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Ministerial Exception to Title VII: The Case for a Deferential Primary Duties Test   flag 

(2008) 121 Harvard Law Review 1776
Harvard Law Review
United States
1st January, 2008

Cases and Articles Cited

Case Name Citation(s) Court Jurisdiction Date †  Full Text Citation Index
"Should Religious Groups Be Exempt From Civil Rights Laws?" (2007) 48 Boston College Law Review 781 Boston College Law Review United States circa 2007 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
Petruska v Gannon University 462 F3d 294 United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit United States 6 Sep 2006 WorldLII flag 3
Cutter v Wilkinson 544 US 709; 125 SCt 2113; 161 L Ed 2d 1020 United States Supreme Court United States 31 May 2005 WorldLII flag 35
Elvig v Calvin Presbyterian Church 397 F3d 790 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States 11 Feb 2005 WorldLII flag 2
"An Exercise In Futility: Does The Inquiry Required To Apply The Ministerial Exception To Title Vii Defeat Its Purpose?" (2005) 43 Duquesne Law Review 285 Duquesne Law Review United States circa 2005 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
"When Big Brother Plays God: The Religion Clauses, Title Vii, and the Ministerial Exception" (2007) 82 Notre Dame Law Review 2005 Notre Dame Law Review United States circa 2005 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
Werft v Desert Southwest Annual Conference of the United Methodist Church I-v 377 F3d 1099 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States 30 Jul 2004 WorldLII flag 4
Elvig v Calvin Presbyterian Church 375 F3d 951 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States 23 Jul 2004 WorldLII flag 8
Shaliehsabou v Hebrew Home of Greater Washington Incorporated 363 F3d 299 United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit United States 2 Apr 2004 WorldLII flag 5
United States v Forest E III 355 F3d 942; 76 Idaho 77 United States Court of Appeals, Sixth Circuit United States 27 Jan 2004 WorldLII flag 30
"Religious Organizations And Mandatory Collective Bargaining Under Federal And State Labor Laws: Freedom From And Freedom For" (2004) 49 Villanova Law Review 77 Villanova Law Review United States circa 2004 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
"Religious Organizations and Free Exercise: The Surprising Lessons of Smith" [2004] Brigham Young University Law Review 1633 Brigham Young University Law Review United States circa 2004 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
"Religious Institutions, the No-Harm Doctrine, and the Public Good" [2004] Brigham Young University Law Review 1099 Brigham Young University Law Review United States circa 2004 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
Alicea-Hernandez v Catholic Bishop of Chicago 320 F3d 698 United States Court of Appeals, Seventh Circuit United States 21 Feb 2003 WorldLII flag 12
"Employment at (God's) Will: The Constitutionality of Antidiscrimination Exemptions in Charitable Choice Legislation" (2002) 37 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review 389 Harvard Civil Rights-Civil Liberties Law Review United States circa 2002 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 2
"The Redundant Free Exercise Clause?" (2001) 33 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal 71 Loyola University Chicago Law Journal United States circa 2001 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
Boy Scouts of America v Dale 530 US 640; 147 L Ed 2d 554; 120 SCt 2446 United States Supreme Court United States 28 Jun 2000 WorldLII flag 56
EEOC v Roman Catholic Diocese of Raleigh, NC 213 F3d 795 United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit United States 22 May 2000 WorldLII flag 12
Starkman v Evans 198 F3d 173 United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit United States 27 Dec 1999 WorldLII flag 13
Bollard v Cal Province of the Soc'y of Jesus 196 F3d 940 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States 1 Dec 1999 WorldLII flag 15
Killinger v Samford University 113 F3d 196 United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit United States 22 May 1997 WorldLII flag 7
EEOC v Catholic Univ of Am 83 F3d 455 United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit United States 14 May 1996 WorldLII flag 35
