as well as herself. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Their names now appear on the Court titles for the two sections}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15038216\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 as successors to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15038216\charrsid11159934 
 those originally placed on the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  titles in 1908. As already mentioned, the 1908 orders also granted life}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15038216\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 interests to ancestors of persons represented by the appellant. The ancestors were, and their successors have remained, in occupation of substantial parts of the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15038216\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 l}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15038216\charrsid11159934 ands. Some of the Karika family }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 also occupy various parts of the lands.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15038216\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid9993129 We repeat that questions about the title to the lands or part}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6633812\charrsid9993129  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid9993129 of them ha}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6633812\charrsid9993129 ve }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid9993129 come before the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9993129  C}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 ourt on three later occasions. In 1912 the Land Titles Court rejected an application}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6633812\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 to rehear or reinvestigate the title to a part. In 1949 }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6633812\charrsid11159934 the Native Appellate Court dis}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 missed a further application, made under the general provi}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6633812\charrsid11159934 sions of s.32 of the Cook I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 slands Amendment Act 1946, for a rehearing of the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6633812\charrsid11159934  1908 order in }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 respect of the same part.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6633812\charrsid11159934 
 And in 1980 and 1981, in }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 accordance with the 1980 Act and within the six }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6633812\charrsid11159934 months fixed by it}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11292103\charrsid11159934 , those represented by the appellant have filed more than 70 applications in respect of all the lands }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8348253 
as persons prejudicially affected by }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11292103\charrsid11159934 the 1908 orders. It was following the enactment of the Amendment to the Constitution and a chambers hearing
 as to the procedure to be followed on those applications that the respondent commenced the proceedings in which the appeal arises, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 claiming that the 1980 Act is invalid. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11292103\charrsid11159934 Pending the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 di}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11292103\charrsid11159934 
sposition of these proceedings, the applications under that Act stand adjourned.
\par 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11292103 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The 1980 Act
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11292103\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The Rehearing of Te Puna Lands Act 1980 is as follows:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid799601\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid799601 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6841434 1980, No.1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid799601\charrsid11159934 \endash }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  Private
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid799601\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid799601 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid9333151 An Act to provide for the }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid799601\charrsid9333151 
rehearing by the Land Court of }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid9333151 title to certain lands }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid799601\charrsid9333151 in Rarotonga }{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid799601\charrsid9333151 30 October 1980}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid799601\charrsid9333151 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid799601\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid799601 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid9333151 WHEREAS}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 by orders of the Cook Islands Land Titles Court made in 1908 the ownership of cert}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354496\charrsid11159934 ain lands in the District of Ta}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 kitumu, Island of Rarotonga known as Te Puna Sections 50A and 50B were determined
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid9333151 AND WHEREAS}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11154144  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
there is widespread dissatisfaction with the said determination of the said Court
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4354496 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid9333151 AND WHEREAS}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid1327902  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 it is desire}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354496\charrsid11159934 d to provide for rehearings of }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 the said determinations}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4354496 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354496\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4151984 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid6841434 BE IT ENACTED}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 by the Legislative Assembly in Session, and by the authority of the same, as follows:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354496\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4354496 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1. }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354496\charrsid1390750 Short Title}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354496\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  This Act may be cited a
s the Rehearing of Te Puna Lands Act 1980.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354496\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13528908 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 2. }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid1390750 Rehearings}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2057130  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 Any person claiming to be prejudicially affected by any order of the Cook Islands Land Titles Court made on investigation}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13528908\charrsid11159934  of title into the lands in the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354496\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 District of Takitumu Island of Rarotonga known as Te Puna Section 50A and Te Puna Section 50B }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 and formerly known as Pokoinu Section 50A1,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354496\charrsid11159934 
 Taarara Section 50A2, Te Ruaui }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Section 50A3, Nukumaatu}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354496\charrsid11159934 a Section 50A4, Arekakaia Section 50A5, Namuiti Section }
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 50}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4354496\charrsid11159934 A6, Namunui Section 50A7}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13528908\charrsid11159934 
, Te Puna Section 50A8, and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  Tupuna S}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13528908\charrsid11159934 ection 50}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 B}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13528908\charrsid11159934 
 such orders being recorded in Minute Book 4 of the said Court may apply in writing to the Land Court of the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6057912\charrsid11159934 Cook Islands not later than 6}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  months from the commencemen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6057912\charrsid11159934 t of this Act for the rehearing }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 of any order made on such investigation.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6057912 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6057912\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6057912 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 2}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  Notwithstanding any other provisions in any other enactment, in the event of any application being made pursuant to subsection }
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  hereof the Land Court of the Cook Islands shall have jurisdiction to in
vestigate the title to the land concerned and on such investigations to affirm, vary, or annul any former order of the Cook Islands Land Titles Court relating to the same and may exercise any jurisdiction which the said Court might have exercised on the o
riginal investigations.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6057912 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6057912\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13372074 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 3. }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid1390750 
Protection of rights and interest }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  No order made}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13372074\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11032911 on a rehearing pursuant }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13372074\charrsid11159934 to section 2 of this Act shall take away or affect any }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11032911 right or interest acquired for }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13372074\charrsid11159934 value and in good faith under any instrument of alienation executed b
efore the commencement of this Act }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 but any such instrument may be perfected and confirmed as if no such order had been made. The consideratio}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13372074\charrsid11159934 n for such alienation shall, as from }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 the date }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13372074\charrsid11159934 of any order made on rehearing,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  be de
emed to belong to the person or persons entitled under that order to the share or interest affected, and all unpaid or accruing purchase money, rent, royalties, or other proceeds of such alienation, as well as any compensation payable, shall be recoverabl
e accordingly. Any bona fide payment shall pursuant to or in reliance upon the original order of the Cook Islands Land Titles Court shall not be deemed to be invalid because that order is varied or annulled on rehearing.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid13372074 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13372074\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13372074 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 4. }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11032911 Private Act}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11032911  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11032911  This Act is }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
hereby declared to be a private Act.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
\par The Constitution Amen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15541557\charrsid11159934 dment }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15541557\charrsid11159934 No. 9}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15541557\charrsid11159934  Act 1980}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15541557\charrsid11159934 1981 repealed }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Part IV of th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15541557\charrsid11159934 
e Constitution, relating to the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Judiciary, and substituted a new Part IV. One of the changes made was that}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15541557\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 the Land Court was abolished and by the new Article 48}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 2}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  the jurisdiction formerly vested in that Court was transferred to the Land Division of the High Court.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15541557\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid15541557 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The Interpretation Question
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15541557\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The question of interpretation, question 3, is as}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2446001\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 follows:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2446001\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2446001 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 On the true construction of the Rehearing of 
Te Puna Lands Act 1980 are the persons represented by the Defendant entitled to a rehearing of the application before the Cook Islands Land}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2446001\charrsid11159934 
 Titles Court in 1908 without first satisfying the High Court of the Cook }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Islands }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Lands Division}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 as }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2446001\charrsid11159934 successor to the Land Court of the Cook Islands}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2446001\charrsid11159934  that it should, in the exercise of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 its discretion,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2446001\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 grant a rehearing of the application?
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2446001\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 As already mentioned, Dillon J., having held that the Act}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2446001\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 was invalid, found it unnecessary to consider this question.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2446001\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 At first sight interpretation is logically prior to the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2446001\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 question of constitutional validity. Until any dispute}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2446001\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 about the meaning of the challenged legislation is resolved,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2446001\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 it may not be possible to measure the legislation against}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2446001\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 any}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2446001\charrsid11159934  rel}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11032911 evant constitutional restraints}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2446001\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 on Parliament's}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2446001\charrsid11159934 
 power. In some cases, however, the interpretation itself will be affected by those restraints, as Courts dealing with }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 issues }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2446001\charrsid11159934 of constitutional validity are }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 reluctant to place on an Act an interpretation which would mean that Parliament has
 exceeded its powers. In the present case we found it useful to have the interpretation point argued first and to give it preliminary consideration ahead of the constitutional issue. In the event, as will be seen, the view that we have reached on the cons
titutional issue does not cause us to modify the interpretation which we hold that the Act bears in its natural and ordinary meaning.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2446001\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The appellant sought an affirmative answer to the interpretation question, the respondent a negative one. According to the appellant the words of the s.2}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 read in their context empower the Court to go directly to the merits of the investigation without any earlier stage of considering whether to grant a rehearing. The respondent contended that it is more usual to require th
e leave of the Court before any rehearing and that this meaning should be given here. This argument was supported by the permissive language of the Act, the legislative context, the private nature of the Act and associated interpretative presumptions, and
 broader constitutional considerations.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9777260\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid9469733 The crucial provisions of s.2 read:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6840232\charrsid9469733 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6840232 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6840232\charrsid9469733 1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6840232\charrsid9469733  Any person claiming to be }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid9469733 prejudicial}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6840232\charrsid9469733 ly affecte}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7865953 d...may apply\'85to the\'85Court}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6840232\charrsid9469733 \'85}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5920729 for the rehearing of any order}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6840232\charrsid9469733 \'85
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid9469733 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6840232 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid9469733 2}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid9469733  Notwithstanding a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6840232\charrsid9469733 ny other provision in any other}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid9469733  enactment, in the even}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7865953 t of any application being made}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid9469733 
...the...Court...shall have jurisdiction to investigate the title...and on such investigation to affirm,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11488274\charrsid9469733  vary or annul any former order}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid9469733 ...}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6840232\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Subsection }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  appears to empower the persons affected}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12604234\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 to apply directly for the investigation to be undertaken}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12604234\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 without any prior application for the grant of a rehearing.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12604234\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Subsection }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 2}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  similarly appears to authorise the Court to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12604234\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 enter directly into the investigation without any prior}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12604234\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 stage of determining whether it ought to undertake the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12604234\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 investigation. The absence of an express requirement for an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12604234\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 application for grant appears the more significant when two}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12604234\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 closely parallel provisions are compared:
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12604234\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6706533 {\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid5200132 Rehearing}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  On the application of any person interested, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 [}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8141736 the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 ...Court}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ]}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  may, if it thinks fit, grant a rehearing of any matter, either wholly or as to any part thereof. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Cook Islands Act }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6706533 1915, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1920906 s.390}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1920906 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6706533 .}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6706533 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6706533 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6706533 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid6706533 {\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid5200132 Rehearing}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5920729  ...}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7865953 
 Upon the application...of any person}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 ...alleging that he is prej}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7865953 udicially affected by any order}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 ..., the Native Appellate Court may grant or direct a rehearing of the matter, either w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7865953 holly or as to any part thereof}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 ...}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6706533 Cook Islands Amendment Act 1946}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 , s.32, the provision under which the 1949 Court decision was made.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid6706533 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6706533\charrsid6706533 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 In each case the legislation has made it explicit that the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859486 Court in its discretion is to make a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 decision on a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859486  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 preliminary issue bef}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859486 ore it can enter upon the substance}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 again. The 1980 Act confers}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13859486  no such discretion in express }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 terms.
\par 
\par Counsel for the respondent argued that the general rehearing }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid551639\charrsid11159934 provision}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11488274  relating to land matters}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  s.390 quoted in part above}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 supported her case in a different respect.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid551639  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Section 390}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 4}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 prohibits the varying or annulling of orders once they have been signed and sealed. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid551639 A}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 ccording to th
e argument it was merely that limitation that the 1980 Act was designed to remove.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid551639\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700093 O}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 n consideration we cannot accept that argument, for}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700093  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 more than one reason. The first is that the introductory}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700093  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
words to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310992\charrsid11159934 s.2 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 2}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  of the 1980 Act exclude 'any other provision}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700093  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 in any other enactment', not just those of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310992\charrsid11159934 s.390 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 4}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 . They}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700093  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 are therefore wide enough to extend to all the provisions of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700093  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11488274 s.390}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  including subs}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310992\charrsid11159934 . }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
, which provides for a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700093  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 discretionary grant of a rehearing. They would extend as}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700093  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 well to such provisions as s.397, which makes every order of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700093  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 the Land Court determining the title to Native Land binding}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700093  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 on all persons having any interest in it. The second is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700093  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
that if the Court was required to decide whether or not to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700093  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 exercise the preliminary power}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700093  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5200132 to grant a rehearing we would }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
have expected the draftsman to use the express,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700093  discretionary models }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
provided by the 1915 and 1946 Acts. It is noticeable, by contrast, that he did use those models}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700093  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5200132 when describing these substantive powers of the C}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 ourt and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700093  providing for the protection of r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
ights and interests. This}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700093  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 is evident when one compares}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14814201  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310992 s.2 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5200132 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5200132  of the 1980 Act with }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310992 s.390 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700093 2}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6700093  of the 1915 Ac}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8592634  and 
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310992 s.32 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8592634 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8592634  of the 1946 Ac}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1666289 t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5200132 
 and s.3 of the 1980 Act with }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310992 s.32 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5200132 5}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 
)}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5200132  of the 1946 Act}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1666289\charrsid16213763 . And the comparison with the earlier}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1666289  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1666289\charrsid11159934 provisions is of interest in a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1666289  third respect.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1641385  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 They confer}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8592634\charrsid8592634  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8592634\charrsid11159934 powers on the Court as to costs}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1641385\charrsid1641385  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1641385\charrsid11159934 on the application for the grant of a rehearing: }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310992 s.390}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310992\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8592634\charrsid11159934 3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8592634\charrsid8592634  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8592634\charrsid11159934 and }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310992 s.32}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310992\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8592634\charrsid11159934 4}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8592634\charrsid11159934 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8592634  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8592634\charrsid11159934 The 1980 Act does not.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid5200132 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid1310992 
Nevertheless it is also argued for the respondent that the 1980 Act is permissive because it does not expressly direct the Court to conduct the investigation. That is true, but we do not consider it particularly significant. Provisions conferring jurisdic
tion on Courts do not always}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  expressly require them to exercise it: see for example the Cook Islands Act 1915, ss.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6841434  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 114 and 115 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 as originally enacted}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  and the substituted Articles 47}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  and 60}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 of the Constitution. The obligation need not be expressed.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3364061\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 O
n the other hand, some provisions of the 1980 Act itself support the view that persons applying under it are entitled to have the whole matter of title reheard. The Long Title states that the Act is 'An Act to provide for the rehearing by the Land Court o
f
 title to certain lands in Rarotonga'. The third paragraph of the preamble and the Short Title are in the same direct form. We would not attach major importance to the necessarily abbreviated language of those provisions, but they do support the view subs
tantive provisions}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  and the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3364061  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Court i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3364061 s entitled to consider them. The }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
Acts Interpretation Act 1924, s.5}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 , provides that the preamble of every Act shall be deemed to be part thereof, intended to assist in explaining the purport and the object of the Act. Th
is Act of the New Zealand Parliament applies in the Cook Islands by virtue of the Cook Islands Act 1915, s.622.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11884855\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The preamble to the 1980 Act is helpful in another way. It refers to 'widespread dissatisfaction' with the 1908 order and states that there is a consequent desire to}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3636426  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 provide for rehearings. This suggests that the legislature has itself, as the principal law}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
maker for the State, made the decision that the matters are to be dealt with again on their merits. The legislature is of course not itself j
udging the merits: that is for the Court following its proper and appropriate procedures. The Court is not, however, to make the prior decision whether the matter should be reheard at all. In New Zealand some parallel might be seen in }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046809\charrsid11159934 s.406 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  of the Crimes Act 1961, which empowers the Governor}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
General in Council, on considering an application for the exercise of the prerogative of mercy, to refer questions directly to an appellate Court for hearing and determination, even if there has already been an unsu