Hurley v Irish-American Gay, Lesbian and Bisexual Group of Boston 515 US 557; 132 L Ed 2d 487; 115 SCt 2338 United States Supreme Court United States 19 Jun 1995 WorldLII flag 106
Jiminez v Mary Washington College 57 F3d 369 United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit United States 9 Jun 1995 WorldLII flag 31
Lamb's Chapel v Center Moriches Union Free School District 508 US 384; 83 Ed Law Rep 30; 124 L Ed 2d 352; 113 SCt 2141 United States Supreme Court United States 7 Jun 1993 WorldLII flag 153
Ezold v Wolf, Block, Schorr and Solis-Cohen 983 F2d 509 United States Court of Appeals, Third Circuit United States 3 Feb 1993 WorldLII flag 37
"To God God’s, to Caesar Caesar’s, and to Both the Defining of Religion" (1993) 26 Creighton Law Review 1053 Creighton Law Review United States circa 1993 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
Brousard-Norcross v Augustana College Association D 935 F2d 974; 56 Fair Empl Prac Cas 243 United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit United States 9 Aug 1991 WorldLII flag 16
Rev Anne Scharon 929 F2d 360; 59 USLW 2635; 56 Empl Prac Dec P 40,645; 55 Fair Empl Prac Cas 585 United States Court of Appeals, Eighth Circuit United States 25 Mar 1991 WorldLII flag 23
Employment Division v Smith 494 US 872; 108 L Ed 2; 108 L Ed 2d 876; 110 SCt 1595 United States Supreme Court United States 4 Jun 1990 WorldLII flag 311
Minker v Baltimore Annual Conference of United Methodist Church a 894 F2d 1354; 58 USLW 2437; 282 USApp DC 314; 52 Empl Prac Dec P 39,586; 51 Fair Empl Prac Cas 1372 United States Court of Appeals, District of Columbia Circuit United States 19 Jan 1990 WorldLII flag 24
Hernandez v Commissioner 490 US 680; 104 L Ed 2d 766; 109 SCt 2136 United States Supreme Court United States 11 Aug 1989 WorldLII flag 79
Natal v Christian and Missionary Alliance 878 F2d 1575 United States Court of Appeals, First Circuit United States 14 Jul 1989 WorldLII flag 15
Corporation of Presiding Bishop of Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints v Amos 483 US 327; 97 L Ed 2d 273; 107 SCt 2862 United States Supreme Court United States 24 Jun 1987 WorldLII flag 86
Hobbie v Unemployment Appeals Comm'n of Florida 480 US 136; 94 L Ed 2d 190; 107 SCt 1046 United States Supreme Court United States 25 Feb 1987 WorldLII flag 72
Rayburn v General Conference of Seventh-Day Adventists J 772 F2d 1164; 54 USLW 2190; 38 Empl Prac Dec P 35,555; 38 Fair Empl Prac Cas 1641 United States Court of Appeals, Fourth Circuit United States 23 Sep 1985 WorldLII flag 40
Roberts v United States Jaycees 468 US 609; 82 L Ed 2d 462; 104 SCt 3244 United States Supreme Court United States 3 Jul 1984 WorldLII flag 238
Larson v Valente 456 US 228; 72 L Ed 2d 33; 102 SCt 1673; 50 USLW 4411 United States Supreme Court United States 7 Jun 1982 WorldLII flag 106
United States v Lee 455 US 252; 71 L Ed 2d 127; 102 SCt 1051 United States Supreme Court United States 23 Feb 1982 WorldLII flag 131
Widmar v Vincent 454 US 263; 70 L Ed 2d 440; 102 SCt 269; 1 Ed Law Rep 13 United States Supreme Court United States 8 Dec 1981 WorldLII flag 298
Thomas v Review Bd of Indiana Employment Security Div 450 US 707; 67 L Ed 2d 624; 101 SCt 1425 United States Supreme Court United States 6 Apr 1981 WorldLII flag 180
Democratic Party v Wisconsin ex rel La Follette 450 US 107; 67 L Ed 2d 82; 101 SCt 1010 United States Supreme Court United States 25 Feb 1981 WorldLII flag 59
Kunda v Muhlenberg College H B L 621 F2d 532; 55 ALRFed 806; 22 Empl Prac Dec P 30,674; 22 Fair Empl Prac Cas 62 United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit United States 25 Jul 1979 WorldLII flag 34
NLRB v Catholic Bishop of Chicago 440 US 490; 59 L Ed 2d 533; 99 SCt 1313 United States Supreme Court United States 21 Mar 1979 WorldLII flag 179
New York v Cathedral Academy 434 US 125; 54 L Ed 2d 346; 98 SCt 340 United States Supreme Court United States 6 Dec 1977 WorldLII flag 14
Serbian Eastern Orthodox Diocese v Milivojevich 426 US 696; 49 L Ed 2d 151; 96 SCt 2372 United States Supreme Court United States 4 Oct 1976 WorldLII flag 75
Wisconsin v Yoder 406 US 205; 32 L Ed 15; 32 L Ed 2d 15; 92 SCt 1526 United States Supreme Court United States 15 May 1972 WorldLII flag 430
McClure v Salvation Army 460 F2d 553; 4 Fair Empl Prac Cas 490 United States Court of Appeals, Fifth Circuit United States 26 Apr 1972 WorldLII flag 43
Lemon v Kurtzman 403 US 602; 29 L Ed 2d 745; 91 SCt 2105 United States Supreme Court United States 28 Jun 1971 WorldLII flag 465