ccessful appeal. This is in effect a rehearing by direction o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3636426 f the Government, as distinct fr}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 om a reference fo}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4922103 r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3636426  an advisory opinion under s }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1310992 406}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3636426 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3636426\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 For the respon}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12659701 dent reliance was paced as well }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 on the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12659701  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 private character of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12659701 the Act and its impact }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 on the rights}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12659701  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
and interests of those she represented. It was argued for}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12659701  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
her that these considerations should lead to a narrow reading against the promoters of the Act. The wide reading of the Act was also suggested to be inconsistent with the allocation of judicial and legislati}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12659701 ve powers in the constitutional}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  system }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 not to the point of invalidity but rather as a guide to interpretation}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12659701\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 It is doubtful whether any differences of the kind suggested should apply to this private Act. The Acts Interpretation Act 1924, }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046809\charrsid11159934 s.5 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 j}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 , appears to allow for no such distinctions. It provides in part that }{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid3938068 ever}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2687234\charrsid3938068 y}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid8336723  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Act shall be deemed remedial and shall accordingly receive such fair, large and liberal construction and interpretation as will best ensure the attainment of its object, acc
ording to its true intent, meaning and spirit. We will have occasion to refer to it again later in this judgment.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2687234\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 It was argued also for the appellant that the speeches}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8675415  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
in the House of Lords in }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid1920906 British Railways Board v. Pickin}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8675415\charrsid1920906  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1974 A.C. 765 tend against the concept of a different}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8675415  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
approach at the present day to private Acts as distinct from}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8675415  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 public ones. That case was concerned with whether the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8675415  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Courts could hold a private Act invalid on the ground that}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8675415 
 its promoters had obtained it by }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 misleading Parliament. It was held that the Courts should not}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16329918  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 investigate any such}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7302451  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 allegatio}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7302451 n. The decision is not directly }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 in point in the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7302451  present case. There has}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  been no claim by the respondent here that the Cook Islands Parliament was misled. But i
t was contended for the appellant that observations of their Lordships suggest that even on matters of interpretation there should be no differen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7302451 ce in approach between private }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Acts and public ones. Particular reliance was placed on what was said by Lord Wilberforce at p.797.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7302451\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
It is not necessary, however, to express an opinion on whether public and private Acts stand on exactly the same footing as to interpretation when their meaning is truly obscure. The arguments for the respondent invoking the private ch
aracter of the 1980 Act relate at best to possible presumptions of interpretation. The same applies to the arguments about allocation of powers. No such arguments can stand against what appears to us to be the clear meaning of that Act considered as a who
le.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4881156\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Accordingly we answer question 3: }{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11488274 Yes.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4881156\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid4881156 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid4881156 The Constitution
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4881156\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The first and second questions, already set out in full, concern the validity of the 1980 Act in the face of Part IVA}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6509105  of the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  Constitution.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid11542360 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The Cook Islands }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9076516\charrsid11159934 Const}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9076516 itution}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11497129  was enacted in }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11497129\charrsid11159934 1964}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11497129  by the New Zealand Parliament as a principal }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11497129\charrsid11159934 measure}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11497129 
 in the attainment by the Cook Islands of self}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11497129\charrsid11159934 governing status.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11497129\charrsid11497129  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11497129\charrsid11159934 The Cook Islands Constitution Act }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11497129 
1964, s.3, provides that the Cook Islands 'shall be self}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11497129 governing'. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 S}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11497129 ection 4 of that Act provides }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 that the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11497129  Constitution, }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
set out in the Schedule to the Act, 'shall be the supreme law of the Cook Islands'. Consistently with that phrase, Article 41 creates more complicated procedures for amending the Constitution than those sufficient for enacting ordinary Acts of}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11542360\charrsid11542360  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11542360\charrsid11159934 
Parliament. The Constitution came into force on 4 August 1965 at the request of the Cook Islands Legislative Assembly and after an election, held under United Nations supervision, in which the proposed new status and Constitution were in issue. It h
as been amended once }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11542360\charrsid11159934 prior to its taking effect}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11542360\charrsid11159934  by the New Zealand Parliament and on ten occasions by the Cook Islands Parliament }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11542360\charrsid11159934 until 1981 the Legislative Assembly}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11542360\charrsid11159934 
. It was the ninth Amendment which introduced the new Part IVA, on Fundamental Human Rights and Freedoms.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8330617 Part III, The Parliament of the Cook Islands, establishes, in Article 27}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8330617 1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8330617 , 'a sovereign Parliament for the Cook Islands'. Article 39 sets out its principal law}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8330617 making powers:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8352648 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 39. }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid6841434 Power}{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8330617\charrsid6841434  to make laws}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8330617  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8330617  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8330617 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8330617  Subject to the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 provisions of this Constitution, Parliament may make laws }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 to be known as Acts}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 for the peace, order, and good government of the Cook Islands.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8330617\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8352648 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 2}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  The powers of Parliament shall extend to the making of laws having extra}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 territorial operation.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8330617\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8352648 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8330617 3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8330617  Without limitin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 g the generality of the power conferred by subclause }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 of this Article to make laws for the peace, order, and good government of the Cook Islands, that power shall, subject to the provisions of this Constitution, include the repeal or revocation 
or amendment or modification or extension, in relation to the Cook Islands, of any law in force in the Cook Islands.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12987937\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8352648 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 4}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 Except to the extent to which it is inconsistent with this Constitution, no Act and no provisions of any Act shall be deemed to be invalid solely on the ground that it is inconsistent with any law in force in the Cook Islands.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12987937\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The only change introduced in that Article in 1981 was the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1992508  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 substitution of 'Parliament' for 'Legislative Assembly'.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1992508\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The basic argument for the respondent is that this power}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16415035  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 is limited by Part IVA and that the 1980 Act violates those}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16415035  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 limits and accordingly is invalid. The provisions of the Part to which we were principally referred are as follows:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16415035\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1579860 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3302412 64. }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3302412\charrsid3302412 Fundamental}{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid3302412  human rights and freedoms }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 It is hereby recognised and declared that in the Cook Islands there exist and shall continue to ex}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3302412 ist, without discrimination by reason of race, national}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  origin, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3302412\charrsid11159934 colour}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
, religion, opinion, belief, or sex, the following fundamental}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3302412  human }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 rights and freedoms:}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3302412\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1579860 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 b}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  The right of the individual to equality before t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1579860 he law a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5920729 nd to the protection of the law}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1579860\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid1579860 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 c}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  The right of the individual to own property, and the right not to be deprived thereo}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5920729 f except in accordance with law}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1579860\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid4851974 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 2}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  It is hereby recognised and declared that every person has duties to others, and accordingly is subject in the exercise of }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4851974 his rights and freedoms to such}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 limitations as are imposed, by any enactment or rule of law for the time being in force, for protecting the rights and freedoms of others or in the interests of public safety, order, or morals, the general welfare, or the security of the Cook Islands.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4851974\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid13259662 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 65. }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid13259662 Construction of law
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 Subject to subclause }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  of this Article and to subclause }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 2}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  of Article 
64 hereof, every enactment shall be so construed and applied as not to abrogate, abridge, or infringe or to authorise the abrogation, abridgement, or infringement of any of the rights or freedoms recognised and declared by subclause }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 of Article 64 hereof, and in particular no enactment shall be c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5920729 onstrued or applied so as to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13259662 \endash 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13259662 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3673038 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7828810 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7828810  Authorise or effect the arbitrary detention, imprisonment, or exile of any person}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7828810  or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13259662\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li1440\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin1440\itap0\pararsid3673038 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 b}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  Impose or authorise the imposition on any person of cruel and unusual treatment or punishment}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3673038\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid12734458 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The remaining provisions of subclause }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 set out further rights of procedural and criminal justice. They need not be quoted here. Then follows:
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12734458 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 2}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  Every enactment, an}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3673038 d every provision thereof shall }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
be deemed remedial, whether its immediate purpose is to direct the doing of anything that the enacting authority deems to be for the public good, or to prevent or punish the doing of anything it deems contrary t
o the public good, and shall accordingly receive such fair, large, and liberal construction and interpretation as will best ensure the attainment of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 [}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 the object of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 the enactment or provisions thereof according to its true intent, meaning, and spirit.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3673038\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The words in square brackets were inserted by the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3673038  Constitution Amendment 
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3673038 No.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6841434  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3673038 10}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  Act 1981}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 82.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3673038\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1146355 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 3}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 In this Article the term 'enactment' includes any Act of the Parliament of England or of the Parliament of Great Britain or of the Parliament of the United K
ingdom, being an Act in force in the Cook Islands, and any regulation, rule, order, or other instrument made thereunder.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146355\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid1146355 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 66. }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid1146355 Saving}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 Nothing in this Part of this Constitution shall limit or affect any right or freedom, not specified in this Part, that may exist in the Cook Islands at the commencement of this Part.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1146355 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146355\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The respondent's case is based on the property and}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146355  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 equalit}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11754310 y rights set out in Article 64}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11754310 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )(}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 b}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  and }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 . That}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146355  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Article does n
ot itself indicate what effect is to be given to it and how the rights and freedoms in it are to be protected. Obviously that question cannot be answered without consider}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146355 ing Article 65}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13046809  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146355 also. Subject to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  its}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146355  
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 important opening provisions, Article 65}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  requires}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146355  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 first}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146355  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 that}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1146355  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2719115 ... every enactment shall be s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
o construed and applied as not to abrogate, abridge, or infringe or to authorise}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2719115  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
the abrogation, abridgment, or infringement of any of the rights or freedoms recognised and declared by subclause }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  of Article 64.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2719115\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Second, it requires that}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14314794\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid14314794 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 in particular no enactment shall be construed or applied so as to }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 authorise or effect the arbitra}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16219630 ry detention ... of any person}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 ...}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14314794\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 This wording is close to that of s.2 of the Canadian}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691369  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
Bill of Rights 1960 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 RSC 1970 App III}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 . But there are significant differences to which we shall refer shortly.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6691369\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid2711725 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7426057 Equality before the law and the 1980 Act
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2711725\charrsid7426057 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7426057 Dillon J. held that any existing statutes which are}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10095451\charrsid7426057  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7426057 inconsistent with Part IVA of the Constitution Amendment}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10095451\charrsid7426057  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7426057 No.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1920906  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7426057 9}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7426057  Act are automatically repealed by implication.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7950513  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7426057 In}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10095451\charrsid7426057  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7426057 that sense he described the Amendment as retrospective,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10095451\charrsid7426057  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7426057 though not regarding that term}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15145826  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7426057 as really apt. We}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10095451\charrsid7426057 
 respectfully agree with him on the point of terminology. No doubt it would be more accurate to say that, on the view taken by him, existing inconsistent statutes }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7426057 cease to}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  be}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10095451  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 operative }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  either when the Amendment came into force or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10095451  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 when the Court so rules and subject to the terms of any such ruling}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  it is unnecessary for present purposes to examine}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10095451  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
those two alternatives further. Later in this judgment we}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10095451  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 shall consider whether th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10095451 e A}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 mendment does override existing}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10095451  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 statutes. Before doing so we turn to the grounds on which the Judge held that there was an inconsistency between the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10095451  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1980 Act and the Amendment.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10095451\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 His starting point was Article 64}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1920906 1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )(}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 , declaring the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16397746  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
right not to be deprived of property except in accordanc}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16397746 e }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 with law. He referred with evident approval to the argument}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7478250  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 of Mr Barton for the plaintiff:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7478250\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12268373 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12268373 \'85}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid2042038 this fundamental human right and freedom
 referred to in Article 64 entitles the Karika family to absolute and uninterrupted ownership of their lands in the same way as those rights are now enjoyed by all other owners of property in the Cook Islands. It is contrary to Article 64 and}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  to the Constitution he says to discriminate by legislation against the Karika Family only}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  and to disregard the prior determinations of the court sin}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9790450 ce 1908 and so again place their }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 ownership }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13643266 of these lands in jeopardy. In }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
other words should the Karika Family legally entitled to ownership of this land since 1908}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 entitled as an acknowledged fundamental human right and freedom to the ownership of this land}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 now, despite this ownership, and despite the guarantees embodied in the Constitution, be confronted with legislation which may deprive them of their heritage.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12268373\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 He referred to a contrary argument by Mr Clarke for the defendant based on the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13643266 qualification at the end of }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13643266 c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13643266  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 'except in accordance with law', but said that this means law that does not infringe the Constitution. Later he said:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12268373\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid3672904 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11736747 Now the legislators in }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
the Cook Islands have enhanced the original constitution with the addition of a clear and unequivocal statement on t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11736747 he fundamental human rights and }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 freedoms that shall apply henceforth and which all Cook Islanders 
can forthwith confidently expect shall be upheld at all times. The Karika Family like all Cook Islanders are entitled to the enjoyment of those rights and freedoms}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  and are entitled to the protection of the law if those rights are breached. There can be no
 doubt that the Rehearing of Te Puna Lands Act 1980 may, might or could affect their ownership of lands which they have held since Court orders in 1908. If as a result of a rehearing the Karika Family were again successful in resisting the present attack 
on their ownership of the land, they would not be deprived of any rights}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  they would not lose their land}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 and their fundamental human rights and freedoms would not be interfered with. But that would suggest that a rehearing should be held and if the Karika 
Family were not able to resist the attack on their ownership of the land then would be the time to apply to this Court for relief on the basis of a breach of their constitutional right. That could not be so. Now is the correct time to make such applicatio
n}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  and now is the time to consider any claim for breach of constitutional rights.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11736747 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid3672904 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3672904\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 In this Court the argument was concentrated less on Article 64}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )(}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 , which figured prominently in the argument in the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3300262 High Court, than on Article 64}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3300262 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )(}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12661341 
\endash }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  although}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12661341  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
Dillon J. in his judgment obviously and correctly paid considerable attention to equality of rights. But in the argu}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13643266 ment in this Court the right to}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  own property and not to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15757118  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
be deprived of it, formerly dealt with as of prime importance, was of course recogni
sed as being limited by the qualification 'except in accordance with law'. So more argument was directed here to such questions as alleged discrimination and the legitimacy of legislating in respect of particular classes of persons. It became common groun
d that the extent of rights claimed in this case under paragraph }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  will depend on whether or not equality under paragraph }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 b
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  is transgressed by any 'law' purporting to affect them.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11947655 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15757118\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 That is to say, the parties were agreed that the 1980}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15757118  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
Act will not violate any of the freedoms or rights listed in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15757118  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Article 64 unless it is inconsistent with 'the right of the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15757118  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 individual to equality and to the protection of the law'.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15757118  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 They were also agreed that it is not sufficient for the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13641610  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
party supporting the legislation }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  in this case the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15757118  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 appellant }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  to be able to point to 'a law' in the sense}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15757118  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 simply of an Act duly passed by the legislature. If the Act relied on should itself be declared inoperative as violating}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15757118  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 a fundamental constitutional right, it is not 'law' for the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15757118  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 purposes of }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 b}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  or }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 . We fully agree with this approach.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15757118\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid424799 No Court has attempted or would attempt an exhaustive}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11947655  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid424799 
definition of what is meant by 'equality before the law' in a constitutio}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11947655 nal context. As to the criminal}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid424799  law Lord}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12930993  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid424799 Diplock delivering the judgment of the Judicial Committee in a case relating to the Constitution of the Republic of Singapore, }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid1920906 Ong Ah Chuan v. Public Prosecutor}{\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11947655  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9767604 1981 A.C. 648, 6}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid424799 73, said:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11947655\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7278765 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9767604 Equality before the law and }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13643266 equal protection of}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  the la}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9767604 w require that like should be }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 compared}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9767604  with like. What Article 12}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9767604 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9767604  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 [}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 similar but not identical to paragraph }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 of Article 64}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )]}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  of the Constitution assures to the in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9767604 dividual is the right to equal}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  treatment with other individuals in similar circumstances. It prohibits laws which require that some individuals within a single class should be treated by way of puni}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5908346 shment more harshly than others}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 ...}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9767604\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 That case concerned the validity of a mandatory death penalty for certain drug offences. Their Lordships stressed that whether the dissimilarity in circumstances justified}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1854917  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
the differentiation in penalties, and if so whether the penalties were appropriate for each class, were questions of social policy, left under the Constitution to the legislature and not to the judiciary:}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7278765\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7278765 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
Provided that the factor which the legislature adopts as constituting the dissimilarity in circumstances is not purely arbitrary but bears a reasonable relation to the social object of the law, there is no inconsistency with article 12}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 of the Constitution. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1981 A.C. at 673}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 674}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7278765\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid13643266 In applying the idea that like should be treated alike}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7278765\charrsid13643266  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid13643266 it is of course necessary to remember also that groups}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4467340\charrsid13643266  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid13643266 cannot be singled out for }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9391871 constitutionally unjustifiable }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid13643266 
discrimination. Thus}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  in delivering the leading judgment in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4467340  }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid1920906 Regina v. Drybones}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4467340  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4467340 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 969}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  9 D.L.R. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 3d}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  473, 484, Ritchie J.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4467340  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 said that he could not agree with an interpretation}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4467340  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
pursuant to which it seems to me that the most glaring dis}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4467340 criminatory legislation }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4467340\charrsid2572455 against}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  a racial group would have to be construed as recognizing the right of each of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2572455  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 its individual members 'to equali}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2572455 ty before the law', so long as all the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 other members are being discriminated against in the same way.