United States v Seeger 380 US 163; 13 L Ed 733; 13 L Ed 2d 733; 85 SCt 850 United States Supreme Court United States 8 Mar 1965 WorldLII flag 326
"Above the Law? The Constitutionality of the Ministerial Exemption from Antidiscrimination Law" (2007) 75 Fordham Law Review 1965 Fordham Law Review United States circa 1965 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
Dickinson v United States 346 US 389; 98 L Ed 132; 74 SCt 152 United States Supreme Court United States 30 Nov 1953 WorldLII flag 321
Dickinson v United States 203 F2d 336 United States Court of Appeals, Ninth Circuit United States 15 Jun 1953 WorldLII flag 11
Kedroff v St Nicholas Cathedral 344 US 94; 97 L Ed 120; 73 SCt 143 United States Supreme Court United States 24 Nov 1952 WorldLII flag 51
Gonzalez v Roman Catholic Archbishop 280 US 1; 74 L Ed 131; 50 SCt 5; 74 L Ed 1 United States Supreme Court United States 14 Oct 1929 WorldLII flag 36
"Freedom Of Expressive Association And Government Subsidies" (2006) 58 Stanford Law Review 1919 Stanford Law Review United States circa 1919 HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
Watson v Jones 80 US 679; 13 Wall 679; 20 L Ed 666; 20 L Ed 2d 666 United States Supreme Court United States 1 Dec 1871 WorldLII flag 90
Archdiocese of Wash v Moersen 925 A2d 659 United States circa 1965 flag 1
Van Osdol v Vogt 908 P2d 1122 United States circa 1965 flag 2
EEOC v Southwestern Baptist Theological Seminary 651 F2d 277 United States circa 1965 Westlaw flag 20
Amos v Corporation of the Presiding Bishop of the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints 594 FSupp 791 United States circa 1965 Westlaw flag 2
Black v Snyder 471 NW2d 715 United States circa 1965 flag 4
Ross v Metro Church of God 471 FSupp 2d 1306 United States circa 1965 Westlaw flag 1
Redhead v Conference of Seventh-day Adventists 440 FSupp 2d 211 United States circa 1965 Westlaw flag 1
Assemany v Archdiocese of Detroit 434 NW2d 233 United States circa 1965 flag 1
EEOC v Tufts Inst of Learning 421 FSupp 152 United States circa 1965 Westlaw flag 5
Under Sherbert v Verner 374 US 398 United States Supreme Court United States circa 1965 Westlaw flag 414
Religion Clauses See Rosati v Toledo, Ohio Catholic Diocese 233 FSupp 2d 917 United States circa 1965 Westlaw flag 2
Kolbeck v Kramer 202 A2d 889 United States circa 1965 flag 1
128 SCt 1217 128 SCt 1217 United States circa 1965 Westlaw flag 1
Petruska v Gannon Univ 127 SCt 2098 United States circa 1965 Westlaw flag 2
Tomic v Catholic Diocese of Peoria 127 SCt 190 United States circa 1965 Westlaw flag 2
"Application of Title VII to Jobs in High Places" 95 Harvard Law Review 945 Harvard Law Review United States HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 10
84 Iowa Law Review 1 84 Iowa Law Review 1 Iowa Law Review United States HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 2
81 Cornell Law Review 1049 81 Cornell Law Review 1049 Cornell Law Review United States HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
Discrimination in the Name of the Lord: A Critical Evaluation of Discrimination by Religious Organizations 79 Columbia Law Review 1514 Columbia Law Review United States HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 5
74 Indiana Law Journal 269 74 Indiana Law Journal 269 Indiana Law Journal United States HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
Smith v Raleigh Dist of NC Conference of United Methodist Church 63 FSupp 2d 694 United States Westlaw flag 2
EEOC v Roman Catholic Diocese of Raleigh, NC 48 FSupp 2d 505 United States Westlaw flag 2
Douglas Laycock, The Supreme Court and Religious Liberty 40 Catholic Lawyer 25 Catholic Lawyer United States HeinOnline / Westlaw flag 1
31 Emory Law Journal 973 31 Emory Law Journal 973 Emory Law Journal United States HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
27 Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labour Law 1 27 Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labour Law 1 Berkeley Journal of Employment and Labour Law United States flag 1
Shield Belongs to the Lord": Religious Employers and a Constitutional Right To Discriminate 21 Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly 275 Hastings Constitutional Law Quarterly United States HeinOnline / LexisNexis flag 1
Kissinger v Bd of Trs of the Ohio State Univ 5 F3d 177 United States Westlaw flag 17

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