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2572455 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The question is whether the challenged provisions are discriminatory in a way which singles out persons for }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid555233\charrsid11159934 
reasons not }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 consonant with a legitimate and apparent }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid401376\charrsid11159934 legislative}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid401376  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 purpose. In }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid1920906 McGowan v. Maryland}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  366 U.S. 420 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1961}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  it is said at p.425 that equal protection clauses permit State legislatures}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1920906 :}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2572455 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid2572455 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2572455\charrsid11159934 
a wide scope of discretion in enacting laws which affect some groups of citizens differently than others. The constitutional safeguard is offended only if the classification rests on grounds wholly irrelevant to the ach}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid555233 ievement of the State's purpose.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2572455\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
\par Consistently with those judgments, counsel in this case were in substantial agreement that the two major matters }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11278489 for }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
scrutiny are the object of the 1980 Act and the means chosen to pursue it. Is the object constitutionally legitimate }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11278489\charrsid11159934 and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11278489  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 do the means bear a reasonabl}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11278489 e relation to it? This involves }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 considering on what evidence}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11278489  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11278489\charrsid11159934 or other material the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11278489  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 questions are to be resolved}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  on whom}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11278489\charrsid11278489  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11278489\charrsid11159934 the burden lies}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11278489\charrsid11159934  and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11278489  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 how far the Court should go in reviewing the legislative judgment.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11278489\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 As to the evidentiary and burden points, any Court must}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7886536  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
begin with the statements }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5637689 of the legislature of the Cook}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  Islands in the preamble to th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5637689 e 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 980 Act. That assembly is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5637689 
 composed of members elected by the people of the Cook }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Islands and}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5637689  exercises the power of the self}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5637689 governing }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 State to make laws for the p}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5637689 eace, order and good government }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 of the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5637689  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 State. It has made the judgment that 'there is }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5637689\charrsid11159934 widespread}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  dissatisfaction' with the 1908 order and that rehearings should be provided fo}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5637689 r. In addition, under the wide }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 discretionary power to admit new evidence conferred by the Court of Appeal Rules 1981, r.22}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
, on the application of the appellant we received the affidavit evidence of a police inspector, who lives in the vicinity, regarding the land and the dispute. We 
thought that it would provide us with relevant background information, that it would help us to avoid 'the austerity of tabulated legalism', and that it might better enable us to understand the object of the Act and the rational or other character of the 
means chosen to pursue it.
\par 
\par In his affidavit Tekaotiki Matapo says:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5447110\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7824623 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 I have no direct personal interest in the present proce}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5447110 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
dings, except for professional involvement in confrontations between the parties, and as a resident in the village in which the disputed lands are situated. I reside approximately half a mile from the lands.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7824623 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7824623 {\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid5447110 2. THE}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 disputed lands are to my knowledge large in extent, covering the entire Te Puna Tapere }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Sub}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 District}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 . They stretch from the seaside right up to the mountain ridge behind T
itikaveka. There are houses and plantations on the Southern areas of the land, while the Northern areas are in bush. I am}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7824623  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 infor}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7824623 med and do verily believe }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 that the d}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7824623 
isputed lands are approximately 147 acres in size. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 ...}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7824623\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7824623 {\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7824623\charrsid7824623 3. I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 am aware that there are many peo
ple affected by this land dispute. Without searching the title registers, I cannot give a precise figure, but estimate that the total number of interested persons exceeds 500. I base this estimate on my knowledge of the number of Titikaveka residents affe
c
ted by the dispute as claimants, and of the size of the Karika Family in Rarotonga, and making allowance for interested persons on both sides residing in New Zealand. I think it is fair to say that the issue is watched with interest by many other people o
n Rarotonga.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7824623\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid7824623 {\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7824623 4. I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 was born in Titikaveka and have lived there almost continuously a
ll my life. I grew up on the land Kaingavai Section 49C, which is adjacent to the disputed lands. There was no trouble at that time that I can recall. In recent times though, with the Karika Family wanting to come onto the land, relations between the Titi
k
aveka people already on the land and the Karika Family have deteriorated. There have been ugly scenes on the land between the two sides, with damage to crops, and to improvements, and threats of physical violence. The Police Department has become involved
 in the dispute on a number of occasions as the result of such incidents.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7824623\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8417720 {\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid8417720 5. MORE}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 generally I can see that the village has suffered because of this trouble. The Te Puna Lands are in the heart of the village, and it is in this area that housing and the popu
lation is most dense. Because of these disputes and the resulting uncertainty about ownership and occupation people appear to be unwilling to use }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9391871 or develop the Te Puna Lands to}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  their full potential. Houses are deteriorating, lands lie unplanted }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 or interfered with}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  and the people on the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8417720  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
land are unsettled. I believe that everyone in the village has felt the effect of this dispute in one way or the other, whether they claim an interest in that land or not. Some of the Titikaveka people who used to live on t
he land have in fact moved off and gone to New Zealand }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 and I believe that this dispute has been a significant factor in their deciding to move. The rest remain, determined to hold on.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid8417720 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8417720\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8417720 {\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid8417720 6. FOR}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  my part }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  as a Cook Islands Maori familiar with the land and with the personalities on both sides of the dispute }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 the depth of feeling of the parties is understandable. For us, land issues are always important issues and we take them seriously. The Karika Family rests its claims on the decisions of the Land Court an
d naturally feels entitled at law to the land. The Titikaveka people on the land feel just as strongly that they have a right in the land due to their use and occupation of that land. Many of them claim that they can trace back their occupation and use of
 the land for generations, back into pre}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
European times. They claim to have occupied the land for such a long time that they are entitled to retain possession. Their claim is a claim based on custom, for traditionally ownership of land was decided by use an
d occupation. Today the same customary principles are still relied upon in the Cook Islands.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8417720\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15100815 The respondent has}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid15100815  since the hearing availed herself of the opportunity which we also gave}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  of filing an affidavit in reply. This comes from Mr J.J. MacCauley }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  presently Commissioner of Crown Lands and formerly a Jud}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16067216 ge of the Land Court from 1973}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16067216 8}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
. Mr MacCauley is very knowledgeable in these matters and accordingly his affidavit has been carefully considered.
\par 
\par He puts some gloss on the material from Inspector Matapo}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12128126  by pointing out that no m}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12128126\charrsid11159934 atter}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  how long persons may have been occupying land, they do not thereby by Cook Islands}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12128126  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 custom qualify as landowners }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 for they may be 'squatters', an expression used to include licensees occupying by express or }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12128126 tacit permission of true but abs}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
entee owners. His opinions, in conjunction with the strong views expressed in Colonel Gudgeon's 1908 decisions, tend to discount the strength of the challenge to the Karika titles on the merits }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 which doubtless will be of importance to the Land Division if a rehearing takes place, but is not the concern of this Court at this stage. Parliament saw fit to pass a private Act, granting rights to apply for }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12128126 r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 ehearings. When that Act became law the persons now represented by the appellant acquired those rights. The question before thi}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12128126 s Court does}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 not relate to what will be the result of rehearings but to whether that Act of Parliament, valid as it undoubtedly was in 1980, has been rendered inoperative by the ninth Amendment to the Constitution.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12128126\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
The state obviously has a responsibility to ensure that disputes about significant areas of land involving comparatively large numbers of people do not develop so as to threaten the general welfare and the public order. The present matter could pro}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4674303 perly be seen as having those characteristics. In that sense the Act}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  is intended to serve legitimate and important social }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4674303\charrsid11159934 objectives}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 .
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11013992\charrsid3878793 The step taken in the Act bears a reasonable relation to }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid3878793 those objectives. C
ounsel for the respondent argue that the Karika family has been singled out. There is, they say and we }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11013992\charrsid3878793 a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid3878793 
ccept, no other similar statute. But so far as the record shows there is no other fully comparable dispute.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11013992\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 In this connection we note what Mr MacCauley says in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11013992  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
paragraphs 3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  and 4}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  of his affidavit:}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11013992\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid5712290 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6841434 3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  The comment at the end of paragraph 3 }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 [}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15356842 of the inspector's affidavit}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ]}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11013992  that "
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 the issue is watched with interest by many other people" is correct, and relates to the source
 of the dispute on this land. In general terms, Rarotonga is divided into 3 main tribal districts. The District of Takitumu, in which this land is located is under the authority of Pa Ariki, the supreme chief of this district. The Dist}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6841434 r}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 ict of Avarua, is un
der the authority of Makea Ariki and the Makea family, one branch of which is the Karika family. However, there are a number of lands within the Takitumu dist}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1002268 r}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 ict which are owned by the members of the Makea family }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 these lands are spread}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11013992\charrsid11013992  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11013992\charrsid11159934 throughout the district}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11013992  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 of Takitumu, are very large and }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11013992\charrsid11159934 are mostly not occupied}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11013992 
 by members of the Makea family. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1790115\charrsid11159934 Some of them have been}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1790115  leased out, others, as with the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1790115\charrsid1790115  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1790115\charrsid11159934 Te Puna lands have been}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1790115  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 occupied by squatters for many years. The squatters are of course interested in th
is application as precedent for the other Makea lands. They challenge the right of the Makea family to hold any land in the Takitumu District. The Makea family are also interested be}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1790115 
cause they see this application as a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 th}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1790115 reat to their ownership of lands in the Takitumu District.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid12865020 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6841434 4}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12865020 a}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12865020  To my knowledge, the squatters on the Te Puna Lands rendered atinga until the mid 1960's. The disputes concerning this land go ba
ck to that time. I know of at least 1 family that continued to render atinga, and now occupies under long term leases. The most recent disputes started when a member of the Karika family started to clear a \'bc
 acre section over which she has been awarded an occupation right by the Court. After she had cleared the section, some of the squatters planted root crops }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid5053493 in it}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12865020 . She lodged an injunction application to stop the planting. Disputes then took place on the land culminating with the squatters insulting Marga
ret Karika, the head of the Karika family. As a result, the Karika family filed the several injunctions referred to.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3410986 W}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
e think it significant that Mr MacCauley does not cast any doubt on what Inspector Matapo deposes as to 'confrontations', 'ugly scenes' a
nd the like regarding the disputed Te Puna lands with which alone the 1980 Act is concerned. Indeed Mr MacCauley's references to the insult }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13386985\charrsid11159934 and the injunction proceedings tend}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13386985  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 to confirm that these}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13386985\charrsid13386985  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13386985\charrsid11159934 lands have been a particular source}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  of local discord.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 

\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3410986\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12407168\charrsid11159934 I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 t 
is only the Te Puna lands 50A and B for which Parliament has decided to allow rehearings of questions of title. To widen the possible rehearings to cover other lands might well have been to invite arguments that}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12407168  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Parliament was going fur}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12407168 ther than could be justified by}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  the parti}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12407168 
cular problem which evidently led to the legislation. It could even be said that by treating similarly people not necessarily in the same position Parliament would deny equality before the law. Moreover, an Act extending to a wider are
a, such as a whole tribal district, would tend to undermine security of title generally. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The Courts would not}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11863481  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 be justified in interpreting the Constitution as requiring Parliament, if legislating}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11863481  for rehearings, to do so on a }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 wider scale than Parliament thinks }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11863481\charrsid11159934 necessary}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 . And we do not think that the Constitution could possibly be interpreted as altogether denying Parliament any power to legislate for any rehearing.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11863481\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 An attempt to pass a series of private Acts providing for rehe
arings of a series of individual cases not legitimately capable of being regarded as in any special category would raise different issues. It might conceivably be open to successful challenge under the Constitution. But there is no evidence before the Cou
r
t of any proposal on those lines. Indeed counsel for the respondent rightly did not seek to put the case in that way. So far as this Court is aware, persons interested in other Takitumu lands would have no justification for expecting Parliament to treat t
he Te Puna Rehearing }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid222939\charrsid11159934 Act}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  as a precedent for them.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid222939\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 What counsel for the respondent did seek to place some}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  reliance on is that the owners affected by the Act are a blood}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989 related group.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  Insofar}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989 
 as this is }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 a claim of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  discrimination or unequal treatment because
 of family origin, the answer is that the family relationship is inherent in the land tenure system. The terms of the 1980 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Act indicate that the essential reason why that group of}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  people is affected is that titles }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 to a particular tract of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  land are in dispute
}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  i}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
t is not their relation to one another. The Court cannot impute to Parliament a hidden intention to legislate against a particular family. There is nothing in the Act or the evidence to warrant an Inference of that sort.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Counsel for the respondent contend that the legislation}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
disturbs a duly adjudicated title. One central feature of}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 the legislation provides part of the answer: the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 legislation makes no judgment about the merits of the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 dispute. Rather it confers jurisdiction on an impartial}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
forum which, having allowed those affected a full}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 opportunity to be heard, will rule on the merits of the}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 case. Of course that is not a complete answer. The Act}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 does place a duly adjudicated and quite long}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
standing title}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 in jeopardy, although the persons represented by the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 appellant evidently claim that their ancestral rights can}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
now be shown to be older. But we know of no principle, nor}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 were counsel able to cite any authority from any}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  jurisdiction, for a }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 position that a fair rehearing before}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 a competent judicial tribunal of an issue of civil rights is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 necessarily an infringemen}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989 t of equality before the law }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 or}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid728989  the protection of the law. And, as already stressed, there is nothing before the Court to establish that in legislating for a rehearing in this instance Parliament discriminated between like cases.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13595095 
\par I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3091695 n the latter connection counsel for }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 the appellant appositely cited }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205 Lindsle}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3091695\charrsid7819205 y}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3091695\charrsid7819205  v. }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3091695\charrsid7819205 National}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3091695\charrsid7819205  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3091695\charrsid7819205 Carbonic}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3091695\charrsid7819205  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3091695\charrsid7819205 Gas}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3091695\charrsid7819205  }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3091695\charrsid7819205 Co}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3091695\charrsid7819205 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3091695  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10693978 220 U.S. 61, 78}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10693978 9, where as }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 long ago as 1911 t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid88034 he Supreme Court of the United S}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
tates laid down criteria for determining whether legislative classifications violate the equal protection clause of the Constitu
tion. The fourth of these is 'One who assails the classification in such a law must carry the burden of showing that it does not rest upon any reasonable basis, but is essentially arbitrary'. The present is not strictly a classification case, but we }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10693978 find that principle as to onus }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
helpful by analogy. The respondent has not shown that the 1980 Act is arbitrary in legislating for an investigation of this particular dispute.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3091695\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The 1980 Act, counsel for the respondents claim, is an arbitrary interference in an essentially }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid1203386 private}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  dispute. But the legislation and the facts show that it has a wider social significance. A rigid line cannot be drawn between matters of public and priv
ate importance. Parliament was entitled to take the view that this dispute was of sufficient public importance to call for special legislation.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11422405\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 We conclude that the 1980 Act is not inconsistent with the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8335844\charrsid11159934 rights, covered}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  by either}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11422405  paragraph }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11422405 b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11422405  or paragraph }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11422405 c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11422405  of Article 64}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11422405 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11422405 . In so holding }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
we do not rely on Article }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11422405 6}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7819205 4}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11422405 , which was invoked in an alternative argument for t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 he}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11422405  appellant. The 1980 Act}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11422405 is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8273142  not concerned with exercise}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11422405 
 of rights of ownership, or limitations thereon, but with determining where ownership lies.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6630232 I}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
n summary, we consider that it has not been shown that there is anything arbitrary or unreasonable in a constitutional sense about the decision that the legislature has made, in the exercise of its wide responsibilities, to provide for the r
ehearing of this matter. In reaching this view we are conscious of the distinct functions of the legislature and the Courts in terms of the judgments to be made, the material to be weighed, the procedures to be followed, and responsibilities under the con
stitutional system. We would require a much stronger case, convincingly made out by those attacking the legislation, before we were willing to upset legislation such as the 1980 Act by reference to the broad principles in Article 64}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )(}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 b}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 .}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 

\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6630232\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \qc \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid9393474 {\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid4743311 The Effect of Articles 64 and 65 on Existing Legislation
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9393474\charrsid4743311 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid4743311 We have held that the 1980 Act is not inconsistent with the right of the individual to equality before the law and to the protection, of the law, nor with the right to own}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6454592\charrsid4743311  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid4743311 property and not to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  be dep
rived of it except in accordance with law. So it is str}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6454592 ictly unnecessary for us to cons}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 ider}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6454592  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 w}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6454592 hether inconsistency would have made the 19}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 80 Act inoperativ}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6454592 e against the Cons}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 t}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6454592 itution Amendment }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6454592 No.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6841434  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6454592 9}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6454592  Act. But because of the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 general }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6454592 importance of the question of the ef}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 fect of that}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6454592 
 Amendment on previous statutes, we will state our view on that question. Another reason why we do so is that, particularly if it favours a result differing from our view, Parliament may wish to take steps by further constitutional am
endment to put the matter clear beyond all argument.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8021270 Articles }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 64 and 65 are pe}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8021270 rhaps uniquely unclear as to th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 eir effect on earlier legislation. Modern constitutions stating human rights often have express provisions on this important point. For instance t
he Western Samoan Constitution is express that existing as well as subsequent laws are void to the extent of inconsistency therewith.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8021270\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The introductory words to Article 64}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  strongly suggest that it does no more than capture the present state of the law. The Constitution }{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid3607744 recognises and declares}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  that these}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3607744  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 rights and freedoms }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid3607744 exist}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 in the Cook Islands, and shall continue to exist.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3607744\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 As to constitutions on the Westminster model, such as those of various Caribbean countries, the leading case is the decision of the Privy Council on the Jamaican Constitution, }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205 Director of Public Prosecutions}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205  v. }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205 Nasralla}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3607744\charrsid7819205  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
1967 2 A.C. 238. That Constitution provided expressly that}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9574152  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 nothing contained in any }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9574152 law in force immediately before }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9574152  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 c}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9574152 ommencement of the Constitution }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6841434 'shall}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  be held}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9574152  inconsistent' with the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9574152\charrsid11159934 human rights provisions.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11947508  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9574152 The cas}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 e is}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9574152 
 accordingly not on all fours with }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 ours. It is interesting,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9574152  however, to note that the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4743311 Judicial }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Committee treated the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11947508  human rights provisions }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 in issue there as declaring or}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11947508  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
intended to declare rights already afforded by the existing}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11947508  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 statutory and common law.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11947508\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The indication of this intention was seen in the wording of s.13: 'Whereas every person in Jamaica is entitled to the fundamental rights and freedoms of the individual ...}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210168  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
the subsequent provisions ... shall have effect for the purpose of affording protection to the aforesaid rights and freedoms, subject to such limitations ...' Lord Devlin said at pp.247}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 8 that 'Thi
s chapter, as their Lordships have already noted, proceeds upon the presumption that the fundamental rights which it covers are already secured to the people of Jamaica by existing law. The laws in force are not to be subjected to scrutiny in order to see
 whether or not they conform to the precise terms of the protective provisions. The object of their provisions is to ensure that no future enactme}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210168 nt shall ... derogate from the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 rights which at the coming into force of the Consti}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1210168 tution the individual enjoyed'.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  Lord Devlin then said that 'Accordingly' the express saving provision provided as it did. It appears that their Lordships trea}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid15423272 
ted the latter provision as con}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2778587 firmatory, rather than as }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2778587  basis of }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 the decision.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12068520 In a considerable line o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 f later cases the Privy Council has}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12068520 
 consistently acted on the view }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 that in}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12068520  such constitutions earlier l}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 egislation is not superseded by the}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12068520  human rights provisions.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  The}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9451337  cases include }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9451337\charrsid7819205 de Freitas}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9451337\charrsid7819205  v. }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9451337\charrsid7819205 Be}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205 nny}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  1976 A.C. 239}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205 Maharaj}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205  v. }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205 Attorney}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981\charrsid7819205 -}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205 General}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205  }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205 of}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205 Trinidad}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205 and}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205  }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205 Tobago}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  1979 A.C. 385}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205 Riley}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205  v. }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9451337\charrsid7819205 Attorney}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981\charrsid7819205 -}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205 General}{
\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205  }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205 of}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205  }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205 Jamaica}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 1982 3 All E.R. 469. The first two of those cases concerned the Constitution of Trinidad and Tobago, which is in a sense more explicit than the Jamaican one on the point. Like article 64 of the Cook Isla
nds Constitution, it uses the formula that the declared rights 'have existed and shall continue to exist'. Further it expressly provides that the section declaring them shall not apply to any law in force in Trinidad and Tobago at the commencement of the 
Constitution.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1060388\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The decision of the Supreme Court of Canada in the }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205 Drybones}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  case, previously cited, was to the opposite effect on different wording. It held that a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6841434  collision with a freedom in s.1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  of the Bill of Rights }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 the equivalent of
 article 64 of the Cook Islands Constitution}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 made inoperative the provisions of earlier legislation. But it is important to note that the Canadian Bill contained a feature not present in the Cook Islands Constitution. Section 2 of the Canadian Bill provided:
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li720\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin720\itap0\pararsid8985121 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8985121 Every law of Canada shall}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10248606 ,}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8985121  }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8985121\charrsid10248606 unless it is expressly declared by an Act of the Parliament of }{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid10248606 Canada that it}{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8985121\charrsid10248606  shall operate notwithstanding }{
\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid10248606 the Canadian }{\fs24\ul\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8985121\charrsid10248606 Bill of Rights}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid8985121 , be so construed }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 and applied as not to abrogate}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1853939 \'85}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
\par And s.5 expressly defined 'law of Canada' so as to include }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4803323\charrsid11159934 Acts}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4803323  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 enacted before the }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4803323 Bill of Rights came into force. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4803323\charrsid11159934 This }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 combination of provisions led to a majority decision, }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13001372\charrsid11159934 by six Judges to three, }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 that the Canadian Bill overrode}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4803323\charrsid4803323  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4803323\charrsid11159934 
prior legislation.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
\par While Articles 64 and 65 in the Cook Islands are less than clear on the point, we think that the better view is that Article 65 lays down no more than rules of interpretation applying to all 'enactments' }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  an expression partly defined in Article 65}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 3}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 
-}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  whether past or future. We prefer this view because of the o}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11873923 pening provision in Article 65}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6841434 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 that it is subject to subclause }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 . This provision had no counterpart in the Canadian Bill of Rights. Subclause }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  in effect repeats and re}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 emphasises s.5}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 j}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  of the Acts Interpretation Act 1924 }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 which is in any case in force in the Cook Islands, as has already been seen. So far as Article 65 is concerned, the result of giving paramountcy to subclause }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  is that th}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11873923 e plain meaning of whatever Act}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  is in question, according to its own intent, must prevail.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1651665 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4598967\charrsid3751261 Mr Barton}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4598967 
 submitted that the foregoing result could be avoided by giving weight to the words 'and applied' and 'or applied' in subclause }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6841434 1}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid4598967 . But, with all respect to the argument, this se}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3751261 ems to us altogether too r
efined at distinction, especially in a constitutional instrument. }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 References to 'interpretation'}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3751261  are sometimes supplemented by }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 express references to 'application', but largely out of caution. A clear line cannot be drawn. The application
 of an Act is commonly spoken of as one aspect of its interpretation: see for instance, among innumerable examples that could be found, }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205 Attorney}{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981\charrsid7819205 -}{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1651665\charrsid7819205 General for Alberta }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1651665\charrsid7819205 v. }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1651665\charrsid7819205 Huggard }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205 Assets Ltd}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid7819205  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1953 A.C. 420, 442 per Lord Asquith}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1651665\charrsid1651665  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1651665\charrsid11159934 
of Bishopstone delivering the judgment of the Privy Council}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1651665\charrsid11159934  36 Halsbury's Laws of England, 3rd ed. paragraphs 649}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1651665\charrsid11159934 54. Article 65}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1651665\charrsid11159934 2}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1651665\charrsid11159934 
 governs as to what it calls 'construction and interpretation'. In our view this includes application.
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1651665 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The view that prior statutes are not made inoperative
 by Articles 64 and 65 harmonises with Article 66, which saves existing unspecified rights and freedoms. The argument for the respondent that this is limited to matters of fundamental and general nature is difficult to accept. It raises problems of vaguen
ess and of finding general rights and freedoms which are not specified in Articles 64 and 65. We are inclined to think that the rig}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2104157 hts to a rehearing vested under}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  the 1980 Act in t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13109900 he class of persons represented}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 by the appellant would in a}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid12403195 ny event be saved by Article 66.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  But we have }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid13109900 
preferred to rest this judgment }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 on}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid2104157  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 wider grounds.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886507 This limit}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11669200 s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886507  the effect of }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 the ninth Amendment}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886507  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 on}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886507  existing enactments, but s}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886507\charrsid11159934 u}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886507 ch }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 a result is not at all}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886507  surprising. It is not to}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 be presumed that possibly massive}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886507  changes across the whole }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 body of the law could be brought about by implication}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11669200  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  with consequent uncertainty which}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886507  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
could take many years to resolve and would be subject to the chance of whether or not someone chose to bring legal proceedings. The usual re
luctance to find that legislation has been impliedly repealed is even more applicable here. Consider for instance the arguments that might be raised about the impact of any guarantee of freedom of speech and expression contained in Article 64}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 1}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )(}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 e}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  on the 
existing law relating to defamation, obscenity, sedition, public order, the political activities of public servants. Certainly such issues could arise in the future. But there are important differences. The Part is now in existence and can be weighed by t
he legislators. If they wish to proceed in the face of the declared rights they can seek to employ the special procedure laid down in Article 41 for constitutional}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886507  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 amendment. Those res}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886507 ponsible for legislation enacted }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
before 5 June 1981 have not}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886507  had that opportunity. A related}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  poi}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886507 n}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 t is that much of that }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886507 legislation has been enacted si}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 nce}
{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886507  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 self}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 government was introduced in 1965 }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 
 and even more since the introduction of the Legislative Ass}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10886507 embly with elected members in 19}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 57.
\par 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid1912613 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1912613 On the other hand, as }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 regards enactme
nts passed afte}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1912613 r the Constitution Amendment}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 No.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6841434  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 9.}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Act came into force, we}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1912613  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1912613\charrsid11159934 prefer a different view}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14513376 ,}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1912613  al}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 though the present case does not}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1912613  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 call for a }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1912613\charrsid11159934 decision}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1912613 . We would be disposed to hold that Article 64 should be treated, from the time when i
t came into force, as establishing righ}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14513376 
ts that are truly fundamental. As has been shown, there are ample reasons, both in the wording of the Articles concerning fundamental rights and in their very subject }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 -}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14513376  matter, for concluding that they were not meant to invalidate existing legislation}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1912613\charrsid11159934 
. As for the future effect of the Amendment, however, to adopt the words of Ritchie J. in the }{\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1912613\charrsid7819205 Drybones}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1912613\charrsid11159934 
 case at p.481, we would be reluctant 'to convert it from its apparent character as a statutory declaration of fundamental human rights and freedoms which it recognises}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14513376 
, into being little more than a rule for the construction}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6841434  of ... statutes ...' In}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid14513376 deed this approach may }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1912613\charrsid11159934 have even more to be said for it as}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid9060681  regards the Cook Islands}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1912613\charrsid11159934 
 provisions. They are contained in }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid3892661 a Constitution Amendment }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1912613\charrsid11159934 Act made by the special procedure}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6704372  required for such Acts}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10301302  where as the Canadian Bill of Rights considered in }{
\b\i\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10301302\charrsid7819205 Drybones}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1912613  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10301302 was passed by}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6841434  an ordinary Act of Parliament.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7098577 
\par }\pard \ql \li0\ri0\widctlpar\faauto\adjustright\rin0\lin0\itap0\pararsid10634664 {\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1912613 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16340966 Accordingly we would be disposed to hold that 
if an enactment passed after 5 June 1981 can be shown to violate any of the constitutional human rights and freedoms set out in Article 64 the Court will have jurisdiction to declare it to that extent inoperative. The approach to interpretation enjoined b
y Article 65 would apply equally to enactments passed after that date}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid16340966 
 but if inconsistency with a fundamental right could not be avoided by that approach, the right would prevail and could be preserved by an appropriate Court order.
\par 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 But we should say again that this question does not arise in t}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7098577 he present case. }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 For the reasons already given, we hold that the Rehearing of Te Puna Lands Act 1980}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7098577  is not inconsistent with the }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 rights of individuals to equality}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7098577  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 before the law an}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7098577 d to the protection of the law}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  nor
 with their rights to own property and not to be deprived thereof except in accordance with law}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 ;}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  and further that in any event}{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7098577  }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 it would not be rendered inoperative by the subsequent Constitution Amendment }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 (}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 No.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid6841434  }{
\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 9}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid11608981 )}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934  Act. It follows that question 1 should be a
nswered No. Question 2 as worded does not require an answer. For clarity, however, there will be a declaration that the Act is a valid enactment of the Legislative Assembly.}{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid7098577\charrsid11159934 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 The appeal is consequently allowed and the three questions answered as we have indicated. As in the High Court, there will be no order for costs.
\par 
\par }{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10301302\charrsid6841434 Solicitors:}{\b\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1638560\charrsid6841434 
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Clarke Ingram }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10301302 & }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid1638560 Co., Rarotonga, for Appellant
\par }{\fs24\lang2057\langfe1033\langnp2057\insrsid10634664\charrsid11159934 Short & Tylor, Rarotonga, for Respondent
\par }}